王琦1,,,
周旭姣1,
王小赟1,
赵晓乐1,
赵武成1,
雷俊2
1.甘肃农业大学草业学院/草业生态系统教育部重点实验室 兰州 730070
2.甘肃省定西市气象局 定西 744300
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目41661059
国家自然科学基金项目41461062
详细信息
作者简介:张登奎, 主要从事旱区节水和牧草栽培研究。E-mail:2605867938@qq.com
通讯作者:王琦, 主要从事旱区节水研究。E-mail:wangqigsau@gmail.com
中图分类号:S-3;S27;S541+4计量
文章访问数:488
HTML全文浏览量:5
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2019-09-28
录用日期:2019-11-15
刊出日期:2020-02-01
Effects of ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting with biochar-soil crust mulching on ridge runoff, soil hydrothermal properties, and sainfoin yield
ZHANG Dengkui1,,WANG Qi1,,,
ZHOU Xujiao1,
WANG Xiaoyun1,
ZHAO Xiaole1,
ZHAO Wucheng1,
LEI Jun2
1. College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730070, China
2. Dingxi Meteorological Administration, Dingxi 744300, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China41661059
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41461062
More Information
Corresponding author:WANG Qi, E-mail:wangqigsau@gmail.com
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摘要
摘要:为探索半干旱黄土高原区垄沟集雨种植的可持续性，寻求垄沟集雨种植红豆草的适宜生物炭覆盖类型和最佳垄宽，采用随机区组大田试验，以传统平作为对照，研究不同集雨垄覆盖材料[土壤结皮（土垄）、玉米秸秆炭土壤结皮（玉米秸秆垄）和牛粪炭土壤结皮（牛粪炭垄）]和不同垄宽（30 cm、45 cm和60 cm，沟宽均为60 cm）对径流系数、土壤水热、红豆草干草产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：土垄、玉米秸秆炭垄和牛粪炭垄的平均径流系数分别为29.7%、26.2%和25.1%。垄沟集雨种植增加根系层土壤含水量和垄上表层土壤温度，缓和沟中表层土壤温度极值，尤其生物炭覆盖垄沟集雨种植。与传统平作相比，土垄、玉米秸秆炭垄和牛粪炭垄的土壤含水量分别增加25.1mm、24.7 mm和19.4 mm，垄上表层土壤温度分别增加1.4℃、2.0℃和2.0℃。同一覆盖材料下，集雨垄径流系数、土壤贮水量和表层土壤温度均随垄宽增加而增加。与传统平作相比，土垄显著降低实际干草产量，玉米秸秆炭垄和牛粪炭垄显著增加实际干草产量，垄宽30 cm、45 cm和60 cm土垄的干草产量分别减少6.5%、12.1%和13.8%，玉米秸秆炭垄的干草产量分别增加19.7%、24.4%和22.5%，牛粪炭垄的干草产量分别增加8.0%、8.9%和6.8%。玉米秸秆炭和牛粪炭覆盖种植显著提高水分利用效率。与传统平作相比，玉米秸秆炭垄和牛粪炭垄的水分利用效率分别提高6.8~9.7 kg·hm-2·mm-1和4.4~4.8kg·hm-2·mm-1。玉米秸秆炭垄的实际干草产量和水分利用效率显著高于牛粪炭垄；同一覆盖材料下，不同垄宽对实际干草产量和水分利用效率的影响不显著。线性回归分析表明，当玉米秸秆炭垄宽49 cm（沟宽为60 cm）与牛粪炭垄宽为41 cm（沟宽为60 cm）时，红豆草的实际干草产量均达到最大值。因此，在半干旱地区，生物炭覆盖垄沟集雨种植红豆草具有较好的增产效益，尤其秸秆生物炭覆盖种植。
关键词:垄沟集雨/
红豆草/
生物炭覆盖/
土壤结皮/
径流系数/
干草产量/
水分利用效率
Abstract:Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting (RFRH) with mulch offers farmers a means to address drought, water loss, and soil erosion in arid and semiarid regions. The purpose of this study was to determine a suitable biochar type and optimum ridge width for sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.) production using the RFRH system with biochar application in the semi-arid regions in China. A field experiment with a completely random block design was conducted during the 2017 sainfoin growing season to (1) estimate runoff coefficient of the RFRH system with three ridge widths (30, 45, and 60 cm) and the same narrow width (60 cm), and mulched with three materials (soil crust, maize straw biochar-soil crust, and cow dung biochar-soil crust) and (2) assess the effects of three ridge widths and three mulching materials on soil water storage, topsoil temperature, as well as fodder yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of the RFRH system planted with sainfoin, and a traditional flat planting (FP) system was used as the control. The results showed that the predicted runoff coefficient for ridge-furrow planting with the ridges mulched with manually compacted soil crust, maize straw biochar-soil crust, and cow dung biochar-soil crust (MCS, MSB, and CMB, respectively) was 29.7%, 26.2%, and 25.1%, respectively, whereas the threshold rainfall to produce runoff was 4.2, 4.6, and 5.1 mm, respectively. The runoff coefficient of ridge, soil water storage, and soil temperature increased with increase in ridge width using the same mulching materials. The RFRH system, especially MSB and CMB treatments, increased soil water storage of the root layer and ridge topsoil (0-25 cm) temperature, and decreased the rate of change of furrow top soil (0-25 cm) temperature. Compared with that of FP, the mean soil water storage (0-200 cm) increased by 25.1, 24.7, and 19.4 mm, on an average, under MCS, MSB, and CMB throughout the sainfoin growth period, respectively; whereas the topsoil temperature increased by 1.4℃, 2.0℃, and 2.0℃, respectively, on an average. For the same mulching material, soil water storage and topsoil temperature increased with increase in ridge width. MCS significantly decreased the actual fodder yield of sainfoin, but MSB and CMB significantly increased the actual fodder yield. Compared with that under FP treatment, the actual fodder yield under MCS with 30, 45, and 60 cm ridge width decreased by 6.5%, 12.1%, and 13.8%, respectively. Whereas, the actual fodder yield under MSB with 30, 45, and 60 cm ridge width increased by 19.7%, 24.4%, and 22.5%, and that under CMB increased by 8.0%, 8.9%, and 6.8%, respectively. MSB and CMB significantly increased WUE of sainfoin. Compared with FP, MSB and CMB increased WUE by 6.8-9.7 and 4.4-4.8 kg·hm-2·mm-1, respectively. The ridge width had no significant effect on the actual fodder yield and WUE with the same mulching materials. When the ridge width (furrow width was 60 cm) was 49 cm for MSB and 41 cm for CMB, the forage yield reached the maximum. The actual fodder yield and WUE of sainfoin under MSB were significantly higher than those under CMB, which were significantly higher than those under MCS. In summary, RFRH with biochar-soil crust mulching has beneficial effects on soil water storage and yield of sainfoin in the region, especially ridges with maize straw biochar-soil crust mulching.
Key words:Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting/
Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.)/
Biochar mulching/
Soil crust/
Runoff coefficient/
Fodder yield/
Water use efficiency
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图1生物炭覆盖垄沟集雨种植示意图
Figure1.Schematic diagram of ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting with biochar-soil crust mulching of sainfoin planting
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2生物炭覆盖集雨垄径流观测示意图
Figure2.Schematic diagram of runoff measurement of ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system with biochar-soil crust mulching
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图32017年红豆草生育期降雨和径流特征
Figure3.Characteristics of rainfall and runoff during the growth stage of sainfoin in 2017
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4红豆草生育期内生物炭覆盖垄径流量与降雨量的关系
MCS、MSB和CMB分别表示土垄、玉米秸秆炭垄和牛粪炭垄。下标数字表示垄宽, 单位为cm。
Figure4.Relationship between rainfall and runoff of ridges mulched with soil crust and different biochar-soil crusts during sainfoin growth season
MCS, MSB and CMB are ridge-furrow planting with the ridges mulched with manually compacted soil crust, maize straw biochar-soil crust, and cow dung biochar-soil crust, respectively; their subscripts 30, 45 and 60 refer to ridge widths in cm.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图5生物炭覆盖垄沟集雨种植对红豆草生育期土壤贮水量的影响
FP、MCS、MSB和CMB分别表示传统平作、土垄、玉米秸秆炭垄和牛粪炭垄。下标数字表示垄宽, 单位为cm。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure5.Effects of mulching materials of ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system on soil water storage during sainfoin growth season
FP is the traditional flat planting. MCS, MSB and CMB are ridge-furrow planting with the ridges mulched with manually compacted soil crust, maize straw biochar-soil crust, and cow dung biochar-soil crust, respectively; their subscripts 30, 45 and 60 refer to ridge widths in cm. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图6生物炭覆盖垄沟集雨种植对红豆草生育期表层(0~25 cm)土壤温度的影响
FP、MCS、MSB和CMB分别表示传统平作、土垄、玉米秸秆炭垄和牛粪炭垄。下标数字表示垄宽, 单位为cm。图A为红豆草生育期传统平作的表层(0~25 cm)土壤温度变化, 图B和图C分别代表生物碳覆盖垄沟集雨种植与传统平作相比红豆草生育期垄沟集雨种植处理垄上和沟中表层土壤温度的变化量。
Figure6.Effects of mulching materials of ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system on 0–25 cm soil temperature during sainfoin growth season
FP is the traditional flat planting. MCS, MSB and CMB are ridge-furrow planting with the ridges mulched with manually compacted soil crust, maize straw biochar-soil crust, and cow dung biochar-soil crust, respectively; their subscripts 30, 45 and 60 refer to ridge widths in cm. Fig. A is the topsoil (0-25 cm) temperature of FP. Fig. B and C are the variations of ridge and furrow topsoil temperature in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system during sainfoin growth season, respectively, compared with FP.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图7玉米秸秆炭结皮(MSB)和牛粪炭结皮(CMB)覆盖垄沟集雨种植的红豆草产量与垄宽的关系
Figure7.Relationships between of sainfoin fodder yield and ridge width of ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system under mulching of maize straw biochar-soil crust (MSB) and cow dung biochar-soil curst (CMB)
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1不同材料覆盖垄沟集雨种植红豆草试验设计
Table1.Experimental design for sainfoin production of ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting with different mulching materials
| 处理 Treatment | 垄宽 Ridge width (cm) | 沟宽 Furrow width (cm) | 垄面积 Ridge area (m2) | 沟面积 Furrow area (m2) | 小区面积 Plot area (m2) | 垄覆盖材料 Ridge mulching materials |
| FP | — | — | — | — | 36 | 平作无覆盖 Flat planting without mulching |
| MCS30 | 30 | 60 | 12 | 18 | 30 | 土壤结皮 Soil crust |
| MCS45 | 45 | 60 | 18 | 18 | 36 | |
| MCS60 | 60 | 60 | 24 | 18 | 42 | |
| MSB30 | 30 | 60 | 12 | 18 | 30 | 玉米秸秆炭土壤结皮 Maize straw biochar-soil crust |
| MSB45 | 45 | 60 | 18 | 18 | 36 | |
| MSB60 | 60 | 60 | 24 | 18 | 42 | |
| CMB30 | 30 | 60 | 12 | 18 | 30 | 牛粪炭土壤结皮 Cow dung biochar-soil crust |
| CMB45 | 45 | 60 | 18 | 18 | 36 | |
| CMB60 | 60 | 60 | 24 | 18 | 42 |
下载: 导出CSV表2红豆草生育期生物炭覆盖集雨垄的径流量与降雨量回归模型综合分析
Table2.Analysis of regression models between rainfall and runoff of ridges mulched with soil crust and different biochar-soil crust during sainfoin growth season
| 处理 Treatment | R | R2 | 德宾-沃森值 Durbin-Watson value (DW) | df | 均方 Mean square | P |
| MCS30 | 0.953 | 0.905 | 1.720 | 1 | 121.8 | 0.000 |
| MCS45 | 0.965 | 0.926 | 1.712 | 1 | 145.2 | 0.000 |
| MCS60 | 0.970 | 0.933 | 1.708 | 1 | 168.2 | 0.000 |
| MSB30 | 0.902 | 0.814 | 1.595 | 1 | 83.1 | 0.000 |
| MSB45 | 0.936 | 0.876 | 1.558 | 1 | 125.0 | 0.000 |
| MSB60 | 0.938 | 0.880 | 1.489 | 1 | 131.4 | 0.000 |
| CMB30 | 0.896 | 0.803 | 1.447 | 1 | 78.6 | 0.000 |
| CMB45 | 0.924 | 0.855 | 1.422 | 1 | 105.9 | 0.000 |
| CMB60 | 0.937 | 0.879 | 1.467 | 1 | 121.2 | 0.000 |
| 平均Mean | ||||||
| MCS | 0.962 | 0.925 | 1.673 | 1 | 144.3 | 0.000 |
| MSB | 0.930 | 0.864 | 1.509 | 1 | 112.1 | 0.000 |
| CMB | 0.925 | 0.855 | 1.428 | 1 | 102.9 | 0.000 |
| MCS、MSB和CMB分别表示土垄、玉米秸秆炭垄和牛粪炭垄; 下标数字表示垄宽, 单位为cm。|R|→1表明两个变量线性相关性越强。德宾-沃森值(DW)检验因变量取值是否独立, 若0 < DW < dl或4-dl < DW < 4, 则因变量之间存在自相关, 若du < DW < 4-du, 则因变量之间不存在自相关(dl20, 1=1.201和du20, 1=1.411)。MCS, MSB and CMB are ridge-furrow planting with the ridges mulched with manually compacted soil crust, maize straw biochar-soil crust, and cow dung biochar-soil crust, respectively; their subscripts 30, 45 and 60 refer to the ridge width in cm. |R|→1 indicates a stronger linear correlation between the independent and dependent variables. The Durbin-Watson statistic is a test statistic used to detect the presence of autocorrelation at the prediction errors from a regression analysis. If du < DW < 4-du, the error terms are not statistically autocorrelated; if 0 < DW < dl or 4-dl < DW < 4, the error terms are statistically autocorrelated (dl20, 1 = 1.201, du20, 1 = 1.411)。 | ||||||
下载: 导出CSV表3生物炭覆盖垄沟集雨种植对红豆草干草产量、蒸散量(ET)和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响
Table3.Effects of ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system with biochar-soil crust mulching on fodder yield, evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) of sainfoin
| 处理 Treatment | 第1茬 First cut (kg·hm-2) | 第2茬 Second cut (kg·hm-2) | 全生育期 Annual (kg·hm-2) | ET (mm) | WUE (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | ||||||
| NFY | AFY | NFY | AFY | NFY | AFY | ||||||
| FP | 3 620±226f | 3 620±226de | 3 611±127e | 3 611±127bc | 7 231±125g | 7 231±125c | 336±0.5a | 21.5d | |||
| MCS30 | 5 497±204e | 3 298±123ef | 5 778±609d | 3 467±336cd | 11 275±510f | 6 765±306d | 300±1.6c | 22.5d | |||
| MCS45 | 6 336±270de | 3 168±135f | 6 370±358cd | 3 185±179d | 12 707±450e | 6 353±225de | 288±2.5e | 22.0d | |||
| MCS60 | 7 068±114cd | 3 029±49f | 7 472±394b | 3 202±169d | 14 540±408d | 6 231±175e | 278±1.8g | 22.4d | |||
| MSB30 | 7 330±424cd | 4 398±254b | 7 093±112bc | 4 256±67a | 14 423±408d | 8 654±245a | 306±1.4b | 28.3b | |||
| MSB45 | 9 580±614b | 4 790±307a | 8 417±528a | 4 208±264a | 17 997±928b | 8 998±464a | 295±1.9d | 30.5a | |||
| MSB60 | 11 944±309a | 5 119±133a | 8 731±443a | 3 742±190bc | 20 676±572a | 8 861±245a | 284±1.8f | 31.2a | |||
| CMB30 | 6 454±231de | 3 872±139cd | 6 565±143c | 3 939±86ab | 13 019±363e | 7 811±218b | 302±0.8c | 25.9c | |||
| CMB45 | 8 136±417c | 4 068±208bc | 7 611±594b | 3 806±297bc | 15 747±415c | 7 873±207b | 300±1.6c | 26.3c | |||
| CMB60 | 9 503±934b | 4 073±400bc | 8 519±512a | 3 651±220bc | 18 022±484b | 7 724±208b | 296±1.8d | 26.1c | |||
| 平均Mean | |||||||||||
| FP | 3 620±226c | 3 620±226c | 3 611±127c | 3 611±127b | 7 231±125c | 7 231±125c | 336±0.5a | 21.5c | |||
| MCS | 6 300±196b | 3 165±102d | 6 540±454b | 3 285±238c | 12 841±456b | 6 450±235d | 289±2.0b | 22.3c | |||
| MSB | 9 618±449a | 4 769±231a | 8 080±361a | 4 069±174a | 17 699±636a | 8 838±318a | 295±1.7b | 30.0a | |||
| CMB | 8 031±527a | 4 004±249b | 7 565±416a | 3 798±201ab | 15 596±421a | 7 803±211b | 299±1.4b | 26.1b | |||
| NFY:净干草产量; AFY:实际干草产量。FP、MCS、MSB和CMB分别表示传统平作、土垄、玉米秸秆炭垄和牛粪炭垄。下标数字表示垄宽, 单位为cm。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。NFY: net fodder yield; AFY: actual fodder yield. FP is the traditional flat planting. MCS, MSB and CMB are ridge-furrow planting with the ridges mulched with manually compacted soil crust, maize straw biochar-soil crust, and cow dung biochar-soil crust, respectively; their subscripts 30, 45 and 60 refer to ridge widths in cm. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05 level. | |||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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