张明达^1,,
王睿芳²,
李艺³,
胡雪琼¹,
李蒙¹,
张茂松¹,
段长春^4,,
1.云南省气候中心 昆明 650034
2.普洱学院农林学院 普洱 665000
3.云南国际咖啡交易中心 普洱 665000
4.云南省气象科学研究所 昆明 650034
基金项目: 云南省科技厅重点研发项目2018BC007
中国气象局气候变化专项CCSF201508
中国气象局气候变化专项CCSF201426

详细信息

作者简介:张明达, 主要研究方向为农业气象、气候与气候变化。E-mail:rockerdada@163.com

通讯作者:段长春, 主要研究方向为气候与气候变化。E-mail:duancckm@126.com

中图分类号:F323.2;P467

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-07-09
录用日期:2019-10-29
刊出日期:2020-02-01

Ecological suitability zoning of Coffea arabica L. in Yunnan Province

ZHANG Mingda^1,,
WANG Ruifang²,
LI Yi³,
HU Xueqiong¹,
LI Meng¹,
ZHANG Maosong¹,
DUAN Changchun^4,,
1. Yunnan Climate Center, Kunming 650034, China
2. College of Agriculture and Forestry, Pu'er University, Pu'er 665000, China
3. Yunnan International Coffee Exchange Centre, Pu'er 665000, China
4. Yunnan Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Kunming 650034, China
Funds: the Science and Technology Program of Yunnan2018BC007
the Climate Change Specific Fund of China Meteorological AdministrationCCSF201508
the Climate Change Specific Fund of China Meteorological AdministrationCCSF201426

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Corresponding author:DUAN Changchun, E-mail:duancckm@126.com

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摘要
摘要:小粒咖啡产业是云南省发展高原特色农业和精准扶贫的重点内容，开展生态适宜性研究有助于优化布局和扩大规模。基于ArcGIS建立了云南省气候、土壤理化、地形地貌因子精细化空间分布模型，利用层次分析法确定3个层次、11个生态适宜性指标权重，在重点区域进行小粒咖啡种植区生态适宜性分析及区划研究。结果表明：1）气候因子是小粒咖啡种植生态适宜性的关键性因子，地形地貌因子影响其次，土壤理化性质因子的影响最小；最冷月平均气温、2—3月降水量和海拔3项因子对小粒咖啡生态适宜性影响较大，各地在开展种植规划时要重点关注。2）小粒咖啡最适宜、适宜种植区主要分布在云南西南部和东南部，分别占国土面积的18.8%和15.0%，次适宜区占国土面积的21.0%。3）普洱市小粒咖啡适宜性最好，在中部和南部可开展大规模种植；临沧、德宏和保山等地应结合横断山脉的影响，在适宜性高的区域加强规划；西双版纳、文山、红河适宜性条件好，需加强规划和提高投入，充分发挥生态资源优势潜力；大理、怒江以及河谷热区也可以开展小粒咖啡种植，但需注意防范低温和干旱等灾害的影响。4）经采样点调查验证，生态适宜性分析及区划结果准确。云南省仍有较大范围的小粒咖啡种植适宜区，加强适宜种植区的规划布局有助于提高产量和品质，进而提升云南省小粒咖啡产业的国际竞争力。研究方法可以推广至其他高原特色农业品种，为优化选址规划和科学生态布局提供科学依据。
关键词:小粒咖啡/
生态适宜/
云南/
种植区划/
层次分析法
Abstract:Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is the most important commodity of plateau characteristic agriculture and for targeted poverty alleviation in Yunnan. Research on the ecological suitability of planting is conducive for optimizing the layout and expanding the scale. There are no reports on the suitability of C. arabica using GIS in China. Using ArcGIS, in this study, we established a refined spatial distribution model of climate, soil, and terrain factors and screened out three levels and 11 ecological suitability evaluation indexes using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to optimize the layout and expand the scale for planting C. arabica. The results showed the following:1) Climate is a key factor affecting ecological suitability, followed by terrain factor; soil factor was the least influential factor. 2) The minimum temperature of the coldest month, rainfall during February-March, and elevation had a significant effect on ecological suitability, which should be focused on while planning planting. 3) The most suitable and suitable areas for C. arabica cultivation were mainly distributed southwest and southeast of Yunnan, accounting for 18.8% and 15.0% of the land area in Yunnan; sub-suitable areas accounted for 21.0% of the land area. 4) Pu'er City comprised a high proportion of suitable areas, and large-scale planting can be carried out in central and southern regions of Pu'er City. 5) The key counties in Lincang, Dehong, and Baoshan should make rational use of ecological advantages of the Hengduan Mountains to strengthen appropriate regional planning and layout of coffee cultivation. 6) Xishuangbanna, Wenshan, and Honghe had a high proportion of highly suitable areas, and therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the planning layout and planting scale, and make full use of the ecological advantages and potential. 7) Dali and Nujiang, as well as other valley hotspots in Yunnan, are also suitable for C. arabica cultivation, but attention should be paid to prevent the effects of disasters such as low temperature and drought. There is still a large proportion of developmental potential areas for C. arabica cultivation, which offers a foundation for improving yield and quality and enhancing the international competitiveness of C. arabica in Yunnan. By combining field investigation findings, our results indicate that ecological suitability and zoning analyses are accurate, which can be extended to the development of characteristic agriculture industry in the plateau, and provide a scientific basis for the optimization of site selection planning and scientific ecological layout.
Key words:Coffea arabica L./
Ecological suitability/
Yunnan/
Planting zoning/
Analytic hierarchy process (AHP)

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图1云南省小粒咖啡种植生态适宜性因子的适宜性分布特征
Figure1.Spatial distribution of ecological suitability factors for Coffea arabica L. in Yunnan Province


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图2云南省小粒咖啡气候(a)、地形(b)、土壤(c)和生态(d)适宜性区划
Figure2.Suitability regionalization of climate (a), terrain (b), soil (c) and ecological suitability (d) of Coffea arabica L. in Yunnan Province


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图3云南省小粒咖啡主产区产量、面积和生态适宜性比例
Figure3.Ratio of yield, area and ecological suitability of Coffea arabica L. in Yunnan Province


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表1云南省小粒咖啡生态适宜性评价指标^[11]
Table1.Ecological suitability evaluation indexes for Coffea arabica L. in Yunnan Province

生态因子 Ecological factor	分级标准Suitability class
	最适宜Most suitable	适宜Suitable	次适宜Sub-suitable	不适宜Unsuitable
年平均气温Annual mean temperature (℃)	[19~21]	[17~19); (21~23]	[15~17); (23~26]	< 15; > 26
最冷月平均气温 Mean temperature of the coldest month (℃)	≥13	[11.5~13)	[9~11.5]	< 9
年降水量 Annual precipitation (mm)	[1 200~1 900]	[1 000~1 200); (1 900~2 200]	[700~1 000); (2 200~2 500]	< 700; > 2 500
2—3月降水量 Rainfall during February-March (mm)	[45~60]	[30~45)	[15~30)	< 15; > 60
海拔高度Elevation (m)	[800~1 500]	[700~800); (1 500~1 800]	[300~700); (1 800~2 000]	< 300; > 2 000
坡度Slope (°)	≤15	(15~20]	(20~35]	> 35
坡向Aspect (°)	[135~225]	(225~315]	[45~135)	[0~45]; (315~359)
土壤侵蚀强度Soil erosion intensity	微度Very low	轻度-中度Low-medium	强度Heavy	极强度Very heavy
土壤质地Soil texture	砂黏壤土及以上 Sandy clay loam and others	砂壤土 Sandy loam	壤砂土 Loamy sandy	砂土 Sandy
有机质含量Soil organic matter (%)	≥3	[2~3)	[1~2)	< 1
pH	[5.5~6.5]	[5~5.5); (6.5~7]	[4.5~5); (7~7.5]	< 4.5; > 7.5

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表2云南省小粒咖啡气候适宜性因子空间分析模型
Table2.Simulation models of climate suitability factors for Coffea arabica L. in Yunnan Province

气候因子Climatic factor	多元线性回归方程Multiple regression model	R	F
年平均气温Annual mean temperature (℃)	Tyear=53.196-0.548φ-0.157λ-0.004h	0.945	327.105
年平均降水量Annual precipitation (mm)	Ryear=8 245.763-85.745φ-47.568λ-0.122h	0.684	65.335
12月平均气温Mean temperature of December (℃)	T12=69.689-0.947φ-0.279λ-0.004h	0.942	352.642
1月平均气温Mean temperature of January (℃)	T1=79.349-1.137φ-0.327λ-0.004h	0.932	246.342
2月平均气温Mean temperature of February (℃)	T2=78.567-1.358φ-0.326λ-0.004h	0.883	184.468
2—3月降水量Rainfall during February-March (mm)	R2-3=484.464-4.547φ-5.284λ-0.011h	0.715	84.372
φ:纬度; λ:经度; h:海拔。φ: latitude; λ: longtitude; h: altitude.

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表3云南省小粒咖啡生态适宜性层次分析指标及权重
Table3.Indexes weights of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) of ecological suitability of Coffea arabica L. in Yunnan Province

层次分析指标AHP index	气候Climatic	地形Terrain	土壤Soil	组合权重Total weight
年平均气温Annual mean temperature	0.149	0	0	0.081
最冷月平均气温Mean temperature of the coldest month	0.448	0	0	0.242
年降水量Annual precipitation	0.117	0	0	0.063
2—3月降水量Rainfall during Feb.-Mar.	0.286	0	0	0.154
海拔高度Elevation	0	0.6	0	0.178
坡度Slope	0	0.2	0	0.059
坡向Aspect	0	0.2	0	0.059
土壤侵蚀强度Erosion intensity	0	0	0.139	0.023
土壤质地Soil texture	0	0	0.393	0.064
有机质含量Soil organic matter	0	0	0.234	0.038
pH	0	0	0.234	0.038
组合权重Total weight	0.540	0.297	0.163	1.000

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表4云南省小粒咖啡主产区各生态适宜性的面积
Table4.Acreage of ecological suitability for Coffea arabica production in Yunnan Province?km²

州市 State/City	国土面积 Acreage	最适宜区 Most suitable area	适宜区 Suitable area	次适宜区 Sub-suitable area	不适宜区 Unsuitable area
普洱Pu’er	45 385	23 079	13 818	6 305	2 183
文山Wenshan	32 239	14 622	9 908	7 213	496
西双版纳Xishuangbanna	19 582	15 010	3 778	776	18
红河Honghe	32 931	5 272	11 057	12 276	4 327
临沧Lincang	24 000	6 586	6 793	6 092	4 529
德宏Dehong	11 500	4 971	2 519	1 955	2 055
保山Baoshan	19 637	2 003	3 603	6 242	7 789
大理Dali	29 459	130	708	6 276	22 345
怒江Nujiang	14 703	36	157	990	13 520

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表5云南省小粒咖啡重点县各生态适宜性的面积比例
Table5.Acreage ratio of ecological suitability for Coffea arabica L. production in key counties in Yunnan Province?%

州市 State/city	县 County	最适宜 Most suitable	适宜 Suitable	次适宜 Sub-suitable	不适宜 Unsuitable
临沧 Lincang	镇康Zhenkang	38.5	33.6	18.2	9.7
	耿马Gengma	45.7	30.1	15.8	8.4
	云县Yunxian	16.2	24.8	34.9	24.0
	临翔Linxiang	16.1	22.8	34.7	26.3
	双江Shuangjiang	31.2	30.5	25.0	13.3
	永德Yongde	29.1	27.9	18.6	24.4
	沧源Cangyuan	42.3	36.7	17.8	3.3
	凤庆Fengqing	6.3	23.9	35.3	34.6
保山 Baoshan	龙陵Longling	12.6	21.4	24.1	42.0
	隆阳Longyang	10.5	14.3	31.0	44.2
文山 Wenshan	麻栗坡Malipo	42.9	41.2	15.2	0.7
红河 Honghe	河口Hekou	21.6	24.4	53.1	0.9
大理 Dali	宾川Binchuan	0	1.1	23.4	75.5
怒江 Nujiang	泸水Lushui	1.1	4.7	15.0	79.1
普洱 Pu’er	思茅Simao	84.1	14.8	1.0	0
	宁洱Ning’er	59.7	29.0	9.4	1.9
	墨江Mojiang	51.4	37.7	10.3	0.7
	孟连Menglian	71.4	17.3	9.4	1.9
	澜沧Lancang	52.2	28.1	16.3	3.5
	景谷Jinggu	55.8	32.3	9.2	2.7
	江城Jiangcheng	49.4	39.1	11.3	0.2
德宏 Dehong	芒市Mangshi	56.3	22.5	13.1	8.1
	盈江Yingjiang	19.4	18.9	24.7	37.0
	陇川Longchuan	57.6	25.7	12.8	3.9
	瑞丽Ruili	94.2	5.6	0.2	0
西双版纳 Xishuangbanna	景洪Jinghong	86.5	12.9	0.5	0
	勐海Menghai	86.2	10.6	2.9	0.3

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