黄国勤^,
江西农业大学生态科学研究中心 南昌 330045
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题2016YFD0300208
国家自然科学基金项目41661070
中国工程院咨询研究项目2017-XY-28
江西省重点研发计划项目20161BBF60058
江西省软科学研究计划项目20133BBA10005

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作者简介:黄国勤, 研究方向为耕作制度、农业生态和农业可持续发展等。E-mail:hgqjxes@sina.com

中图分类号:S344

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收稿日期:2019-07-05
录用日期:2019-07-25
刊出日期:2020-01-01

Green development of paddy field farming systems in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

HUANG Guoqin^,
Research Center of Ecological Sciences at Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0300208
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41661070
the Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering2017-XY-28
the Key Research and Development Project of Jiangxi Province20161BBF60058
the Soft Science Research Project of Jiangxi Province20133BBA10005

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Corresponding author:HUANG Guoqin, E-mail: hgqjxes@sina.com

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摘要
摘要:实施长江经济带发展战略，推动长江经济带绿色发展、高质量发展、可持续发展，是当前我国正在实施的区域协调发展战略之一。稻田耕作制度是长江经济带整个农业耕作制度的重要组成部分。实现长江经济带稻田耕作制度绿色发展，对于维护长江经济带乃至全国的粮食安全、食品安全和生态安全均具有重要意义。长江经济带稻田耕作制度具有起源的古老性、模式的多样性、结构的复杂性、功能的高效性和影响的国际性的显著特点。当前，长江经济带稻田耕作制度发展面临着熟制缩减、投入过量、资源浪费、养地削弱、基础脆弱和效益下降等突出问题与挑战。为实现长江经济带稻田耕作制度的绿色发展，应在遵循"共抓大保护、不搞大开发""生态优先、绿色发展"原则的前提下，采取如下对策与措施：1）绿色覆盖，做到稻田"一年四季，季季皆绿"；2）绿色培肥，充分利用绿肥、农家肥、沼液、沼渣，以及生物肥料、专用肥料等培肥稻田土壤，提高稻田地力；3）绿色防控，应用农业防治技术（如实行作物轮作换茬）、生物防治技术、生态调控技术和理化诱控技术等防治稻田作物病、虫、草、鼠、鸟害；4）绿色修复，采用轮作休耕、深耕深松、保护性耕作、秸秆还田、增施有机肥、施用修复剂、种植绿肥和修复植物等多种措施，对已"退化稻田""污染土壤"进行修复；5）绿色利用，包括对稻田农业资源及废弃物的立体利用、综合利用和循环利用；6）绿色产品，将长江经济带稻田"打造"成为无公害农产品、绿色农产品、有机农产品的生产基地。
关键词:耕作制度/
稻田/
绿色发展/
高质量发展/
可持续发展/
生态环境保护/
资源利用/
长江经济带
Abstract:Currently, implementing the development strategy of Yangtze River Economic Belt and promoting green, high-quality and sustainable development of Yangtze River Economic Belt is one of China's regional coordinated development strategy. The rice field farming systems is an important part of the whole agricultural farming systems in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Realizing the green development of rice field farming systems in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is of great significance for maintaining food security, food safety and ecological security in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and even the whole country. The rice field farming systems have remarkable characteristics such as ancient origin, diversity of patterns, complex structure, the efficiency of function and the international influence. At present, the development of rice field farming systems in the Yangtze River Economic Belt are faced with outstanding problems and challenges such as reduction of maturity, excessive investment, waste of resources, weakening of land, weak foundation and decreased efficiency. In order to realize green development of rice field farming systems, the following countermeasures and measures should be taken on the premise of following the principle of "common protection, no large scale development", "ecological priority and green development":1) Green coverage, "all year round, seasonal green" rice fields; 2) Green fertilizer, make full use of green manure, farm fertilizer, biogas, marsh residue, as well as bio-fertilizer, special fertilizer and other fertilizer soil, improve the soil fertility of rice fields; 3) Green prevention and control, the application of agricultural control technology (such as the implementation of crop rotation), biological control technology, ecological control technology and physical and chemical booby-trapped technology to prevent and control rice plant diseases, insects, grasses, rats, and birds; 4) Green repair, restoration of "degraded rice fields" and "polluted soil" by means of rotational fallow, deep-till deep pine, conservation farming, straw return to the fields, increased application of organic fertilizer, application of repair agents, planting of green manure and restoration of plants; 5) Green utilization, including three-dimensional utilization, comprehensive utilization and recycling of agricultural resources and wastes in paddy fields; 6) Green products, construct paddy fields of Yangtze River economy to become production base with pollution-free, green and organic agricultural products.
Key words:Farming systems/
Rice fields/
Green development/
High-quality development/
Sustainable development/
Ecological environment protection/
Resource utilization/
Yangtze River Economic Belt

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表1长江经济带人口、耕地及农作物、粮食、水稻生产占全国比重(2017年)
Table1.Population, arable land area and crops, grain and rice production in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and proportions of the whole country in 2017

省(市)/地区 Province (City)/Region	人口Population (×104 persons)	耕地面积 Arable land area (×104 hm2)	农作物总播种面积 Total sown area of crops (×104 hm2)	粮食作物播种面积 Sown area of grain crops (×104 hm2)	粮食产量 Grain output (×104 t)	水稻种植面积 Rice planting area (×104 hm2)	稻谷产量 Rice grain yield (×104 hm2)
上海Shanghai	2 418	19.16	28.49	13.31	99.8	10.41	85.6
江苏Jiangsu	8 029	457.33	755.64	552.73	3 610.8	223.77	1 892.6
浙江Zhejiang	5 657	197.70	198.11	97.72	580.1	62.07	444.9
安徽Anhui	6 255	586.68	872.67	732.18	4 019.7	260.51	1 647.5
江西Jiangxi	4 622	308.60	563.85	378.63	2 221.7	350.47	2 126.1
湖北Hubei	5 902	523.59	795.61	485.30	2 846.1	236.81	1 927.2
湖南Hunan	6 860	415.10	832.20	497.89	3 073.6	423.87	2 740.4
重庆Chongqing	3 075	236.98	333.96	203.07	1 079.9	65.89	487.0
四川Sichuan	8 302	672.52	957.50	629.20	3 488.9	187.49	1 473.7
贵州Guizhou	3 580	451.88	565.94	305.28	1 242.4	70.05	448.8
云南Yunnan	4 801	621.33	679.08	416.92	1 843.4	87.06	529.2
长江经济带Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB)	59 501	4 490.87	6 601.05	4 312.23	24 106.4	1 978.40	13 803.0
全国Nationwide	139 008	13 488.12	16 633.20	11 798.90	66 160.7	3 074.70	21 267.6
长江经济带比重YEB’s proportion of the nation (%)	42.80	33.30	39.69	36.58	36.44	64.34	64.90
资料来源于《中国统计年鉴2018年》(中华人民共和国国家统计局编, 中国统计出版社, 2018)。Data are from China Statistical Yearbook in 2018 (National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China, China Statistical Press, 2018).

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表2长江经济带化肥施用量及占全国比重(2017年)
Table2.Amount of fertilizers applied and the proportion of the whole country in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in 2017

项目 Item	省(市)/地区 Province (City)/Region	化肥总量 Total amount of chemical fertilizer	氮肥 Nitrogenous fertilizer	磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer	钾肥 Potash fertilizer	复合肥 Compound fertilizer
施用量 Application amount (x104t)	上海Shanghai	8.9	4.3	0.6	0.4	3.6
	江苏Jiangsu	303.9	151.4	36.8	18.2	97.5
	浙江Zhejiang	82.6	42.9	9.3	6.6	23.8
	安徽Anhui	318.7	100.7	32.4	29.7	155.9
	江西Jiangxi	135.0	38.1	20.5	20.3	56.0
	湖北Hubei	317.9	128.2	54.6	30.1	105.0
	湖南Hunan	245.3	97.9	26.0	42.0	79.3
	重庆Chongqing	95.5	47.2	16.9	5.5	25.8
	四川Sichuan	242.0	117.0	47.1	17.6	60.2
	贵州Guizhou	95.7	46.5	11.5	9.2	28.4
	云南Yunnan	231.9	112.9	34.7	26.2	58.1
	长江经济带(YEB) Yangtze River Economic Belt	2 077.4	887.1	290.4	205.8	693.6
	全国Nationwide	5 859.4	2 221.8	797.6	619.7	2 220.3
长江经济带占全国比重 YEB’s proportion of the nation (%)		35.45	39.93	36.41	33.21	31.24
资料来源于《中国统计年鉴2018年》(中华人民共和国国家统计局编, 中国统计出版社, 2018)。Data are from China Statistical Yearbook 2018 (National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China, China Statistical Press, 2018).

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