孙晓兵^{1, 2,},
张青璞^{1, 2},
孔祥斌^{1, 2,,},
温良友^{1, 2},
赵晶^{1, 2},
刘风建³
1.中国农业大学土地科学与技术学院 北京 100193
2.自然资源部农用地质量与监控重点实验室 北京 100193
3.沧州市土地整理中心 沧州 061000
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目41771561
教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目17YJA630040
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金2019TC096

详细信息

作者简介:孙晓兵, 主要从事耕地资源可持续利用研究。E-mail:sunxiaobing@cau.edu.cn

通讯作者:孔祥斌, 主要从事土地资源评价、利用与保护方面的研究。E-mail:kxb@cau.edu.cn

中图分类号:S158

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-05-27
录用日期:2019-08-15
刊出日期:2019-12-01

Spatiotemporal characteristics of cultivated soil fertility in the intensive agricultural region of North China: A case study of Quzhou County in Hebei Province

SUN Xiaobing^{1, 2,},
ZHANG Qingpu^{1, 2},
KONG Xiangbin^{1, 2,,},
WEN Liangyou^{1, 2},
ZHAO Jing^{1, 2},
LIU Fengjian³
1. College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
2. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality and Monitoring of Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100193, China
3. Cangzhou Land Consolidation Center, Cangzhou 061000, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China41771561
the Research and Planning Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education of China17YJA630040
the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund2019TC096

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Corresponding author:KONG Xiangbin, E-mail:kxb@cau.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:科学准确地进行耕地土壤肥力评价以及揭示其时空演化特征，对于指导农业生产与耕地资源可持续利用具有重要意义。本文以华北集约化农区典型县域河北省曲周县为研究区，基于耕地土壤样点测试数据和耕地利用数据，综合运用模糊综合评价和地统计学方法，以耕地利用图斑为评价单元对耕地土壤肥力进行评价，并揭示耕地土壤肥力的时空演变特征。结果表明：2000-2018年研究区耕地土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾平均含量均有所增加，pH有所降低，且均受到结构性因素和随机性因素的共同影响；2000-2018年研究区耕地土壤肥力指数均值由0.25增长为0.54，增长率为116.00%，耕地土壤肥力由较低水平转变为中等水平，且总体变异程度和空间自相关程度均处于中等水平；2000年和2018年耕地土壤肥力等级分别以Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级为主，为总面积的83.92%和50.43%，广泛分布于除侯村镇和依庄乡之外的各个乡镇；2000-2018年研究区耕地土壤肥力Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级面积减少，Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级面积有所增加，Ⅱ级转出面积和轻度增加的面积最大，但最高等级和高度增加的耕地面积相对较小，其面积比重分别为1.86%和3.34%。因此，曲周县土壤肥力受到自然本底特征与人为农业生产活动的共同影响，有效地平衡与协调土壤养分元素含量有助于提升耕地土壤肥力以及土地资源的可持续利用程度。
关键词:土壤肥力/
时空演变/
耕地/
集约化农区/
曲周县
Abstract:Fertility is a fundamental characteristic of soil, reflecting its ability to provide nutrients and an environment essential for plant growth. It is a comprehensive reflection of soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. Scientifically and accurately evaluating the soil fertility in cultivated land and revealing the spatiotemporal characteristics of soil fertility are of great significance for guiding agricultural production and sustainable use of cultivated land resources. The present study focused on Quzhou County, a typical county in the region of intensive agriculture in North China. Based on the test data of soil sample points of cultivated land and data of cultivated land utilization, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and geostatistical methods were used to evaluate the soil fertility of cultivated land to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of cultivated land soil fertility. The results showed that soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium of the cultivated land increased, whereas pH decreased, from 2000 to 2018, which were all affected by both structural and stochastic factors. The mean soil fertility index of cultivated land increased from 0.25 to 0.54 from 2000 to 2018, and the growth rate was 116.00%. The soil fertility of cultivated land changed from a lower level to a medium level, and the overall degrees of variation and spatial autocorrelation were at medium levels. The levels of soil fertility of cultivated land in 2000 and 2018 were mainly grades Ⅱ and Ⅲ, accounting for 83.92% and 50.43%, respectively, these lands were widely distributed in all towns except for Houcun and Yizhuang. The levels of cultivated land soil fertility of grades Ⅰ and Ⅱ decreased, whereas those of grades Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ increased from 2000 to 2018, and the Ⅱ degree transferred area and slightly increased area were the largest. The area of conversion from grade Ⅱ to grade Ⅲ was the largest, accounting for 59.49% of the total area, and the tendency for a slight increase in soil fertility of cultivated land was most common, accounting for 52.59% of the total area. However, the cultivated land areas of highest grade and with the highest increase were relatively small, constituting only 1.86% and 3.34%, respectively, of the total area. The results showed that, with the exception of pH, the nutrient features of cultivated soil increased in Quzhou County from 2000 to 2018, and the quality of cultivated land soil fertility changed from low to medium, which was affected by the natural background and manmade agricultural production activities. Therefore, the effective balance and coordination of soil nutrient content are helpful to improve soil fertility and sustainable use of land resources.
Key words:Soil fertility/
Spatial-temporal evolution/
Cultivated land/
Intensive agriculture area/
Quzhou County

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图1研究区样点点位示意图
Figure1.The sample point position of study area


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图22000年和2018年曲周县土壤肥力指标空间分布图
Figure2.The spatial distribution of soil fertility indexes of Quzhou County in 2000 and 2018


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片


图32000年和2018年曲周县耕地土壤肥力质量空间分布图
Figure3.The spatial distribution map of soil fertility quality in Quzhou County in 2000 and 2018


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片


图42000—2018年曲周县耕地土壤质量空间变化分布图
Figure4.The spatial variation of cultivated soil quality in Quzhou County from 2000 to 2018


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表1S型土壤肥力指标隶属度函数转折点取值
Table1.The turning points of membership function of S-type soil fertility indexes

转折点 Turning point	有机质 Soil organic matter (g?kg-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g?kg-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg?kg-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg?kg-1)
x1	10	1.00	15	80
x2	25	2.00	60	200

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表2抛物线型土壤肥力指标隶属度函数转折点取值
Table2.The turning points of membership function of parabola-type soil fertility indexes

转折点Turning point	pH
x1	5.5
x2	6.5
x3	7.5
x4	8.5

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表32000年和2018年研究区耕地土壤肥力评价指标权重
Table3.The weights of soil fertility indexes of cultivated land in 2000 and 2018 of the study area

评价指标Evaluating indicator	2000	2018	权重Weight
有机质Organic matter	0.205	0.252	0.228
全氮Total nitrogen	0.277	0.265	0.271
速效磷Available phosphorus	0.275	0.180	0.228
速效钾Available potassium	0.119	0.157	0.138
pH	0.124	0.146	0.135

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表4耕地土壤肥力综合指数(IFI)分级标准
Table4.The classification of soil integrated fertility indexes

IFI值 Integrated fertility index	肥力等级 Fertility degree	肥力水平 Fertility level
> 0.8	Ⅴ	高Higher
0.6~0.8	Ⅳ	较高High
0.4~0.6	Ⅲ	中Medium
0.2~0.4	Ⅱ	较低Low
≤0.2	Ⅰ	低Lower

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表5曲周县土壤肥力指标统计特征
Table5.The statistical characteristics of soil fertility indexes in Quzhou County

指标 Index	年份 Year	最大值 Maximum	最小值 Minimum	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 Coefficient of variation	峰度 Kurtosis	偏度 Skewness	分布类型 Distribution type
有机质 Soil organic matter (g?kg-1)	2000	19.81	5.90	11.98	2.59	0.22	3.61	0.07	正态分布Normal distribution
	2018	39.20	5.49	18.20	5.77	0.32	3.38	0.39	正态分布Normal distribution
全氮 Total nitrogen (g?kg-1)	2000	1.64	0.75	1.05	0.20	0.19	3.39	0.76	正态分布Normal distribution
	2018	3.15	0.29	1.29	0.40	0.31	5.21	0.68	正态分布Normal distribution
有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg?kg-1)	2000	69.30	1.80	20.77	14.66	0.71	5.10	1.50	正态分布Normal distribution
	2018	130.00	4.50	39.71	20.90	0.53	4.47	0.97	正态分布Normal distribution
速效钾 Available potassium (mg?kg-1)	2000	235.00	47.98	102.68	48.23	0.47	3.28	1.14	对数正态Logarithmic normal
	2018	960.00	83.50	252.49	140.66	0.56	8.56	2.01	对数正态Logarithmic normal
pH	2000	8.80	7.67	8.25	0.25	0.03	2.68	–0.19	正态分布Normal distribution
	2018	8.78	7.52	8.13	0.24	0.03	2.86	–0.02	正态分布Normal distribution

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表6曲周县土壤肥力指标空间插值基本参数
Table6.The basic parameters of spatial interpolation of soil fertility indexes in Quzhou County

指标 Index	年份 Year	理论模型 Theoretical model	变程 Range (km)	块金值 C0	基台值 C+C0	块金效应 C0/(C+C0)	R2	RSS
有机质 Soil organic matter	2000	指数模型Exponential	27.33	0.032 9	0.128 6	0.255 8	0.740	8.364E-05
	2018	高斯模型Gaussian	3.12	0.040 1	0.105 2	0.381 2	0.702	1.891E-03
全氮 Total nitrogen	2000	高斯模型Gaussian	1.31	0.015 0	0.050 4	0.297 6	0.796	4.399E-05
	2018	高斯模型Gaussian	2.58	0.044 0	0.143 0	0.307 7	0.721	5.031E-03
有效磷 Available phosphorus	2000	指数模型Exponential	27.33	0.383 0	1.320 0	0.290 2	0.913	2.109E-03
	2018	高斯模型Gaussian	2.58	0.088 5	0.338 0	0.261 8	0.934	2.253E-03
速效钾 Available potassium	2000	高斯模型Gaussian	2.89	0.098 8	0.209 6	0.471 4	0.762	1.565E-03
	2018	高斯模型Gaussian	3.26	0.065 3	0.238 6	0.273 7	0.896	5.451E-03
pH	2000	指数模型Exponential	13.77	0.030 3	0.060 6	0.500 0	0.783	8.879E-05
	2018	指数模型Exponential	7.65	0.026 1	0.054 2	0.481 5	0.892	5.145E-05

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表7曲周县耕地土壤肥力指数(IFI)统计特征
Table7.The statistical characteristics of soil fertility index (IFI) of Quzhou County

年份 Year	最大值 Maximum	最小值 Minimum	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 Coefficient of variation	峰度 Kurtosis	偏度 Skewness	正态分布检验 K-S test	分布类型 Distribution type
2000	0.68	0.10	0.25	0.12	0.48	0.59	1.08	1.02	正态分布 Normal distribution
2018	0.99	0.17	0.54	0.21	0.39	-0.84	0.18	0.85	正态分布 Normal distribution

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表8曲周县土壤肥力指数(IFI)空间插值基本参数
Table8.The basic parameters of soil fertility index (IFI) interpolation in Quzhou County

年份 Year	理论模型 Theoretical model	变程 Range (km)	块金值 C0	基台值 C+C0	块金效应 C0/(C+C0)	R2	RSS
2000	指数模型Exponential	3.234	0.005 2	0.018 7	0.278 1	0.992	1.530E-07
2018	高斯模型Gaussian	1.983	0.012 0	0.040 7	0.294 8	0.900	1.062E-04

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表92000—2018年曲周县耕地土壤肥力质量变化特征
Table9.The changes of soil fertility quality of cultivated land in Quzhou County from 2000 to 2018

肥力等级Fertility degree	2000			2018		变化量Amount of change (km2)
	面积Area (km2)	比例Proportion (%)		面积Are (km2)	比例Proportion (%)
Ⅰ	83.29	15.29		0.11	0.02	-83.18
Ⅱ	457.27	83.92		79.50	14.59	-377.77
Ⅲ	4.26	0.78		274.77	50.43	270.51
Ⅳ	0.08	0.01		180.37	33.10	180.29
Ⅴ	0.00	0.00		10.15	1.86	10.15

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