基于能值分析的蜜柚园生草模式生态经济效益评价

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罗旭辉^1,,,
卢新坤²,
刘岑薇¹,
张丽君¹,
陈恩¹,
GordonW. Price³,
翁伯琦⁴
1.福建省农业科学院农业生态研究所福州 350013
2.福建省农业科学院果树研究所福州 350003
3.Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Canada B2N 5E3
4.福建省山地草业工程技术研究中心福州 350013
基金项目: 福建省农业科学院科技创新团队项目STIT2017-3-8
亚热带特色果树种质资源共享服务平台NICGR-2019-069
公益类科研院所专项2016R1016-3

详细信息

作者简介:罗旭辉, 主要从事水土保持与农业面源污染防控技术研究。E-mail:xuhui22203@163.com

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收稿日期:2019-06-21
录用日期:2019-08-10
刊出日期:2019-12-01

Evaluation of ecological and economic benefits of pomelo orchards with different grass growing systems based on emergy analysis

LUO Xuhui^1,,,
LU Xinkun²,
LIU Cenwei¹,
ZHANG Lijun¹,
CHEN En¹,
Gordon W. Price³,
WENG Boqi⁴
1. Institute of Agricultural Ecology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
2. Institute of Fruit Research, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
3. Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, B2N 5E3, Canada
4. Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Hilly Prataculture, Fuzhou 350013, China
Funds: the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Project of Fujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesSTIT2017-3-8
the Special Subtropical Fruit Genetic Resource Sharing Service Platform of ChinaNICGR-2019-069
the Nonprofit Research Institutions Project of China2016R1016-3

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Corresponding author:LUO Xuhui, E-mail:xuhui22203@163.com

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摘要
摘要:蜜柚是福建省平和县优势特色产业，目前面临发展困境。生草栽培是推动蜜柚绿色发展的重要途径，为科学评价蜜柚园生草模式的生态经济效益，本文应用能值分析法测评平和县五寨镇前岭村蜜柚园生草模式和蜜柚园清耕模式的能值自给率、能值投资率、净能值产出率、环境负载率、有效能产出率和能值反馈率。结果表明：2017-2018年蜜柚园生草模式、蜜柚园清耕模式的能值自给率均为0.003，能值投资率分别为339.291、295.763，净能值产出率均为1.003，环境负载率分别为0.348、0.321，有效能产出率为4.57E-7 J·sej^-1、2.90E-7 J·sej^-1，能值反馈率为0.002、0.000。与清耕模式相比，生草模式能值总投入下降9.21%，不可更新环境资源下降76.71%，购买能值比重大，显示更高的能值投资率；同时商品果能值提高1.00E+17 sej·hm^-2，能量产出提高4.60E+10 J·hm^-2，表现出更强的经济活力。劳动力能值投入占能值总投入70.45%~72.90%，其中采摘、日常管理、水肥施用比重大。生草模式在除草环节增加劳动力投入1.31E+16 sej·hm^-2，但通过减少农药施用、水肥施用和有机肥搬运节约劳动力，同时优化日常管理，生草模式总劳动力投入降低了3.30E+16 sej·hm^-2，基于能值的劳动生产率提高17.50%。生草模式使有机肥、劳动力等可更新资源购买量减少，环境负载率增加0.027。蜜柚园生草模式实现了柚树增产、柚农增收、蜜柚园增绿，为蜜柚产业供给侧结构性改革提供赋能路径。
Abstract:Honey pomelo[Citrus. grandis (L.) Osbeck. cv. Hongroumiyou] is the dominant crop in Pinghe County, Fujian Province; however, this historically fruit is facing production challenges. The practice of grass cultivation, rather than grass clearing, in the pomelo orchards is an important method to promote sustainable development in the honey pomelo industry. In order to clearly evaluate the effects of grass management pattern on the ecosystem, the economic and ecological benefits, two cultivation techniques, grass cultivation and grass clearing, were compared in orchards growing honey pomelo located in Qianlin Village, Wuzai Town, Pinghe County in 2017-2018. An emergy methodology was used to compare the two systems by calculating indices of emergy self-sufficiency ratio (ESR), emergy investment value (EIV), emergy yield ratio (EYR), environmental load ratio (ELR), efficient emergy yield ratio (EEYR), and emergy feedback rate (EFR). Results of the emergy indicators for orchards with grass cultivation or with grass clearing were:ESR, 0.003 for both; EIV, 339.291 and 295.763; EYR, 1.003 for both; ELR, 0.348 and 0.321; EEYR, 4.57 and 2.90-7E J·sej^-1; and EFR, 0.002 and 0.000; respectively. Compared to grass clearing, grass cultivation had a lower total energy input of 9.21%, a smaller non-renewable natural resources input of 76.71%, and a higher EIV resulting from the rapid decrease of natural energy input and the relatively low cost of purchased emergy input. The grass cultivation pattern showed better economic vigor with an increase of the commercial emergy of 1.00+E sej·hm^-2(versus 4.60+10E J·hm^-2 for grass clearing). The ratio of labor emergy input to the total was 70.45%-72.90%. The main contributors to labor input were fruit picking, daily management, and water-soluble fertilizer spraying. Although labor for weeding increased under grass cultivation, with a value of 1.31+16E sej·hm^-2, total labor energy input decreased by 3.30+16E sej·hm^-2 and labor efficiency rose by 17.50% through improvements in daily management and labor savings on pesticide spraying, fertilizing, and organic fertilizer transport. The environmental loading ratio in the cultivated grass system rose, with a value of 0.027 because of purchasing resource savings on organic fertilizers and labor. This study demonstrated that honey pomelo production incorporating a cultivated grass regime had the potential to improve commercial fruit production, increase farmer incomes, and provide a more sustainable production system, and such a management pattern would benefit supply-side reform.

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图1蜜柚园生草(A)、清耕(B)模式能量流动图(单位: sej·hm^-2)
Figure1.Emergy flow of honey pomelo orchard systems with growing grasses (A) and clearing treatment (B) (Unit: sej·hm^-2)

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图2两种栽培模式蜜柚园系统的劳动力能值投入
Figure2.Labor emergy input of honey pomelo orchard systems with two cultivation patterns

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表1两种栽培模式蜜柚园系统的能值投入(2017—2018年)
Table1.Emergy inputs of honey pomelo orchard systems with two cultivation patterns (2017-2018)

投入 Input	能值转换率 Emergy conversion rate	原始数据 Primary data		太阳能值 Solar emergy (sej·hm^-2)
投入 Input	能值转换率 Emergy conversion rate	生草 Growing grass	清耕 Clean tillage	生草 Growing grass	清耕 Clearing treatment
可更新环境资源(R) Renewable natural resources				9.06E+14	9.08E+14
??太阳能Solar energy	1.00 sej·J^-1	4.72E+13 J·hm^-2	4.72E+13 J·hm^-2	4.72E+13	4.72E+13
??雨水化学能Rainfall chemical energy	1.17E+04 sej·J^-1^[23]	7.00E+10 J·hm^-2	7.00E+10 J·hm^-2	8.17E+14	8.17E+14
??电力河流势能部分Hydroelectric energy	7.81E+04 sej·J^-1^[24]	5.33E+8 J·hm^-2	5.62E+8 J·hm^-2	4.16E+13	4.38E+13
不可更新环境资源(N) Nonrenewable natural resources				7.81E+13	3.35E+14
??表层土损耗能Energy loss of surface soil	4.74E+04 sej·J^-1^[23]	1.17E+9 J·hm^-2	6.58E+9 J·hm^-2	5.54E+13	3.11E+14
??生产用水Production water	6.81E+04 sej·g^-1^[23]	3.34E+8 g·hm^-2	3.40E+8 g·hm^-2	2.27E+13	2.31E+13
工业辅助能(F) Industrial auxiliary energy				8.64E+16	8.93E+16
??电力设施投入部分Electricities	7.81E+04 sej·J^-1^[24]	4.78E+8 J·hm^-2	5.18E+8 J·hm^-2	3.73E+13	4.05E+13
??水溶肥氮素Water soluble fertilizer nitrogen	3.50E+09 sej·g^-1^[23]	6.22E+4 g·hm^-2	6.30E+4 g·hm^-2	2.18E+14	2.21E+14
??水溶肥磷素Water soluble fertilizer phosphorus	1.35E+10 sej·g^-1^[23]	2.49E+4 g·hm^-2	2.52E+4 g·hm^-2	3.36E+14	3.40E+14
??水溶肥钾素Water soluble fertilizer potassium	1.32E+09 sej·g^-1^[23]	5.60E+4 g·hm^-2	5.67E+4 g·hm^-2	7.38E+13	7.48E+13
??纸袋Kraft paper bags	7.46E+12 sej· ^-1^[22]	4.15E+3 ·hm^-2	3.33E+3 ·hm^-2	3.09E+16	2.48E+16
??农药Pesticides	7.46E+12 sej· ^-1^[22]	5.99E+3 ·hm^-2	6.50E+3 ·hm^-2	4.47E+16	4.85E+16
??厂房Farms	7.46E+12 sej· ^-1^[22]	5.99E+2 ·hm^-2	5.50E+2 ·hm^-2	4.47E+15	4.10E+15
??水肥一体化设施Facilities of drip irrigation	7.46E+12 sej· ^-1^[22]	6.91E+2 ·hm^-2	1.00E+3 ·hm^-2	5.16E+15	7.46E+15
??水源设施Facilities of water derivation	7.46E+12 sej· ^-1^[22]	69 ·hm^-2	5.00E+2 ·hm^-2	5.15E+14	3.73E+15
可更新有机能(R₁) Renewable organic energy				2.47E+17	2.78E+17
??劳动力Labor	7.46E+12 sej· ^-1 ^[22]	3.17 E+4 ·hm^-2	3.60 E+4 ·hm^-2	2.36E+17	2.69E+17
??有机肥Organic fertilizers	7.82E+04 sej·J^-1^[23]	1.41E+11 J·hm^-2	1.22E+11 J·hm^-2	1.10E+16	9.54E+15
系统反馈能(R₀) Feedback energy				5.94E+14	1.35E+14
??草折算氮肥Nitrogen in grass	3.51E+09 sej·g^-1^[23]	7.54E+4 g·hm^-2	1.71E+4 g·hm^-2	2.64E+14	6.01E+13
??草折算磷肥Phosphorus in grass	1.35E+10 sej·g^-1^[23]	1.93E+4 g·hm^-2	4.38E+3 g·hm^-2	2.60E+14	5.91E+13
??草折算钾肥Potassium in grass	1.32E+09 sej·g^-1^[23]	5.25E+4 g·hm^-2	1.19E+4 g·hm^-2	6.94E+13	1.58E+13
总投入能值(T) Total emergy input				3.35E+17	3.69E+17
年太阳辐射取该区域中间值为4 723 MJ, 年降雨量为1 700 mm。表层土损耗能＝园地面积×土壤侵蚀率×有机质含量×有机质能量, 有机质能量为2.26E+4 J·g^-1, 蜜柚园生草和蜜柚园清耕两种模式的2017—2018年土壤侵蚀率平均为分别为1 944.5 kg·hm^-2·a^-1和10 936.5 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 两种模式土壤有机质平均含量为26.6 g·kg^-1。用水能量=用水量×5.0 J·g^-1, 两种模式2017—2018年生产用水平均分别为333.8 t·hm^-2、339.7 t·hm^-2。电能=年用电量×(3.60E+6) J·kWh^-1, 两种模式2017—2018年用电量平均为276 kW·hm^-2、300 kW·hm^-2。有机肥能量=有机肥用量×0.45×(2.26E+4) J·g^-1, 两种模式年有机肥用量分别为13.8 t·a^-1和12.0 t·a^-1。2017—2018年蜜柚园生草的年干物质草产量为2 750 kg·hm^-2, 蜜柚园清耕的年干物质草产量为625 kg·hm^-2, 养分含量按N 2.74%, P₂O₅ 0.70%, K₂O 1.91%(紫云英标准)折算。总投入能值＝(R+N+F+R₁)。Annual solar irradiance is 4 723 MJ, annual rainfall is 1 700 mm. Loss energy of topsoil = cultivated area × soil erosion rate × organic matter content × organic matter energy. In 2017-2018, the average erosion rates of patterns of growing grass and clean tillage were 1 944.5 kg·km^-2·a^-1 and 10 936.5 kg·km^-2·a^-1, respectively. The average organic matter content of the two patterns is 26.6 g·kg^-1, and organic matter energy is 2.26E+4 J·g^-1. The water consumption power = water consumption amount × 5.0 J·g^-1. The annual water consumption amounts of the two patterns are 333.8 t·hm^-2 and 339.7 t·hm^-2, respectively. The electricity power = annual electricity amount × (3.60E+6) J·kWh^-1. Annual electricity amounts of the two patterns are 276 kWh·hm^-2 and 300 kWh·hm^-2, respectively. Organic fertilizer power = organic fertilizer amounts × 0.45 × (2.26E+4) J·g^-1, the organic fertilizer amounts of the two patterns are 13.8 t·a^-1 and 12.0 t·a^-1, respectively. Annual herbage dry matter yields of growing grass and clean tillage are 2 750 kg·hm^-2 and 625 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Herbage nutrition content valued according to N of 2.74%, P₂O₅ of 0.70% and K₂O of 1.91% (based on Astragalus sinicus L.) The total energy input = (R + N + F + R₁).

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表2两种栽培模式蜜柚园系统的能值投入结构(2017—2018年)
Table2.Emergy input structure of honey pomelo orchard systems with two cultivation patterns (2017-2018) ?sej·hm^-2

类别 Item	生草 Growing grass	清耕 Clearing treatment	下降幅度 Decrease of growing grass compared with clearing treatment
自然资源Natural resources	9.84E+14	1.24E+15	2.59E+14
购买资源Purchasing resources	3.27E+17	3.68E+17	4.01E+16
可更新资源Renewable resources	2.48E+17	2.79E+17	3.08E+16
不可更新资源Nonrenewable resources	8.65E+16	8.96E+16	3.13E+15

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表3两种栽培模式蜜柚园系统的劳动生产效率
Table3.Labor efficiency of honey pomelo orchard systems with two cultivation patterns

项目 Item	生草 Growing grass	清耕 Clearing treatment
产出总能值(Y) Fruit output emergy (sej·hm^-2)	3.35E+17	3.69E+17
商品果能值(Y₁) Commercial fruit emergy (sej·hm^-2)	3.33E+17 (43.09 t·hm^-2)	3.23E+17 (30.15 t·hm^-2)
废弃果能值(Y₂) Waste fruit emergy (sej·hm^-2)	1.77E+15 (0.23 t·hm^-2)	4.56E+16 (4.25 t·hm^-2)
商品果能量(Y ) Commercial fruit energy (J·hm^-2)	1.53E+11	1.07E+11
劳动力投入能值Labor input emergy (sej·hm^-2)	2.36E+17	2.69E+17
劳动生产效率Labor efficiency	1.41	1.20
商品果能量=能量折算系数×产量, 柚子能量折算系数取3.55E+6 J?kg^-1^[26]。劳动生产效率=商品果能值/劳动力投入能值。Commercial fruit energy = energy rate × fruit yield; the energy rate of pomelo is 3.55E+6 J?kg^-1^[26]. Labor efficiency = commercial fruit emergy / labor input emergy.

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表4两种栽培模式蜜柚园系统的能值指标
Table4.Emergy indicators of honey pomelo orchard systems with two cultivation patterns

能值指标 Emergy indicator	表达式 Expression	生草 Growing grass	清耕 Clearing treatment
能值自给率Emergy self-sufficiency ratio	(R+N)/T¹⁾	0.003	0.003
能值投资率Emergy investment ratio	(F+R₁)/(R+N)	339.291	295.763
净能值产出率Emergy yield ratio	Y/(F+R₁)	1.003	1.003
环境负载率Environmental load ratio	(F+N)/(R+R₁+R₀)	0.348	0.321
有效能产出率Efficiency energy yield ratio (J·sej^-1)	Y′/T	4.57E–7	2.90E–7
能值反馈率Emergy feedback ratio	R₀/(F+R₁)	0.002	0.000
1)不同字母的意义见表 1。1) Meanings of different letters are shown in the Table 1.

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