林文雄,
福建农林大学农业生态研究所/福建省农业生态过程与安全监控重点实验室 福州 350002
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目81573530
中国博士后科学基金项目2019M650150
福建农林大学优秀博士学位论文基金324-1122YB031
详细信息
作者简介:吴红淼, 主要研究方向为根际生态学过程与调控。E-mail:wuhongmiao2010@163.com
通讯作者:林文雄, 主要研究方向为植物生理与分子生态学、农业生态学。E-mail:wenxiong181@163.com
中图分类号:S181计量
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出版历程
收稿日期:2019-10-28
录用日期:2020-02-18
刊出日期:2020-06-01
A commentary and development perspective on the consecutive monoculture problems of medicinal plants
WU Hongmiao,LIN Wenxiong,
Institute of Agroecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fuzhou 350002, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China81573530
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation2019M650150
the Foundation of Graduate School of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University324-1122YB031
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Corresponding author:LIN Wenxiong, E-mail:wenxiong181@163.com
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摘要
摘要:连作障碍作为现代农业生产中较普遍的问题，在药用植物栽培生产中表现尤为严重，据统计约70%以块根类入药的药用植物在种植过程中都存在严重的连作障碍问题。连作障碍已经成为制约药用植物品质和发展的关键性因素。本研究从药用植物连作障碍问题研究现状出发，分析了当前药用植物连作障碍形成的三大共性问题，即根系分泌物诱导根际土壤酸化、根际微生物群落结构失衡和植株病毒病严重，具体体现在：根系分泌物诱导根际土壤微生物差异性演化、土传病原菌的化感互作、根际微生物区系的失衡加大土壤酸化、根际病原菌增多和有益菌减少导致的土存真菌病害加重、病毒病伴生和发展。并分析了土壤灭菌法、功能微生物调控、作物多样性栽培和生物质炭改良的根际调控策略在减缓药用植物连作障碍中的潜在作用。作者呼吁从事连作障碍研究的工作者应重视从根际生态学角度出发，以土壤食物网为切入点，应用现代系统生物学和化学生态学技术与方法，全面系统探究根系分泌物介导下植物-土壤-微生物的相互作用过程与机制，并着重关注土壤线虫和土壤病毒在连作障碍发生发展中的生态位关系，以深入阐明连作介导土壤酸化的生态学机制和病原菌响应根系分泌物的协同进化机理，在此基础上，采用多种根际调控相结合的策略减缓连作障碍问题，全面考虑经济、社会和生态效益，做到"生态预防为主、综合治理为要"。
关键词:药用植物/
连作障碍/
化感作用/
土传病害/
根际互作/
根际调控
Abstract:The consecutive monoculture problem, also known as replant disease, is a common disorder from modern agricultural practices. It has been reported that more than 70% of medicinal plants, especially those tuberous roots, have been affected. This disease has become a key factor restricting the quality and development of medicinal plants. This study analyzed three common problems with the formation of continuous cropping obstacles in medicinal plants, which includes the acidification of rhizosphere soil induced by root exudates, microbial community structure imbalance in the rhizosphere, and the severity of plant virus disease. The primary factors include:differentiation and evolution of microorganisms mediated by root exudates in rhizosphere soil, allelopathic interactions of soil-borne pathogens, soil acidification induced by rhizosphere bacterial community imbalance, increased rhizosphere soil-borne pathogens, decrease of beneficial microorganisms aggravating soil fungal diseases, and concomitant development of viral diseases. We analyzed the potential advantages of new rhizosphere management strategies on abating continuous cropping obstacles such as soil sterilization, microbial fertilizer application, diverse crop cultivation, and biochar management. This study recommended researchers to focus on rhizosphere ecological processes in continuous cropping obstacles by selecting the soil food web as the starting point, utilizing modern system biology and chemical ecology technology to analyze the interaction and mechanisms among plant-soil-microorganisms mediated by root exudates under continuous monoculture regimes. Therefore, we need to focus on the niche relationship between soil nematodes and viruses during the occurrence and development of continuous cropping obstacles, and elucidate the ecological mechanisms of soil acidification mediated by continuous cropping, as well as the co-evolution mechanism of pathogens responding to root exudates. Furthermore, several strategies can be combined to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacles. Overall, we should consider the economic, social, and ecological benefits to achieve "prevention-oriented" and "comprehensive management".
Key words:Medicinal plants/
Continuous cropping obstacle/
Allelopathy/
Soil-borne pathogens/
Rhizosphere interactions/
Rhizosphere management
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图1植物根系分泌物的组成
Figure1.The components of plant root exudates
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2病害程度与作物栽培模式关系图[96]
Figure2.Relationship between disease severity and cultivation pattern[96]
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1常见药用植物中的主要化感物质
Table1.The primary allelochemicals of common medicinal plants
| 药用植物Medicinal plant | 主要化感物质Primary allelochemicals |
| 太子参 Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax | 酚酸类[30]:没食子酸、香豆酸、3, 4-二羟基苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸、丁香酸、香兰素、阿魏酸、苯甲酸; 有机酸类[31]:草酸、甲酸、苹果酸、乳酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸。 Phenolic acids[30]: gallic acid, coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, benzoic acid; Organic acids[31]: oxalic acid, formic acid, malic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, butanedioic acid. |
| 地黄 Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaetn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et Mey. | 萜类[32]:梓醇; 苷类[32-33]:异麦角甾苷、地黄苷、毛蕊花糖苷、洋地黄叶甙C; 酚酸类[34]:香豆酸、原儿茶酸、邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸、丁香酸、香兰素、阿魏酸、苯甲酸、水杨酸。 Terpenes[32]: catalpol; Glycosides[32-33]: isoacteoside, rehmannioside, verbascoside, purpureaside C; Phenolic acids[34]: coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, phthalic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid. |
| 三七 Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. H. | 人参皂苷[35-36]: Rh1、Rb1、Rb2、Rc、Rd、Re、R1、Rg1、Rg2; 黄酮类[35]:槲皮素; 酚酸类[37]:对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸、丁香酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸、苯甲酸; 酯类[38]:邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯。 Ginsenoside[35-36]: Rh1, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, R1, Rg1, Rg2; Flavones[35]: quercetin; Phenolic acids[37]: 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, 4-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid; Esters[38]: diisobutyl phthalate. |
| 人参 Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. | 酚酸类[39]:水杨酸、没食子酸、苯甲酸、肉桂酸、香兰素、对羟基苯甲酸、3-苯基丙酸; 酯类[40]:邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯; 脂肪酸[41]:十六酸、己二酸; 有机酸[41]:丁二酸、乳酸。 Phenolic acids[39]: salicylic acid, gallic acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-phenylpropanoic acid; Esters[40]: diisobutyl phthalate; Fatty acids[41]: palmitic acid, adipic acid; Organic acids[41]: succinic acid, lactic acid. |
| 西洋参 Panax quiquefolium L. | 人参皂苷[42]: Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rd; 酚酸类[43]:香草酸、丁香酸、阿魏酸、香豆酸。 Ginsenoside[42]: Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rd; Phenolic acids[43]: vanillic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acid. |
| 半夏 Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. | 酚酸类[44-45]:没食子酸、原儿茶酸、香草酸、丁香酸、香兰素、阿魏酸; 醌类[44-45]:大黄酚; 醛类[44-45]: 3, 4-二羟基苯甲醛; 酮类[45]: 2, 3-苯并呋喃、丁香醛; 酚类[44-45]:绿原酸。 Phenolic acids[44-45]: gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid; Quinones[44-45]: chrysophanic acid; Aldehydes[44-45]: 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde; Ketones[45]: coumarone, syringaldehyde; Phenols[44-45]: chlorogenic acid. |
| 白术 Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. | 酚类[46]: 2, 4-二叔丁基酚。 Phenols[46]: 2, 4-Di-t-butylphenol. |
下载: 导出CSV表2常见药用植物连作土壤中的主要致病菌
Table2.Primary pathogens of common medicinal plant soils under continuous monoculture regimes
| 药用植物Medicinal plant | 主要致病菌Primary pathogens |
| 太子参 Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax | 肠杆菌、踝节霉菌、尖孢镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌[30-31] Kosakonia sacchari, Talaromyces helicus, Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme[30-31] |
| 地黄 Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaetn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et Mey. | 尖孢镰刀菌、茄病镰刀菌[34, 52] F. oxysporum, F. solani[34, 52] |
| 三七 Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. H. | 尖孢镰刀菌、滕仓赤霉复合种、三线镰刀菌、串珠状赤霉、木贼镰刀菌[53] F. oxysporum, Gibberella intermedia, F. tricinctum, G. moniliformis, F. equiseti[53] |
| 人参 Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. | 畸雌腐霉、毁灭柱孢菌、立枯丝核菌、黑斑菌、疫病菌、菌病菌锈腐菌[39, 54] Pythium irregular, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria panax, Phytophthora cactorum, Sclerotinia schinseng, C. destructans[39, 54] |
| 西洋参 Panax quiquefolium L. | 立枯丝核菌、茄病镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、毁灭柱孢菌[42-43] R. solani, F. solani, F. oxysporum, C. destructans[42-43] |
| 丹参 Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. | 茄病镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、布雷正青霉、露湿漆斑菌、三线镰刀菌、焦曲霉[55] F. solani, F. oxysporum, Penicillium brefeldianum, Myrothecium roridum, F. tricinctum, Aspergillus spp. calidoustus[55] |
| 半夏 Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit | 镰刀菌属、胡萝卜果胶杆菌、胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌、产酸克雷伯氏杆菌、立枯丝核菌[56-57] Fusarium spp., Pectobacterium carotovora, P. carotovorum, Klebsiella oxytoca, R. solani[56-57] |
| 白术 Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. | 茄病镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌、齐整小核菌、尖孢镰刀菌、细交链孢、半裸镰刀菌、长柄链格孢菌[58] F. solani, R. solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, F. oxysporum, Alternaria alternate, F. incarnatum, A. longipes[58] |
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