田志慧^1,,
陆俊尧²,
袁国徽¹,
沈国辉^1,,
1.上海市农业科学院生态环境保护研究所 上海 201403
2.华东师范大学生态与环境科学学院 上海 200241
基金项目: 上海市科技创新行动计划16391901800
上海市现代农业水稻产业技术体系201903
上海市农业科学院卓越团队项目2018(B-01)

详细信息

作者简介:田志慧, 主要研究方向为杂草控制与利用。E-mail:tianzhihui@saas.sh.cn

通讯作者:沈国辉, 主要研究方向为杂草控制与利用。E-mail:zb5@saas.sh.cn

中图分类号:S451.1

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收稿日期:2019-10-27
录用日期:2019-12-30
刊出日期:2020-03-01

Effects and eco-economic thresholds of Leptochloa chinensis and Cyperus difformis on the yield of direct-seeding rice

TIAN Zhihui^1,,
LU Junyao²,
YUAN Guohui¹,
SHEN Guohui^1,,
1. Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
2. School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
Funds: the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality16391901800
the Shanghai Municipal Agricultural Commission201903
the Excellent Research Team Program of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences2018(B-01)

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Corresponding author:SHEN Guohui: zb5@saas.sh.cn

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摘要
摘要:千金子和异型莎草均是直播稻田的恶性杂草，危害水稻的生长发育，对水稻生产造成严重威胁。为明确千金子和异型莎草对直播稻产量的影响及其生态经济阈值，采用添加系列试验法和模型拟合法研究不同密度千金子和异型莎草组合和与水稻不同共生时间下水稻产量性状的变化规律。结果表明，随着千金子和异型莎草组合密度增加以及与水稻共生时间延长，水稻的有效穗数、每穗实粒数、千粒重和产量均逐渐下降。当千金子+异型莎草密度增加至8株·m^-2+8株·m^-2，水稻产量仅2 236.37 kg·hm^-2，与空白对照相比产量损失率为71.14%；在千金子4.67株·m^-2+异型莎草3.50株·m^-2的平均密度下，二者与水稻在整个生育期共生时，水稻产量为5 138.33 kg·hm^-2，与空白对照相比产量损失率为33.37%。低密度、短时间共生的两杂草组合对水稻产量无显著影响。但从密度梯度看，在两种杂草与水稻整个生育期共生条件下，杂草复合密度达到4.14株·m^-2时，则必须对其进行防除；从共生时间的尺度看，在试验设置密度条件下，必须在水稻种植后的16.7 d进行杂草防除，否则将对水稻产量和经济效益造成显著影响。在对复合杂草生态经济阈值分析的基础上进行杂草防除，可避免除草剂盲目使用，对减少除草剂使用次数，降低除草剂用量、节约除草成本和保护农田生态环境具有指导作用。
关键词:直播水稻/
千金子/
异型莎草/
杂草密度/
共生时间/
水稻产量/
生态经济阈值
Abstract:The weeds in rice fields are an important factor affecting rice production. It is important for agricultural development to emphasize both the economic and ecological benefits of rice field weed control. The scientific control of weeds in rice fields according to an eco-economic threshold is an effective way to ensure rice production and protect the environment. Leptochloa chinensis and Cyperus difformis are malignant weeds in rice fields and a significant threat to rice production. To determine the effects and eco-economic thresholds of L. chinensis and C. difformis on the yield of direct-seeded rice, field experiments were performed with 13 mixed densities and 6 coexistence periods with rice of L. chinensis and C. difformis. The results showed that the rice yield traits, such as the number of effective spikes, filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, and rice yield, decreased with the increasing density and coexistence period with rice of L. chinensis and C. difformis. The rice yield loss rate was positively correlated with the mixed density and coexistence period of the two weeds, and there were significant differences among the treatments with different mixed weed densities and coexistence periods. When the density of L. chinensis + C. difformis was 8 + 8 plants per m², the rice yield was 2 236.37 kg·hm^-2 and the rice yield loss rate was 71.14%. At the average density of 4.67 plants per m² for L. chinensis and 3.50 plants per m²for C. difformis, when the coexistence period corresponded with the whole rice growth period, the rice yield was 5 138.33 kg·hm^-2 and the yield loss rate was 33.37%. Weeds at a low density or with a short coexistence period with rice had no significant effect on the rice yield. When L. chinensis and C. difformis coexisted with rice during the whole growth period, the threshold for the composit density of the two weeds was 4.14 plants per m². In addition, under the density conditions of the experiment, when the two weeds grew in a rice field for 16.7 days, the weeding should be conducted. In this study, the idea of controlling the weeds when the damage of L. chinensis and C. difformis reached the eco-economic threshold changed the traditional concept of weed control, and was conducive to reducing the applying times of herbicides, thus decreasing the herbicide application rate.
Key words:Direct-seeding rice/
Leptochloa chinensis/
Cyperus difformis/
Weed density/
Coexistence period/
Rice yield/
Eco-economic threshold

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表1不同密度千金子和异型莎草组合对水稻产量性状的影响
Table1.Effects of different densities of Leptochloa chinensis and Cyperus difformis on rice yield traits

千金子+异型莎草密度 L. chinensis + C. difformis density (plants·m-2)	有效穗数 Effective spikes number (·m-2)	每穗实粒数 Filled grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量Yield (kg·hm-2)	产量损失率 Yield loss rate (%)
0+0	323.00±6.08a	87.44±1.30a	27.44±0.18a	7 748.57±150.15a	—
2+0	324.33±3.21a	87.51±1.34a	27.27±0.24ab	7 739.34±110.25a	0.12±2.30g
2+2	318.33±3.21a	87.17±1.03a	26.98±0.182abc	7 485.75±28.26a	3.39±1.51g
2+4	302.67±1.53b	82.26±1.50b	26.67±0.32bc	6 640.81±189.56b	14.30±2.75f
2+8	281.67±2.52c	79.80±2.00bc	26.97±0.39abc	6 063.96±234.70c	21.74±2.05e
4+0	302.33±2.89b	82.48±2.03b	26.58±0.28bc	6 625.87±87.51b	14.49±1.08f
4+2	288.67±6.81c	76.70±1.35cd	26.30±0.54c	5 820.25±59.97c	24.89±1.61e
4+4	188.67±7.57d	74.44±2.48de	26.31±0.17c	3 692.18±94.55d	52.35±2.03d
4+8	175.33±11.72e	70.03±2.38fg	26.31±0.36c	3 234.58±317.52e	58.26±4.71c
8+0	283.33±4.16c	77.73±0.52cd	26.33±0.18c	5 798.20±92.53c	25.17±2.14e
8+2	172.67±3.06e	74.50±0.70de	26.70±0.17abc	3 435.16±103.25de	55.67±2.18cd
8+4	150.67±12.70f	72.02±4.45df	26.69±0.48abc	2 887.56±145.95f	62.73±2.23b
8+8	125.33±6.11g	67.67±4.82g	26.40±0.93c	2 236.37±151.39g	71.14±2.18a
同列数据后不同小写字母表示存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。Different lowercases in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

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表2千金子和异型莎草密度与水稻产量性状的相关性
Table2.Correlation between densities of Leptochloa chinensis and Cyperus difformis and yield traits of rice

	产量损失率 Yield loss rate	有效穗数 Effective spikes number	每穗实粒数 Filled grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight	千金子密度 L. chinensis density	异型莎草密度 C. difformis density
产量损失率Yield loss rate	1.000 0
有效穗数Effective spikes number	-0.987 8**	1.000 0
每穗实粒数Filled grains per spike	-0.966 6**	0.921 6**	1.000 0
千粒重1000-grain weight	-0.645 4**	0.534 6*	0.760 6**	1.000 0
千金子密度L. chinensis density	0.761 7**	-0.728 9**	-0.751 8**	-0.610 5*	1.000 0
异型莎草密度C. difformis density	0.617 4*	-0.606 4*	-0.653 1**	-0.341 0	0.143 6	1.000 0
*和**分别表示显著(P < 0.05)和极显著(P < 0.01)相关。* and ** indicate significant correlation at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.

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表3千金子+异型莎草复合密度(x)与水稻产量损失率(y)的回归分析
Table3.Regression analysis between composite density of Leptochloa chinensis and Cyperus difformis (x) and rice yield loss rate (y)

拟合方式 Fit method	回归模型 Regression model	R2	F	显著性(P值) Significance (P value)
线性Linear	y=4.905x-13.696	0.836	51.104	0.000
对数Logarithmic	y=39.515lnx-50.985	0.785	36.586	0.000
二次曲线Quadratic	y=-0.057x2+6.077x-18.590	0.839	23.460	0.000
幂函数Power	y=0.034x2.910	0.812	43.168	0.000
指数Exponential	y=0.975e0.299x	0.594	14.624	0.003
千金子+异型莎草复合密度=千金子密度×(1+1.32)。The composite density of Leptochloa chinensis and Cyperus difformis = L. chinensis density × (1+1.32).

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表4千金子与异型莎草组合与水稻共生时间对水稻产量性状的影响
Table4.Effects of coexistence periods of Leptochloa chinensis and Cyperus difformis with rice on rice yield traits

共生时间 Coexistence periods (d)	有效穗数 Effective spikes number (spikes·m-2)	每穗实粒数 Filled grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)	产量损失率Yield loss rate (%)
0	320.89±4.53 a	88.06±1.82a	27.30±0.45a	7 711.77±158.30a	—
15	317.42±4.45a	87.75±1.18a	27.13±0.32a	7 557.02±186.34a	2.01±2.71d
30	283.75±32.66b	84.23±3.70b	26.56±0.53bc	6 387.30±1 051.35b	17.17±13.18c
45	281.53±35.56b	80.33±6.65c	26.5±0.56bc	6 066.30±1 290.78bc	21.34±16.19bc
60	267.56±47.83b	79.21±7.07cd	26.35±0.48c	5 675.62±1 457.46cd	26.40±18.48ab
140(全生育期Whole growth period)	242.83±71.57c	77.69±6.51d	26.63±0.46b	5 138.33±1 870.05d	33.37±23.78a
同列数据后不同小写字母表示存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。Different lowercases in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

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表5千金子和异型莎草与水稻共生时间与水稻产量性状的相关性
Table5.Correlation between coexistence periods of Leptochloa chinensis and Cyperus difformis with rice and rice yield traits

变量	产量损失率 Yield loss rate	共生时间 Coexistence period	有效穗数 Effective spikes number	每穗实粒数 Filled grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight
产量损失率Yield loss rate	1.000 0
共生时间Coexistence period	0.880 3*	1.000 0
有效穗数Effective spikes number	-0.990 0**	-0.926 4**	1.000 0
每穗实粒数Filled grains per spike	-0.981 1**	-0.856 3*	0.955 5**	1.000 0
千粒重1000-grain weight	-0.865 9*	-0.537 1	0.800 6*	0.848 4*	1.000 0
*和**分别表示显著(P < 0.05)和极显著(P < 0.01)相关。* and ** indicate significant correlation at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.

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表6千金子和异型莎草与水稻共生时间(x)与水稻产量损失率(y)的回归分析
Table6.Regression analysis between coexistence periods of Leptochloa chinensis and Cyperus difformis with rice (x) and rice yield loss rate(y)

拟合方式 Fit method	回归模型 Regression model	R2	F	显著性(P值) Significance (P value)
线性Linear	y=0.204x+8.224	0.717	7.612	0.070
对数Logarithmic	y=13.839lnx-32.394	0.949	55.835	0.005
二次曲线Quadratic	y=-0.004x2+0.806x-7.235	0.966	28.480	0.034
幂函数Power	y=0.169x1.175	0.737	8.403	0.063
指数Exponential	y=6.023e0.015x	0.428	2.246	0.231

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