梁博惠^{1, 2,},
牛文全^{2, 3,,},
郭丽丽²,
王愉乐⁴,
王京伟⁵
1.宁夏水利科学研究院 银川 750021
2.西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院 杨凌 712100
3.中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所 杨凌 712100
4.武汉大学水利水电学院 武汉 430072
5.山西财经大学资源环境学院 太原 030000
基金项目:宁夏旱作节水高效农业工程技术研究中心人才奖励资金项目资助

详细信息

作者简介:梁博惠, 主要从事灌溉理论与节水新技术研究。E-mail:liangbh229@163.com

通讯作者:牛文全, 主要从事灌溉节水理论与节水技术研究。E-mail:nwq@nwsuaf.edu.cn

中图分类号:S275.6

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收稿日期:2019-07-18
录用日期:2019-10-28
刊出日期:2020-02-01

Effects of drip irrigation uniformity and amount on soil moisture and tomato yield in solar greenhouse

LIANG Bohui^{1, 2,},
NIU Wenquan^{2, 3,,},
GUO Lili²,
WANG Yule⁴,
WANG Jingwei⁵
1. Ningxia Institute of Water Resources Research, Yinchuan 750021, China
2. College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
3. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, China
4. School of Water Resource and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
5. College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030000, China
Funds:The study was supported by the Talent Reward Fund of Ningxia Dry Farming and Water Saving and High Efficiency Agricultural Engineering Technology Research Center

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Corresponding author:NIU Wenquan, E-mail:nwq@nwsuaf.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:为探索灌水均匀系数与灌水量对温室番茄产量和土壤水分变化的影响，确定合理的滴灌灌水均匀系数，本研究设置65%、75%和85% 3个灌水均匀度水平，190 mm、220 mm和250 mm 3个灌水量水平，测量番茄生育期内土壤含水率及番茄产量，计算土壤含水率均匀系数和番茄灌溉水利用效率。结果表明，当灌水均匀系数为65%~85%时，土壤水分均匀系数均值（82.57%~93.76%）接近或高于设置的滴灌灌水均匀系数的最大值（85%）。滴灌灌水均匀系数对土壤含水率均匀系数影响权重最大，灌水量、灌水均匀系数、土壤初始含水率均值3个影响因素与土壤含水率均匀系数均值之间呈线性关系（P < 0.05），决定系数为0.918。当土壤初始含水率占田间持水量比重60%，灌水量低于15 mm时，灌水均匀系数与灌水量二者的交互作用与土壤含水率均匀系数为显著线性关系（P < 0.05），其他情况下均无显著性关系。灌水量对产量为显著影响（P < 0.05），灌水均匀系数及二者的交互作用对番茄产量无显著影响，考虑产量及灌溉水分利用效率，灌水量220 mm、灌水均匀系数75%组合为最优组合。因此在西北地区，综合考虑经济性和系统的可靠性，建议下调现行滴灌灌水均匀系数标准。
关键词:滴灌/
灌水均匀系数/
灌水量/
土壤含水率均匀系数/
番茄
Abstract:Drip irrigation is an important factor associated with the water and fertilizer integration technology. The uniformity of drip irrigation is an important performance index to measure its quality. Therefore, choosing the appropriate drip uniformity can achieve the dual targets of cost effectiveness as well as high crop yield. A field experiment was carried out from October 2016 to April 2017 in the Yangling Agricultural Hi-tech Industries Demonstration Zone, Shaanxi Province, China. Experimental treatments applied in the split plot design included:three irrigation quantities in Zone A (190 mm, 220 mm, and 250 mm), and three drip irrigation uniformities in Zone B (65%, 75%, and 85%). In the early stages of planting test, no crop experiment was set up in the same area with only the drip irrigation belt laid, and the experimental treatments were also applied in a split plot divided into main treatment (Zone 1) and sub-treatment (Zone 2). The Zone 1 was treated with three irrigation quantities-5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm; and in Zone 2, the same there drip irrigation uniformities to Zone B were set. The results showed that when the irrigation uniformity was between 65% and 85%, the mean soil moisture uniformity during entire growth period was higher than the highest drip irrigation uniformity (85%) approximately. The influence of drip irrigation uniformity on the uniformity coefficient of soil moisture was enormous. There was a significantly linear relationship (P < 0.05) with determination coefficient of 0.918 between the mean soil moisture uniformity and the three factors i.e., irrigation quantity, irrigation uniformity, and initial soil water content. When the initial soil moisture was approximately 60% of the field capacity, and the irrigation amount was less than 15 mm, the interaction between the drip irrigation uniformity and the irrigation amount was linear (P < 0.05) and significantly related to the soil moisture uniformity. In other cases, there was no significant association. The irrigation amount had significant effect on tomoto, the irrigation uniformity and their interaction had no significant effect on tomato yield. Taking into account the yield and use efficiency of irrigation, the combination of irrigation amount of 220 mm and drip irrigation uniformity of 75% was the optimal one. Considering the economics and reliability of the system, the method involving small amount of multiple irrigation should be chosen. This was also suggested for the reduction in the standard of drip irrigation uniformity in the Northwest China.
Key words:Drip irrigation/
Drip uniformity coefficient/
Irrigation amount/
Soil moisture uniformity coefficient/
Tomato

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图1试验小区滴灌带和采样点布置图
Figure1.Experiment plots arrangement plans of the drip irrigation tape and sampling plots


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图2不同灌水均匀系数和灌水量下番茄全生育期土壤含水率均值分布等值线图
C1、C2和C3表示滴灌灌水均匀系数分别为65%、75%和85%; I1、I2和I3分别表示灌水量为190 mm、220 mm和250 mm。
Figure2.Contour maps of mean soil water contents during tomato growth period under different treatments of irrigation uniformity coefficient and irrigation amount
C1, C2 and C3 indicate irrigation uniformity coefficients of 65%, 75% and 85%. I1, I2 and I3 indicate irrigation amounts of 190 mm, 220 mm and 250 mm.


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表1不同灌水量处理下番茄不同生育阶段的灌水量
Table1.Irrigation amounts of tomato at different growth stages under different irrigation amount treatments mm

处理 Treatment		苗期 Seeding stage			开花坐果期 Blooming and setting stage			结果盛期 Fruiting period				结果后期 Last fruiting period			灌水总量 Total irrigation amount
灌水日期(月-日) Irrigation date (month-day)		10-25	11-10		12-05	12-16		12-22	01-01	01-12		01-27	02-14		10-01—03-01
I1		15	20		50	30		50	35	25		15	15		190
I2		15	20		40	30		40	25	20		15	15		220
I3		15	20		30	30		30	20	15		15	15		250

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表2灌水均匀系数和灌水量对番茄生育期内平均土壤含水率均匀系数的影响
Table2.Effects of irrigation uniformity coefficient and irrigation amount on averages of soil moisture uniformity coefficients during tomato growth period %

处理Treatment	土层深度Soil depth (cm)
	0~20	20~30	30~40	40~50	50~60
C1I1	82.57	84.34	87.63	84.63	87.02
C2I1	84.14	86.79	87.65	87.13	87.00
C3I1	85.81	88.17	89.94	89.38	92.75
C1I2	85.35	88.16	87.72	88.79	91.57
C2I2	86.08	87.71	88.96	89.45	91.68
C3I2	87.01	93.17	92.31	93.37	93.76
C1I3	85.40	88.71	89.62	89.83	90.21
C2I3	85.84	89.77	90.07	90.60	92.57
C3I3	89.80	92.59	91.92	91.38	91.92
方差分析ANOVA
灌水量 Irrigation amount (I)	NS	*	NS	NS	**
灌水均匀系数 Irrigation uniformity coefficient(Cu)	NS	*	NS	NS	NS
I × Cu	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
C1、C2和C3表示滴灌灌水均匀系数分别为65%、75%和85%; I1、I2和I3分别表示灌水量为190 mm、220 mm和250 mm。NS表示不同处理在P > 0.05水平差异不显著, *和**分别表示不同处理在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平上差异显著。C1, C2 and C3 indicate irrigation uniformity coefficients of 65%, 75% and 85%. I1, I2 and I3 indicate irrigation amounts of 190 mm, 220 mm and 250 mm. NS means no significant difference at 0.05 level among different treatments. * and ** mean significant differences at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively, among different treatments.

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表3番茄生育期内土壤含水率均匀系数均值与影响因素的通径分析结果
Table3.Path analysis result of mean soil moisture uniformity coefficient and influencing factors during tomato growth period

变量 Variable	相关系数 Correlation coefficient (ri)	影响权重 Effect weight (λi)	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient (pi)	间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient
				r1 × p1	r2 × p2	r3 × p3	合计Total
灌水量 Irrigation amount (I, X1)	0.614	0.641	0.642	—	0.438	0.015	0.453
灌水均匀系数 Irrigation uniformity coefficient (Cu, X2)	0.712*	0.727	0.713	0.457	—	0.017	0.472
初始含水量 Initial soil water content (θ0, X3)	-0.037	0.039	0.024	-0.024	-0.001	—	-0.025
*表示在P < 0.05水平上影响显著。* means significant effect at 0.05 level.

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表4灌水均匀系数和灌水量对不同深度土壤含水率均匀系数影响的方差分析结果
Table4.ANOVA of soil moisture uniformity coefficients at different soil depths for irrigation uniformity coefficient and irrigation amount

土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	灌水量 Irrigation amount (I)	灌水均匀系数 Irrigation uniformity coefficient (Cu)	I × Cu
0~20	NS	NS	*
20~30	NS	NS	**
NS表示无显著性差异, *和**分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平上影响显著。NS means no significant effect at 0.05 level. * and ** mean significant effects at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

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表5不同土壤初始含水率下灌水均匀系数和灌水量对土壤含水率均匀系数影响的方差分析结果
Table5.ANOVA of soil moisture uniformity coefficients at differents soil depths for irrigation uniformity coefficient and irrigation amount under different initial soil water moistures

土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	土壤初始含水率 Initial soil moisture (FC%)	方差来源 Resources of variance	克里斯琴森法 Christiansen method
0~20	50.93	灌水量Irrigation amount (I)	NS
		灌水均匀系数Irrigation uniformity coefficient (Cu)	NS
		I × Cu	NS
20~30	55.07	灌水量Irrigation amount (I)	**
		灌水均匀系数Irrigation uniformity coefficient (Cu)	NS
		I × Cu	NS
30~40	58.60	灌水量Irrigation amount (I)	**
		灌水均匀系数Irrigation uniformity coefficient (Cu)	NS
		I × Cu	NS
40~50	60.52	灌水量Irrigation amount (I)	**
		灌水均匀系数Irrigation uniformity coefficient (Cu)	NS
		I × Cu	NS
50~60	65.59	灌水量Irrigation amount (I)	*
		灌水均匀系数Irrigation uniformity coefficient (Cu)	NS
		I × Cu	NS
FC%为占田间持水量比重。NS表示在P > 0.05水平上影响不显著, *和**分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平上影响显著。FC% is the proportion of field moisture capacity. NS means no significant effect at 0.05 level. * and ** mean significant effects at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

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表6灌水均匀系数和灌水量对番茄产量及灌溉水分利用效率的影响
Table6.Effects of irrigation uniformity coefficient and irrigation amount on yield and irrigation water use efficiency of tomato

处理 Treatment	总灌水量 Total water irrigation (mm)	总产量 Total yield (t·hm-2)	灌溉水分利用效率 Irrigation water use efficiency (kg·m-3)
C1I1	190	74.63±3.96b	39.28±2.08abc
C2I1	190	78.15±6.88ab	41.13±3.62a
C3I1	190	76.83±1.50ab	40.44±0.79ab
C1I2	220	74.82±3.15b	34.01±1.43d
C2I2	220	86.90±8.31a	39.50±3.78abc
C3I2	220	77.80±7.44ab	35.36±3.38bcd
C1I3	250	87.39±11.69a	34.96±4.67cd
C2I3	250	81.28±0.95ab	32.51±0.38d
C3I3	250	86.60±2.64ab	34.64±1.06cd
F值F value
I		4.378*	11.735**
Cu		0.590NS	0.785NS
I × Cu		0.814NS	1.725NS
C1、C2和C3表示滴灌灌水均匀系数分别为65%、75%和85%; I1、I2和I3分别表示灌水量为190 mm、220 mm和250 mm。NS表示不同处理在P > 0.05水平上差异不显著, *和**分别表示不同处理在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平上差异显著。C1, C2 and C3 indicate irrigation uniformity coefficients of 65%, 75% and 85%. I1, I2 and I3 indicate irrigation amounts of 190 mm, 220 mm and 250 mm. NS means no significant difference at 0.05 level among different treatments. * and ** mean significant differences at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively, among different treatments.

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