马星霞,
杨改河,,
冯永忠,
任广鑫,
李娜,
谢呈辉,
许宏伟
西北农林科技大学农学院/陕西省循环农业工程技术研究中心 杨凌 712100
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目31971859
陕西省科技统筹计划项目2016KTCL02-11
详细信息
作者简介:吕宏菲, 从事农田生态与高效耕作栽培制度方面的研究。E-mail:kanalhf2019@163.com
通讯作者:杨改河, 从事资源生态、循环农业与区域发展方面的研究。E-mail:ygh@nwsuaf.edu.cn
中图分类号:S318计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2019-08-25
录用日期:2019-12-19
刊出日期:2020-04-01
Effect of straw returning on ammonia emissions from soil in a wheat-maize multiple cropping system in the Guanzhong region, China
LYU Hongfei,MA Xingxia,
YANG Gaihe,,
FENG Yongzhong,
REN Guangxin,
LI Na,
XIE Chenghui,
XU Hongwei
College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University/the Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China31971859
the Overall Science and Technology Program of Shaanxi Province, China2016KTCL02-11
More Information
Corresponding author:YANG Gaihe, E-mail:ygh@nwsuaf.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:农业氨减排是雾霾治理最经济有效的方法，而农田肥料施用造成的氨排放是农业氨排放的重要部分。本研究旨在探讨冬小麦-夏玉米复种体系下土壤氨排放对秸秆还田的响应，为减少农业氨排放和控制雾霾提供理论依据。本试验于2018年6月—2019年6月在陕西关中杨凌地区，对土壤氨排放、0~40 cm土壤无机氮以及产量进行了测定分析。试验采用双因素裂区设计，主区为秸秆还田方式，设不还田（S0）、半量还田（S0.5）和全量还田（S1）3个水平；副区为施肥，设不施肥（F0）、减量施肥（F0.8）、常规施肥（F1）3个水平。结果表明：秸秆还田与施肥及两者互作对夏玉米季土壤氨累积排放量（C）有显著影响。秸秆还田对冬小麦季土壤氨累积排放量无显著影响。整个麦玉复种体系的氨累积排放量为1.31~19.26 kg·hm-2，占施肥量的2.17%~4.69%，各处理之间表现为：S0F1 > S0.5F1 > S1F1 > S0F0.8 > S0.5F0.8 > S1F0.8 > S1F0 > S0.5F0 > S0F0。在不施肥情况下，秸秆还田能增加土壤氨累积排放量，但秸秆还田配施氮肥较不还田处理显著减少土壤氨累积排放量和氨损失率，秸秆全量还田和半量还田之间的氨排放无明显差异。其中S1F0.8和S0.5F0.8处理在整个复种体系中减排效果最为显著，分别较S0F0.8处理（11.62 kg·hm-2）减排38.64%和37.35%。相比于只施氮肥，秸秆还田配施氮肥能显著减少土壤中无机氮，显著提高夏玉米产量6.23%~20.20%，冬小麦产量16.60%~28.17%。通过PCA分析发现，S1F0.8和S0.5F0.8处理是减排增产的最优组合。综合考虑土壤氨排放和作物产量，长期秸秆还田配减量施肥处理，能在保证作物高产的基础上减少土壤氨排放，可在关中地区实施。
关键词:麦玉复种/
氨排放/
产量/
减量施氮/
秸秆还田
Abstract:Reducing agricultural ammonia emissions is considered the most economical and effective method to mitigate haze pollution. Notably, ammonia emissions caused by fertilizer application in agricultural practices are a significant contributor to atmospheric ammonia. In this context, this study aimed to explore the effect of straw returning on ammonia emissions from soil using a winter wheat-summer maize multiple cropping system to provide a theoretical basis for reducing agricultural ammonia emissions to control haze pollution. The study was conducted from June 2018 to June 2019, in the Shaanxi Guanzhong region, China. The experiment used a random block design encompassing different straw returning treatments—no straw returning (S0), half straw returning (S0.5), and full straw returning (S1), as main treatments; and different fertilizer applications—no fertilization (F0), 20% fertilizer reduction (F0.8), and conventional fertilization (F1), as sub-treatments. Soil ammonia emissions, inorganic N (in 0-40 cm of soil), and crop yield, were measured for all treatments. The results showed that straw returning and fertilization, and the interaction between the two, had a significant effect on cumulative ammonia emissions (C) in the summer maize season. Conversely, straw returning had no significant effect on C in the winter wheat season. The C of the entire wheat-maize multiple cropping system was 1.31-19.26 kg·hm-2, accounting for 2.17%-4.69% of the fertilizer application. Performance among the treatments was as follows: S0F1 > S0.5F1 > S1F1 > S0F0.8 > S0.5F0.8 > S1F0.8 > S1F0 > S0.5F0 > S0F0. Notably, straw returning showed an increase in C without fertilization. However, when compared with no straw returning, straw returning combined with fertilization significantly reduced the C and the amount of ammonia loss that occurred. There was no significant difference in ammonia emissions between full and half straw return treatments. Notably, the ammonia emission reduction effect of S1F0.8 and S0.5F0.8 treatments were the most significant for the study, reducing 38.64% and 37.35% from S0F0.8 treatment, respectively. Straw returning combined with N fertilizer also demonstrated a significant reduction in NO3--N and NH4+-N in soil, while increasing the yield of summer maize by 6.23%-20.20%, and winter wheat by 16.60%-28.17%. Further to this, PCA analysis indicated that S0.5F0.8 and S1F0.8 treatments were the optimal treatment combinations of those tested for the study, providing a balance between ammonia emission reduction and increased crop production. Therefore, our findings indicate that long-term straw returning combined with fertilizer reduction could improve crop yield as well as reduce soil ammonia emissions, suggesting an agricultural practice that can assist in the reduction of agricultural ammonia emissions, and thus help mitigate haze pollution in the Guanzhong region.
Key words:Wheat-maize multiple cropping system/
Ammonia emission/
Yield/
Nitrogen fertilizer reduction/
Straw returning
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图1试验区试验期间气温与降雨量变化
Figure1.Changes of air temperature and monthly rainfall during the experimental period in the research area
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2不同秸秆还田和施肥处理下夏玉米(a)和冬小麦(b)土壤氨排放通量变化
S0:无秸秆还田; S0.5:半量秸秆还田; S1:全量秸秆还田; F0:不施肥; F0.8:减量施肥; F1:常规施肥。
Figure2.Changes in ammonia emission fluxes from soil of summer maize (a) and winter wheat (b) under different treatments of straws returning and fertilization
S0: no straw returning; S0.5: half straws returning; S1: all straws returning; F0: no fertilization; F0.8: fertilizer reduction; F1: conventional fertilization.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3不同秸秆还田和施肥处理下夏玉米(A、B)、冬小麦(C、D)土壤0~40 cm硝态氮和铵态氮含量
Figure3.NO3--N and NH4+-N contents in 0-40 cm soil of summer maize (A, B) and winter wheat (C, D) under different treatments of straws returning and fertilization
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4不同秸秆还田和施肥处理下冬小麦和夏玉米的产量
S0:无秸秆还田; S0.5:半量秸秆还田; S1:全量秸秆还田; F0:不施肥; F0.8:减量施肥; F1:常规施肥。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure4.Yields of winter wheat and summer maize under different treatments of straws returning and fertilization
S0: no straw returning; S0.5: half straws returning; S1: all straws returning; F0: no fertilization; F0.8: fertilizer reduction; F1: conventional fertilization. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different treatments at 0.05 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图5秸秆还田和施肥处理与各指标之间的主成分分析
V:氨排放通量; C/Y:每生产1 t粮食所产生的氨累积排放量; Y:产量; W:冬小麦; M:夏玉米; 0-10: 0~10 cm土壤无机氮含量; 10-20: 10~20 cm土壤无机氮含量; 20-30: 20~30 cm土壤无机氮含量; 30-40: 30~40 cm土壤无机氮含量; S0:无秸秆还田; S0.5:半量秸秆还田; S1:全量秸秆还田; F0:不施肥; F0.8:减量施肥; F1:常规施肥。
Figure5.Principal component analysis of each treatment and index
V: ammonia emission flux; C/Y: accumulated ammonia emissions per ton grain production; Y: yield; W: winter wheat; M: summer maize; 0-10: inorganic nitrogen content of 0-10 cm soil layer; 10-20: inorganic nitrogen content of 10-20 cm soil layer; 20-30: inorganic nitrogen content of 20-30 cm soil layer; 30-40: inorganic nitrogen content of 30-40 cm soil layer; S0: no straw returning; S0.5: half straws returning; S1: all straws returning; F0: no fertilization; F0.8: fertilizer reduction; F1: conventional fertilization..
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表12018年6月夏玉米种植之前0~20 cm土壤基础指标
Table1.Foundation indexes of 0-20 cm soil before summer maize planting in June 2018
| 试验处理 Treatment | pH | 有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1) | 碱解氮 Hydrolysable N (mg·kg-1) | 速效磷 Available P (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾 Available K (mg·kg-1) | 全氮 Total N (g·kg-1) | 全磷 Total P (g·kg-1) |
| S0F0 | 8.37a | 13.38e | 27.10g | 7.78f | 94.38g | 0.59h | 0.67g |
| S0F0.8 | 8.12e | 14.71d | 38.20d | 9.62d | 115.11d | 0.74e | 0.77e |
| S0F1 | 8.30b | 15.95c | 39.46c | 10.57bc | 117.84cd | 0.79d | 0.79e |
| S0.5F0 | 8.15e | 15.89c | 32.28f | 8.36e | 100.35f | 0.66g | 0.74f |
| S0.5F0.8 | 8.23cd | 18.05a | 39.33cd | 10.20c | 119.82bc | 0.81c | 0.85d |
| S0.5F1 | 8.20d | 17.12b | 41.43b | 11.36a | 122.88ab | 0.82b | 0.87c |
| S1F0 | 8.25c | 15.43cd | 35.39e | 8.30e | 106.77e | 0.68f | 0.79e |
| S1F0.8 | 8.12e | 18.63a | 41.36b | 10.76b | 121.07abc | 0.83ab | 0.92b |
| S1F1 | 8.00f | 16.75b | 42.88a | 11.68a | 123.69a | 0.84a | 0.94a |
| 同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。S0:无秸秆还田; S0.5:半量秸秆还田; S1:全量秸秆还田; F0:不施肥; F0.8:减量施肥; F1:常规施肥。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). S0: no straw returning; S0.5: half straws returning; S1: all straws returning; F0: no fertilization; F0.8: fertilizer reduction; F1: conventional fertilization. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表2试验期间冬小麦和夏玉米的具体施肥情况
Table2.Fertilization of winter wheat and summer maize during the experiment
| 作物种类 Crop type | 施肥种类 Fertilizer type | 常规施肥 Conventional fertilization [kg(N)·hm-2] | 减量施肥 Fertilizer reduction [kg(N)·hm-2] | 施肥方式 Fertilization method | 施肥时期 Fertilization time |
| 冬小麦 Winter wheat | 尿素 Urea | 172.5 | 138.0 | 基肥 Base fertilizer | 播种前 Before sowing |
| 磷酸二铵 Diammonium phosphate | 65.5 | 52.4 | |||
| 夏玉米 Summer maize | 尿素 Urea | 172.5 | 138.0 | 追肥 Top dressing | 大喇叭口期 Flare opening |
| 尿素氮含量为≥46%, 磷酸二铵氮含量为≥17.4%。Total nitrogen contents of urea and diammonium phosphate are ≥46% and ≥17.4%, respectively. | |||||
下载: 导出CSV表3不同秸秆还田和施肥处理下夏玉米和冬小麦生长季氨累积排放量和氨损失率
Table3.Accumulated ammonia emissions and loss rates in summer maize and winter wheat growing seasons under different treatments of straws returning and fertilization
| 处理 Treatment | 夏玉米Summer maize | 冬小麦Winter wheat | 麦玉复种体系Wheat-maize multiple cropping system | |||||
| 氨累积排放量 Accumulated ammonia emission (kg·hm–2) | 氨损失率 Loss rate (%) | 氨累积排放量 Accumulated ammonia emissions (kg·hm–2) | 氨损失率 Loss rate (%) | 总的氨累积排放量 Total accumulated ammonia emissions (kg·hm–2) | 氨损失率 Total loss rate (%) | |||
| S0F0 | 1.05±0.08g | / | 0.26±0.03c | / | 1.31 | / | ||
| S0.5F0 | 1.53±0.09ef | / | 0.29±0.05c | / | 1.82 | / | ||
| S1F0 | 1.52±0.07ef | / | 0.33±0.09c | / | 1.85 | / | ||
| S0F0.8 | 10.10±1.15b | 7.32 | 1.52±0.19bc | 0.80 | 11.62 | 3.54 | ||
| S0.5F0.8 | 4.14±0.78def | 3.00 | 3.14±1.29abc | 1.65 | 7.28 | 2.22 | ||
| S1F0.8 | 4.82±0.58cde | 3.50 | 2.31±0.25abc | 1.22 | 7.13 | 2.17 | ||
| S0F1 | 14.00±2.74a | 8.14 | 5.26±3.43ab | 2.21 | 19.26 | 4.69 | ||
| S0.5F1 | 7.95±0.81bc | 4.61 | 6.18±0.56a | 2.60 | 14.13 | 3.48 | ||
| S1F1 | 6.80±1.19bcd | 3.94 | 6.08±0.61a | 2.55 | 12.88 | 3.14 | ||
| 显著性分析(F值) Significance (F value) | ||||||||
| S | 11.76** | / | 0.36ns | / | / | / | ||
| F | 39.04** | / | 14.93** | / | / | / | ||
| S × F | 3.91* | / | 0.11ns | / | / | / | ||
| S:秸秆还田; F:施肥; S0:无秸秆还田; S0.5:半量秸秆还田; S1:全量秸秆还田; F0:不施肥; F0.8:减量施肥; F1:常规施肥。同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。**和*分别表示P < 0.01水平和P < 0.05水平影响显著; ns表示影响不显著。S: straw returning; F: fertilization; S0: no straw returning; S0.5: half straws returning; S1: all straws returning; F0: no fertilization; F0.8: fertilizer reduction; F1: conventional fertilization. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different treatments at P < 0.05 level. ** and * mean significant effects at P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively. “ns” means no significant effect. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表4麦玉复种体系中不同秸秆还田和施肥处理下不同深度耕层土壤无机氮平均含量
Table4.Average contents of inorganic nitrogen in different layers of 0-40 cm soil of wheat-maize cropping system under different treatments of straws returning and fertilization?
| 处理 Treatment | 土层Soil layer (cm) | |||
| 0~10 | 10~20 | 20~30 | 30~40 | |
| S0F0 | 8.96±0.07f | 5.46±0.025i | 4.34±0.10d | 4.46±0.10e |
| S0.5F0 | 11.87±0.23e | 8.47±0.13g | 5.08±0.06d | 5.68±0.049e |
| S1F0 | 10.31±0.07ef | 6.62±0.10h | 4.91±0.06d | 5.43±0.19ef |
| S0F0.8 | 66.86±0.11b | 28.64±0.12d | 23.30±0.84a | 18.53±0.63b |
| S0.5F0.8 | 61.91±0.58c | 22.84±0.13e | 12.07±0.20c | 10.48±0.12d |
| S1F0.8 | 43.20±0.43d | 15.91±0.06f | 11.38±0.21c | 9.66±0.05d |
| S0F1 | 74.70±1.12a | 37.84±0.066b | 23.09±0.34a | 22.49±0.19a |
| S0.5F1 | 62.44±0.22c | 34.06±0.15c | 18.04±0.54b | 19.01±0.23b |
| S1F1 | 76.73±0.24a | 39.94±0.56a | 21.80±0.39a | 15.44±0.02c |
| S0:无秸秆还田; S0.5:半量秸秆还田; S1:全量秸秆还田; F0:不施肥; F0.8:减量施肥; F1:常规施肥。同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。S0: no straw returning; S0.5: half straws returning; S1: all straws returning; F0: no fertilization; F0.8: fertilizer reduction; F1: conventional fertilization. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different treatments at P < 0.05 level. | ||||
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