胡文浩^1,,
那书豪¹,
李学东¹,
李想¹,
宇振荣¹,
王文静³,
段美春^2,,
1.中国农业大学资源与环境学院 北京 100193
2.西南大学农学与生物科技学院 重庆 400715
3.西湖大学生命科学学院 杭州 300124
基金项目: 农业农村部项目091721109022291004

详细信息

作者简介:胡文浩, 主要研究方向为景观生态学与生物多样性保护。E-mail:huwenhao@cau.edu.cn

通讯作者:段美春, 主要研究方向为农业景观生物多样性的保护与利用。E-mail:duanmc@swu.edu.cn

中图分类号:Q968.1

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-06-23
录用日期:2019-09-18
刊出日期:2019-12-01

Application of native wildflower mixtures in agricultural landscapes

HU Wenhao^1,,
NA Shuhao¹,
LI Xuedong¹,
LI Xiang¹,
YU Zhenrong¹,
WANG Wenjing³,
DUAN Meichun^2,,
1. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
2. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
3. School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 300124, China
Funds: the Research Project of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China091721109022291004

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Corresponding author:DUAN Meichun, E-mail:duanmc@swu.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:乡土野花组合是筛选以乡土野花为主体的，并通过混合播种建立群落的一种景观植被建植模式，是欧美国家近年来较为流行的一种农业景观恢复与建设的技术措施。已有的研究发现乡土野花组合能够改善景观结构与生境质量，吸引传粉生物和自然天敌，从而起到增强农业景观的传粉及害虫控制功能，并改善农作物品质、提高农作物产量；与此同时，乡土野花组合也具有较好的文化功能。乡土野花组合的设计对建植效果具有重要作用，其物种筛选、配比、播种方式及布局是设计中需要主要解决的问题。本文在总结欧美国家乡土野花组合设计模式与生态监测结果的基础上，提出乡土野花组合物种筛选的3原则：乡土性、功能多样性与包含特定关键物种；并对其生长周期、物种数、播量、播种面积与空间布局等技术细节进行了讨论，以促进乡土野花组合的本土化、区域化发展。欧美国家提出了一系列推动产业发展及农户补贴的有关政策，其中美国主要以推动基础研究与产业发展政策为主，注重限制植物材料本土化；欧洲国家通过多项立法及农业环境管护政策为农户提供多样化的生态补贴，以促进农户充分参与乡土野花组合栽植过程。在我国，尚缺乏成熟的乡土野花组合应用案例。中国的乡土野花组合需充分发掘种质资源并进行生态、栽培与景观特性评估，以实现本土化的乡土野花组合。本文最后提出，通过多学科合作实现乡土野花组合的设计与推广，政府、产业、科研机构与农民共同参与乡土野花组合的设计过程，并提出市场化的生态补贴政策，以推动乡土野花组合在我国农业景观的应用，为改善我国农业生态环境做出应有贡献。
关键词:乡土植物/
野花/
生态系统服务功能/
传粉/
自然天敌/
害虫控制/
农业景观
Abstract:The use of native wildflower mixtures, a kind of landscape vegetation planting method that mainly selects native wildflowers and establishes communities via mixed sowing, has become a popular technical measure for agricultural landscape restoration in Europe, America, and elsewhere in recent years. Studies have reported that native wildflower mixtures can improve habitat quality and landscape structure, attract pollinators and natural enemies, and enhance pollination and pest control functions in agricultural landscapes. Moreover, researchers have found that the combination of native wildflowers is an important method for landscape construction. The design of native wildflower mixtures plays an important role in the establishment of planting; therefore, the selections of species, their proportion, and sowing method and layout are important issues that ought to be resolved in the design. Based on a summary of European and American experiences of designing of native wildflower mixtures and biodiversity monitoring, we observed that the nativization, diverse functions, and inclusion of key species play important roles in plant selection. Further, we discussed the detailed techniques for the design, such as the growth cycle, species and seeding quantity, seeding area, and spatial layout, to promote the localization of native wildflower development. Native wildflower mixtures are an important technology for achieving agricultural landscape restoration. In European and American countries, a series of relevant policies have been proposed to promote industrial development and farmers' subsidies. In European countries, numerous legislative and agricultural environmental protection policies have been established to provide farmers with various ecological subsidies to promote their complete participation in the process of local wildflower combination planting. However, in China, there is a lack of cases in which mature local wildflower combinations have been applied. Therefore, it is necessary to completely explore the germplasm resources and evaluate the ecological, cultivation, and landscape characteristics of native wildflower combinations in China to achieve native wildflower combinations. To this end, the present study proposes the realization of the design and promotion of rural wildflower combinations via multidisciplinary cooperation. The government, companies, research institutions, and farmers should all participate in the process of designing rural wildflower combinations and propose market-oriented ecological subsidy policies to promote the same. The application of native wildflower combinations in the field of agricultural landscape restoration could contribute to improving the agricultural ecology in China.
Key words:Native plant/
Wildflower/
Ecosystem service function/
Pollination/
Natural enemies/
Pest control/
Agricultural landscape

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图1两种不同的乡土野花缓冲带构建空间模式
a:农田边界带状种植形式(改绘自Ganser等, 2018)^[56]; b:逐行带状种植形式(改绘自Hatt等, 2017)^[23]。
Figure1.Two spatial patterns of wildflower strips in farmland
a: wildflower strips along farmland boundaries (draw from Ganser et al., 2018)^[56]; b: linear wildflower strips in farmland (draw from Hatt et al., 2017)^[23].


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表1国内野外造景主要应用的外来商业花卉及其入侵性
Table1.Exotic commercial flowers mainly used in field landscape design and their invasive evaluation in China

序号 Number	入侵性评价 Invasive evaluation	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species
1	外来入侵植物 Invasive alien plant	菊科Compositae	金鸡菊属Coreopsis	金鸡菊Coreopsis drummondii
2			百日菊属Zinnia	百日菊Zinnia elegans
3			矢车菊属Centaurea	矢车菊Centaurea cyanus
4			秋英属Cosmos	秋英(波斯菊) Cosmos bipinnata
5				黄秋英(硫华菊) Cosmos sulphureus
6			天人菊属Gaillardia	天人菊(宿根天人菊) Gaillardia pulchella
7			滨菊属Leucanthemum	滨菊(西洋滨菊) Leucanthemum vulgare
8			松果菊属Echinacea	松果菊Echinacea purpurea
9			金光菊属Rudbeckia	金光菊Rudbeckia laciniata
10				黑心金光菊(黑心菊) Rudbeckia hirta
11			万寿菊属Tagetes	孔雀草Tagetes patula
12			蛇目菊属Sanvitalia	蛇目菊 Sanvitalia procumbens
13		柳叶菜科Onagraceae	月见草属Oenothera	月见草Oenothera biennis
14		马鞭草科Verbenaceae	马鞭草属Verbena	马鞭草Verbena officinalis
15		石竹科Caryophyllaceae	石头花属Gypsophila	圆锥石头花(满天星) Gypsophila paniculata
16			麦仙翁属Agrostemma	麦仙翁Agrostemma githago
17	具备入侵潜力的外来植物 Exotic plants with potential for invasion	罂粟科Papaveraceae	华菱草属Cosmos	花菱草Cosmos sulphureus
18			罂粟属Papaver	虞美人Papaver rhoeas
19		石竹科Caryophyllaceae	石竹属Dianthus	须苞石竹(五彩石竹) Dianthus barbatus
20	乡土野花 Native wildflower	十字花科Brassicaceae	诸葛菜属Orychophragmus	诸葛菜Orychophragmus violaceus
21		石竹科Caryophyllaceae	石竹属Dianthus	石竹(中国石竹) Dianthus chinensis
数据来源:作者调研获得。入侵性判定依据:根据中国入侵植物数据库(http://www.chinaias.cn/wjPart/SpeciesSearch.aspx?speciesType=3)及《中国入侵植物名录》[36]综合判断。Data are obtained by author research. Invasive plants are according to the Chinese Invasion Plants Database (http://www.chinaias.cn/wjPart/SpeciesSearch.aspx?SpeciesType=3) and Directory of Invasive Plants in China[37].

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