关劼兮^{1, 2,},
陈素英^1,,,
邵立威¹,
张玉铭¹,
张喜英¹,
路杨^{1, 2},
闫宗正^{1, 2}
1.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/河北省节水农业重点实验室 石家庄 050022
2.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划专项2016YFD0300808
国家重点研发计划专项2016YFC0401403
国家自然科学基金项目31371578

详细信息

作者简介:关劼兮, 主要从事农田节水机理与技术研究。E-mail:gjx391214674@qq.com

通讯作者:陈素英, 主要从事农田节水和保护性耕作技术研究。E-mail:csy@sjziam.ac.cn

中图分类号:S342

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收稿日期:2019-04-02
录用日期:2019-06-04
刊出日期:2019-11-01

Soil tillage practices affecting the soil characteristics and yield of winter wheat and summer maize in North China

GUAN Jiexi^{1, 2,},
CHEN Suying^1,,,
SHAO Liwei¹,
ZHANG Yuming¹,
ZHANG Xiying¹,
LU Yang^{1, 2},
YAN Zongzheng^{1, 2}
1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-saving, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Funds: National Key R & D Program of China2016YFD0300808
National Key R & D Program of China2016YFC0401403
National Natural Science Foundation of China31371578

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Corresponding author:Corresponding author. E-mail:csy@sjziam.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:华北平原是我国重要的小麦玉米种植区，长期土壤旋耕免耕和秸秆全量还田带来耕层变浅、犁底层变厚和上移、土壤养分表聚等现象，通过耕作方式改变，解决上述问题对维持区域粮食生产有重要意义。试验以冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统为研究对象，分别在代表华北平原高产区的栾城试验区和代表中低产区的南皮试验区进行，设置冬小麦播种前进行土壤深耕、深松、窄深松3种处理，以生产上常用的旋耕为对照。所有处理夏玉米季均采用土壤免耕播种，测定项目包括土壤容重、作物根系、作物产量和水分利用效率。结果表明，不同耕作方式对土壤特性和作物产量的影响具有区域差异。南皮试验区土壤深耕（松）显著地（P < 0.05）提高了作物产量，深耕、深松和窄深松处理的冬小麦产量比旋耕分别增加16.5%、19.3%和13.1%，夏玉米产量分别增加17.3%、16.2%和21.9%，周年产量分别增加16.9%、17.6%和17.8%；深耕、深松和窄深松处理间作物产量差异不显著。栾城试验区冬小麦、夏玉米产量和周年产量各处理之间差异不显著。土壤深耕、深松、窄深松和旋耕均能降低0~20 cm土层土壤紧实度和土壤容重。冬小麦播种后，与土壤耕作前比较，土壤深耕、深松和旋耕处理土壤紧实度南皮试验区分别平均降低71.6%和68.2%，栾城试验区分别降低88.8%和-7.7%，常用的旋耕模式在栾城试区没有降低土壤紧实度。小麦收获时不同耕作方式0~40 cm土层的土壤容重均低于土壤耕作前的土壤容重，至夏玉米收获时不同耕作处理的土壤容重与耕作前基本一致，不同耕作处理对土壤容重的影响差异不显著。在南皮试验区，3种耕作方式与旋耕相比，均显著提高了冬小麦和夏玉米水分利用效率；在栾城试验区，各处理冬小麦和夏玉米水分利用效率差异不显著。本研究结果显示在华北平原高产区连续实施土壤旋耕模式没有影响作物产量，而在中低产区实施土壤深耕或者深松模式更利于作物产量提高。
Abstract:The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most intensively farmed agricultural regions in China, with approximately 70% of the total cultivated land being used for an annual double-cropping system of winter wheat and summer maize. Owing to the long-term rotary and no tillage practices accompanying with the whole straw of winter wheat and summer maize return to field for several years, soil physical characteristics are gradually changing in terms of the increased soil pan depth, bulk density and content of soil nutrients in the surface soil layer. Improving soil quality by changing the tillage practices might help to maintain crop productivity in this region. An experiment was conducted for the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Luancheng County, which represented a high yield region, and in Nanpi County, which represented a medium and low yield region, in the NCP. Four treatments-soil deep tillage (DT), subsoiling (SS), narrow subsoiling (NSS), and rotary tillage (control, CK)-before winter wheat sowing and no tillage before summer maize sowing to all treatments were simultaneously conducted at the two areas. Soil bulk density, crop root growth, soil water use, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were monitored throughout. Results showed that the effects of different tillage practices on soil and crop were different in the two regions. At Nanpi, deep tillage and subsoiling significantly increased crop yield. Compared with traditional rotary tillage, winter wheat yield was improved by 16.5% under DT, 19.3% under SS, and 13.1% under NSS. Yield of summer maize was increased by 17.3%, 16.2%, and 21.9%, respectively, with annual yield increases of 16.9%, 17.6% and 17.8%, respectively. Yield differences were not observed among the DT, SS, and NSS treatments. However, no significant difference in crop yield among the four treatments was found at Luancheng. Furthermore, four tillage practices reduced soil penetration resistance and bulk density for the 0-20-cm soil layer in both Luancheng and Nanpi. At Nanpi, after sowing winter wheat, the soil penetration resistance of the 0-20-cm soil layer under DT, SS, NSS and CK decreased by 69.7%, 72.7%, 72.5% and 68.2%, respectively. At Luancheng, soil penetration resistance of the 0-20-cm soil layer was reduced by 88.8% averagely under treatments of deep tillage and subsoiling, and slightly increased by 7.7% under CK. Soil bulk density of the 0-40-cm soil layer under the four tillage treatments were all lower at wheat harvest compared with that before tillage. Until the summer maize harvest, soil bulk density under different tillage treatments was essentially similar to that before tillage, and there was no significant difference among the four tillage treatments. At Nanpi, WUE of winter wheat and summer maize was significantly increased under DT, SS, and NSS compared with that under CK. At Luancheng, the WUE of winter wheat and summer maize was similar among the four treatments. These results indicated that different tillage practices in the low yield regions benefited crop production and water productivity. However, in the high yield regions, the three tillage practices did not enhance crop performance compared with traditional tillage practice. Therefore, it is suggested that the model of soil rotary tillage can be continuously implemented in the high yield regions of the NCP, whereas DT can be beneficially implemented in the medium and low yield regions.

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图1南皮试验区(南皮)和栾城试验区(栾城)逐月日照时数和温度日较差(2016年10月至2017年9月)
Figure1.Monthly average sunshine hours and daily temperature range of Nanpi experiment site (NP) and Luancheng experiment site (LC) from October 2016 to September 2017


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图2不同耕作措施对南皮试验区(a)和栾城试验区(b)小麦苗期土壤紧实度的影响(2016年11月)
Figure2.Effects of tillage patterns on soil penetration resistance at seedling stage of winter wheat at Nanpi experiment site (a) and Luancheng experiment site (b)
CK: rotary tillage; DT: deep tillage; SS: subsoiling; NSS: narrow subsoiling.


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图3不同耕作措施对南皮试验区和栾城试验区冬小麦和夏玉米收获时土壤容重的影响
Figure3.Effects of tillage patterns on soil bulk density at harvest of winter wheat and summer maize at Nanpi experiment site and Luancheng experiment site
DT: deep tillage; SS: subsoiling; NSS: narrow subsoiling; CK: rotary tillage.


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图4耕作方式对栾城试验区和南皮试验区冬小麦收获期根长密度的影响
Figure4.Effects of tillage patterns on root length densities of winter wheat at harvest at Luancheng experiment site and Nanpi experiment site
CK: rotary tillage; DT: deep tillage; SS: subsoiling; NSS: narrow subsoiling.


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图5旋耕和深耕处理下南皮试验区和栾城试验区不同时间土壤含水量的变化
Figure5.Changes of soil water contents (W/W) during the experiment at Nanpi experiment site and Luancheng experiment site under rotary tillage (CK) and deep tillage (DT)


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表1南皮试验区和栾城试验区土壤养分含量(2016年10月)
Table1.Soil nutrients contents in Nanpi experiment site and Luancheng experiment site in October 2016

土层深度Soil depth (cm)	南皮试验区Nanpi experiment site						栾城试验区Luancheng experiment site
	有机质Organic matter (g?kg-1)	全氮Total nitrogen (g?kg-1)	速效氮Available nitrogen (mg?kg-1)	速效磷Available phosphorus (mg?kg-1)	速效钾Available potassium (mg?kg-1)		有机质Organic matter (g?kg-1)	全氮Total nitrogen (g?kg-1)	速效氮Available nitrogen (mg?kg-1)	速效磷Available phosphorus (mg?kg-1)	速效钾Available Potassium (mg?kg-1)
0~10	16.29	1.07	83.22	16.19	120.17		21.76	1.34	117.96	11.31	117.35
10~20	8.91	0.62	44.90	6.27	74.42		14.29	0.93	83.32	4.97	83.83
20~30	5.69	0.41	27.67	3.50	67.96		8.49	0.58	48.37	2.13	79.22
30~40	4.71	0.32	21.86	1.83	61.50		6.63	0.48	36.53	1.75	82.42

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表2南皮试验区和栾城试验区冬小麦和夏玉米生育期气象因素
Table2.Weather conditions during the growing seasons of winter wheat and summer maize in Nanpi experiment site and Luancheng experiment site

气象要素Meteorological factor	南皮试验区Nanpi experiment site			栾城试验区Luancheng experiment site
	冬小麦Winter wheat	夏玉米Summer maize		冬小麦Winter wheat	夏玉米Summer maize
降雨量Rainfall (mm)	81.6	401.0		78.0	185.5
≥10 ℃积温Accumulate temperature ≥ 10 ℃ (℃)	1 719.4	2 911.0		1 690.1	2 904.8
日均温Daily mean temperature (℃)	9.17	31.16		8.54	25.93
日照时数Sunshine hours (h)	1 446.3	681.7		1 205.6	629.4

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表3不同耕作方式对南皮试验区和栾城试验区冬小麦和夏玉米水分利用效率的影响
Table3.Effects of tillage patterns on water use efficiency of winter wheat and summer maize at Nanpi experiment site and Luancheng experiment site

kg ?m-3
处理Treatment	南皮试验区Nanpi experiment site				栾城试验区Luancheng experiment site
	冬小麦Winter wheat	夏玉米Summer maize	周年Whole year		冬小麦Winter wheat	夏玉米Summer maize	周年Whole year
深耕Deep tillage	1.93±0.03a	2.26±0.08a	2.09±0.05a		1.82±0.05a	2.64±0.06a	2.21±0.05a
深松Subsoiling	1.87±0.04a	2.21±0.07a	2.04±0.06a		1.84±0.06a	2.43±0.07a	2.11±0.04a
窄深松Narrow subsoiling	1.90±0.03a	2.35±0.10a	2.13±0.05a		1.96±0.06a	2.63±0.05a	2.30±0.05a
旋耕Rotary tillage (CK)	1.51±0.05b	1.98±0.11b	1.74±0.07b		1.90±0004a	2.48±0.05a	2.17±0.04a
????同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.

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表4不同耕作处理对冬小麦和夏玉米产量及产量构成的影响
Table4.Grain yield and yield components of winter wheat, summer maize and whole year under different soil tillage treatments

试验区Experiment site	处理Treatment	冬小麦Winter wheat					夏玉米Summer maize				周年产量Annual yield (t?hm-2)
		产量Grain yield (t?hm-2)	穗数Spike number (?m-2)	穗粒数Grains per spike	千粒重1000-grain weight (g)		产量Grain yield (t?hm-2)	穗数 Spike number (?m-2)	穗粒数Grains per ear	千粒重1000-grain weight (g)
南皮Nanpi	CK	6.42±0.52b	535.8±35.74b	34.4±1.01a	38.0±0.74c		7.63±0.36b	5.10±0.15b	517.2±9.55a	367.8±4.43a	14.05±0.39b
	DT	7.48±0.73a	672.9±95.16a	34.1±1.79a	39.2±2.14bc		8.95±0.49a	5.51±0.62b	477.2±32.08b	370.2±8.77a	16.43±0.37a
	SS	7.66±0.51a	535.4±53.72b	34.0±2.69a	42.3±1.88a		8.87±0.87a	5.41±0.81b	496.9±28.71ab	367.0±11.10a	16.53±1.03a
	NSS	7.26±1.00a	577.1±35.74b	30.4±2.93b	40.8±1.59ab		9.29±0.76a	6.21±0.81a	479.8±34.52b	375.8±14.31a	16.56±1.17a
栾城Luancheng	CK	6.74±0.19ab	757.5±41.49a	28.0±2.84b	40.1±0.39a		8.90±0.95a	5.58±0.26b	512.2±19.66a	338.7±9.71a	15.64±1.07a
	DT	6.51±0.38b	631.7±75.30ab	30.3±3.16b	37.3±1.22b		9.46±0.23a	6.58±0.38a	508.1±14.53a	327.3±18.35ab	15.96±0.51a
	SS	6.52±0.27b	578.3±107.990b	32.8±1.87a	40.6±0.62a		8.68±0.32a	5.80±0.35b	482.5±20.67ab	316.8±12.00b	15.20±0.59a
	NSS	7.26±0.32a	706.7±74.04ab	30.0±2.79b	40.2±0.66a		8.75±0.57a	6.39±0.43a	458.3±26.20b	326.4±3.20ab	16.01±0.88a
????CK:常规旋耕; DT:深耕; SS:深松; NSS:窄深松。同列同一试验区不同小写字母表示P < 0.05水平差异显著。CK: rotary tillage; DT: deep tillage; SS: subsoiling; NSS: narrow subsoiling. Different lowercase letters in the same column for the same experiment site mean significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.

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