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安徽省作物养分供需分析及化肥减施潜力研究

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01
耿维,
袁嫚嫚,
邬刚,
王家宝,
孙义祥,
安徽省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所 合肥 230031
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0200806
安徽省农业科学院科技创新团队项目2019YL043

详细信息
作者简介:耿维, 主要从事农业资源利用、植物营养与高效施肥研究。E-mail:dreamingtree@126.com
通讯作者:孙义祥, 主要从事植物营养与高效施肥研究。E-mail:sunyixiang@126.com
中图分类号:S141

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-07-17
录用日期:2019-10-09
刊出日期:2020-02-01

Study on the input and demand of crop nutrients and the potential of fertilizer reduction in Anhui Province

GENG Wei,
YUAN Manman,
WU Gang,
WANG Jiabao,
SUN Yixiang,
Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0200806
the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences2019YL043

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Corresponding author:SUN Yixiang, E-mail:sunyixiang@126.com


摘要
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摘要
摘要:有机-无机相结合的农田养分管理模式是现阶段中国发展绿色农业的必由之路，因而开展有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的比较研究对促进养分资源的合理分配和施用具有重要的参考价值。本文采用文献调查和统计分析的方法，评估了安徽省16市2010—2016年主要有机肥（包括秸秆、粪便、绿肥和饼肥）的养分资源，明晰了安徽省农业生产中有机、无机养分投入现状，并根据农业种植结构开展了有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的差异和关系研究，最后探索了安徽省的化肥减施潜力。结果表明：安徽省2010—2016年平均有机肥养分资源为287.70万t，N、P2O5和K2O分别为104.49万t、39.60万t和143.61万t，可基本满足作物的养分需求；但有机肥的当季利用率低，N、P2O5和K2O的当季利用率分别为21.44%、19.91%和52.61%，有机肥N、P2O5和K2O实际还田量仅占作物养分需求的20.74%、25.38%和63.61%，占农田养分总投入的比重分别为11.87%、10.27%和51.35%。全省N、P2O5、K2O养分实际投入量（包括有机肥和化肥）是作物养分需求的1.75倍、2.47倍和1.24倍，有7个市的N和13个市的P2O5养分施用量超过作物需求的2倍，存在较高的环境污染风险。通过控制农业总养分输入，安徽省的化肥减施潜力为35.12%，N、P2O和K2O的减施潜力分别为21.28%、23.97%和78.61%。提高有机肥的当季利用率和发展冬季绿肥资源可进一步促进化肥减施。本研究可为安徽省化肥零增长和农牧业的绿色可持续发展提供数据参考。
关键词:有机肥/
化肥/
氮磷钾/
作物养分需求/
肥料当季利用率/
化肥减施/
安徽省
Abstract:The use of organic-inorganic integrated farmland nutrient management model is an effective approach to develop sustainable agriculture in China. As nutrient demand and supply in agricultural production in various regions are undefined, it is crucial to study the relationships among organic fertilizer nutrient resources, fertilizer nutrient input, and crop nutrient demand to promote the rational distribution and application of nutrient resources. By using previously published methods and statistical analysis, here, we evaluated the nutrient composition of organic fertilizers (including straw, manure, green manure, and cake fertilizer). We aimed to clarify the current situation of organic and inorganic nutrient inputs for agricultural production in 16 cities in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2016, and evaluate differences and relationships among organic and inorganic nutrients and crop nutrient demand according to the local structure of agricultural planting. Finally, we explored the potential for fertilizer reduction in Anhui Province. The annual average amount of organic fertilizer in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2016 was 2.877 million tons, and that of N, P2O5, and K2O was 1.044 9, 0.396 0, and 1.436 1 million tons, respectively, which could meet the nutrient demand for crops. However, the utilization rate of N, P2O5, and K2O in organic fertilizer in the current season was as low as 21.44%, 19.91%, and 52.61%, respectively. Therefore, the actual return amount of organic fertilizer only accounted for 20.74% (N), 25.38% (P2O5), and 63.61% (K2O) of the crop nutrient demand, and only 11.87% (N), 10.27% (P2O5), and 51.35% (K2O) of the total nutrient input of farmland. The actual nutrient input (including organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer) in the province was 1.75 (N), 2.47 (P2O5), and 1.24 (K2O) times of the crop nutrient demand. The application of N in seven cities and the application of P2O5 in 13 cities were more than two times of the crop demand; there was a high risk of environmental pollution in these cities. By controlling the nutrient input, the reduction potential of fertilizer in Anhui Province was 35.12%, and that of N, P2O5, and K2O was 21.28%, 23.97%, and 78.61%, respectively. By improving the utilization rate of organic fertilizer and developing winter green fertilizer, Anhui Province can achieve the maximum reduction in fertilizer application. This study provides reference data for zero growth of fertilizer and green sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry in Anhui Province.
Key words:Organic fertilizer/
Chemical fertilizer/
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium/
Nutrient demand for crop/
Fertilizer utilization rate in the current season/
Fertilizer reduction/
Anhui Province

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图12010—2016年安徽省各类有机肥的年均养分构成
Figure1.Annual averages of nutrients composition of different organic fertilizers in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2016


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图22010—2016年安徽省各市年均作物N、P2O5、K2O养分需求与有机肥、化肥养分资源量的比较
Figure2.Comparison of average annual N, P2O5, K2O demand of crops and supplys of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizers in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2016


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图32010—2016年安徽省各市有机肥当季利用率及各市年均有机肥、化肥养分输入现状
Figure3.Utilization rate of organic fertilizer and nutrients input for crops in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2016


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表1安徽省粮食作物轮作模式和畜禽养殖优势区分布
Table1.Rotation patterns of grain crops and dominant livestock and poultry in each city of Anhui Province
市City 轮作模式Rotation pattern 优势畜禽Dominant livestock and poultry
亳州Bozhou 小麦-玉米Wheat-maize 生猪、肉牛、肉羊、奶牛Pig, beef cattle, sheep, cow
蚌埠Bengbu 小麦-玉米Wheat-maize 生猪、肉牛、肉羊、奶牛Pig, beef cattle, sheep, cow
淮北Huaibei 小麦-玉米Wheat-maize 生猪、肉牛、肉羊、奶牛Pig, beef cattle, sheep, cow
阜阳Fuyang 小麦-玉米Wheat-maize 生猪、肉牛、肉羊、奶牛Pig, beef cattle, sheep, cow
宿州Suzhou 小麦-玉米Wheat-maize 生猪、肉牛、肉羊、奶牛Pig, beef cattle, sheep, cow
淮南Huainan 水稻-小麦(油菜) Rice-wheat (rape) 肉牛、肉羊、奶牛Beef cattle, sheep, cow
合肥Hefei 水稻-小麦(油菜) Rice-wheat (rape) 生猪、肉禽、奶牛Pig, table poultry, cow
六安Liu’an 水稻-小麦(油菜) Rice-wheat (rape) 生猪、肉禽、肉牛、肉羊、奶牛Pig, table poultry, beef cattle, sheep, cow
滁州Chuzhou 水稻-小麦(油菜) Rice-wheat (rape) 生猪、肉禽、奶牛Pig, table poultry, cow
马鞍山Ma’anshan 水稻-小麦(油菜) Rice-wheat (rape) 奶牛Cow
安庆Anqing 水稻Rice 生猪、肉禽Pig, table poultry
芜湖Wuhu 水稻Rice 生猪、肉禽、奶牛Pig, table poultry, cow
铜陵Tongling 水稻Rice 非优势区Non-dominant area
黄山Huangshan 水稻Rice 非优势区Non-dominant area
池州Chizhou 水稻Rice 非优势区Non-dominant area
宣城Xuancheng 水稻Rice 肉禽Table poultry


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表2农作物的草谷比及秸秆养分含量[22-23]
Table2.Straw to grain ratios of various crops and N, P, K contents in various crop straws[22-23]
作物
Crop		 草谷比
Straw to grain ratio		 秸秆养分含量
Nutrient content (g·kg-1)
N P K
水稻Rice 1.08 8.20 1.30 19.00
小麦Wheat 1.39 5.40 0.90 11.60
玉米Corn 1.29 8.90 1.10 9.90
大豆Soybean 1.41 8.90 0.90 6.40
甘薯Sweet potato 0.77 19.70 4.30 19.30
油菜Rapeseed 2.64 6.40 1.30 20.10
花生Peanut 1.18 16.40 1.50 15.60
芝麻Sesame 2.33 10.70 4.80 5.00
籽棉Seed cotton 2.19 8.50 2.20 16.30
麻类Lint 1.86 12.50 0.60 4.80
甘蔗Sugarcane 0.25 10.00 1.30 10.10
烟叶Tobacco 1.05 13.00 1.50 16.60
瓜类Melons 0.11 25.80 0.50 8.20
蔬菜Vegetables 0.10 30.60 3.80 29.90


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表3畜禽的产排污系数和养分含量(鲜基)
Table3.Nutrients contents of manure/urine and daily manure/urine excretion of livestock and poultry (fresh base)
猪Pig 牛Cattle 羊Sheep 家禽Poultry
粪Manure 尿Urine 粪Manure 尿Urine 粪Manure 尿Urine 粪Manure
排污系数[25-26]
Daily excretion (kg·d-1·head-1)[25-26]		 1.12 2.55 14.80 8.91 2.09 0.64 0.22
饲养期[27] Feeding period (d)[27] 154 195 195 69
养分含量[26]
Nutrient content (g·kg–1)[26]		 N 5.50 1.80 3.80 5.10 10.10 7.00 8.10
P2O5 2.60 0.20 1.00 0.20 2.20 0.30 3.70
K2O 3.00 1.60 2.40 9.20 5.40 7.70 6.20


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表4安徽省主要绿肥作物养分含量(鲜基)[21-24, 28]
Table4.Nutrients contents of winter green manures in Anhui Province (fresh base)[21-24, 28]
作物
Crop		 养分含量
Nutrient content (g·kg -1)
N P K
紫云英Chinese milk vetch 4.00 0.90 3.30
苕子Chinese trumpet creeper 6.20 1.40 5.40
草木樨Sweet-clover 5.40 0.90 3.50
紫苜蓿Alfalfa 6.10 1.50 8.30
油菜Rape 3.30 1.00 5.10
均值Mean value 5.00 1.10 5.10
表中所有作物的产量均为22.5 t·hm–2。The yield of each crop in the table is 22.5 t·hm–2.


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表5安徽省主要油料出饼率及其养分含量
Table5.Cake production rate and nutrient content in cake fertilizer in Anhui Province
油料作物
Oil crop		 出油率
Oil production rate (%)		 出饼率
Cake production rate (%)		 养分含量[22]
Nutrient content (g·kg-1)[22]
N P K
大豆Soybean 12~18 0.85 66.80 4.40 11.90
花生Peanut 40~50 0.31 69.20 5.50 9.70
油菜籽Rapeseed 30~45 0.62 52.50 8.00 10.40
芝麻Sesame 45~55 0.50 50.80 7.30 5.60
棉籽Cottonseed 11~25 0.55 42.90 5.40 7.60


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表6安徽省主要作物单位产量养分需求量
Table6.Nutrients demands of per unit grain yield of main crops in Anhui Province
作物
Crop		 单位产量养分需求量
Nutrient demand [kg·t-1(yield)]		 文献来源
Source
N P2O5 K2O
水稻Rice 14.60 6.20 19.20 [30]
小麦Wheat 24.60 8.50 27.70 [31]
玉米Corn 25.80 9.80 27.80 [31]
大豆Soybean 81.40 23.00 32.00 [32-33]
薯类Tubers 5.30 1.40 6.00 [34]
花生Peanut 43.70 10.00 53.80 [35]
油菜Rape 43.00 27.00 87.00 [36]
芝麻Sesame 51.90 19.00 72.00 [16]
棉花Cotton 12.60 4.60 10.10 [37]
甘蔗Sugar cane 1.81 0.36 2.11 [38]
烟叶Tobacco 38.50 12.10 70.50 [39]
生麻Raw jute 35.00 9.00 74.00 [40]
蔬菜Vegetables 4.32 1.42 5.50 [41-43]
瓜果Melon and fruit 4.95 2.95 7.00 [42-43]
茶叶Tea 64.00 20.00 36.00 [16]
苹果Apple 3.00 1.37 3.00 [43, 44]
梨Pear 5.00 2.00 5.00 [45]
柑橘Citrus 2.63 0.80 3.60 [16]


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表72010—2016年安徽省各市年均有机肥养分资源
Table7.Annual average nutrients yields of different organic fertilizers in different cities of Anhui Province from 2010 to 2016?×104 t
地区
Region		 市City N P2O5 K2O 总量
Total
皖北
Northern Anhui		 淮南Huainan 5.64 2.07 9.20 16.91
蚌埠Bengbu 8.74 2.80 10.58 22.12
淮北Huaibei 2.76 0.94 3.33 7.02
阜阳Fuyang 12.81 4.01 15.70 32.52
宿州Suzhou 13.07 4.01 13.69 30.77
亳州Bozhou 10.12 3.23 12.25 25.61
皖中
Central Anhui		 合肥Hefei 9.66 4.30 14.37 28.33
六安Liu’an 7.98 3.30 12.46 23.73
滁州Chuzhou 10.31 4.14 16.00 30.45
安庆Anqing 6.77 3.16 10.50 20.42
皖南
Southern Anhui		 芜湖Wuhu 4.52 2.12 6.98 13.62
马鞍山Ma’anshan 2.84 1.29 4.55 8.68
铜陵Tongling 1.53 0.72 2.63 4.88
黄山Huangshan 1.07 0.46 1.51 3.05
池州Chizhou 2.40 1.16 3.74 7.29
宣城Xuancheng 4.26 1.90 6.14 12.30
全省总计Total of province 104.49 39.60 143.62 287.70


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表82010—2016年安徽省主要作物年均经济产量养分需求量
Table8.Annual average nutrients demands of main crops in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2016?×104 t
作物
Crop		 产量
Grain yield		 作物需求量Crop demand
N P2O5 K2O 总计Total
水稻Rice 1 596.15 23.30 9.90 30.65 63.85
小麦Wheat 1 522.68 37.46 12.94 42.18 92.58
玉米Corn 455.76 11.76 4.47 12.67 28.90
大豆Soybean 112.52 9.16 2.59 3.60 15.35
薯类Tubers 78.61 0.42 0.11 0.47 1.00
花生Peanut 89.40 3.91 0.89 4.81 9.61
油菜Rape 127.39 5.48 3.44 11.08 20.00
芝麻Sesame 6.68 0.35 0.13 0.48 0.96
棉花Cotton 34.33 0.43 0.16 0.35 0.94
甘蔗Sugar cane 20.72 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.09
烟叶Tobacco 4.33 0.17 0.05 0.30 0.52
生麻Raw jute 2.42 0.08 0.02 0.18 0.28
蔬菜Vegetables 2 520.26 10.89 3.58 13.86 28.33
瓜果
Melon and fruit		 656.71 3.25 1.94 4.60 9.79
茶叶Tea 10.05 0.64 0.20 0.36 1.20
苹果Apple 39.23 0.12 0.05 0.12 0.29
梨Pear 106.92 0.53 0.21 0.53 1.27
柑橘Citrus 3.59 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02
全省总计
Total of province		 7 387.75 108.00 40.69 126.30 274.98


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表92010—2016年安徽省16市的作物年均养分需求量
Table9.Annual average nutrients demands of crops in 16 cities in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2016?×104 t
地区
Region		 市
City		 作物养分需求
Nutrients demand of crops
N P2O5 K2O 总计Total
皖北
Northern Anhui		 淮南Huainan 6.04 2.30 7.21 15.55
蚌埠Bengbu 9.37 3.24 10.85 23.46
淮北Huaibei 3.77 1.29 3.73 8.79
阜阳Fuyang 17.16 6.03 18.24 41.43
宿州Suzhou 14.28 5.05 15.19 34.52
亳州Bozhou 14.22 4.92 14.62 33.76
皖中
Central Anhui		 合肥Hefei 7.58 3.20 10.19 20.97
六安Liu’an 6.94 2.78 8.86 18.58
滁州Chuzhou 9.75 3.78 11.97 25.50
安庆Anqing 5.16 2.25 7.07 14.48
皖南
Southern Anhui		 芜湖Wuhu 3.58 1.53 4.88 9.99
马鞍山
Ma’anshan		 2.58 1.10 3.49 7.17
铜陵Tongling 1.36 0.60 1.88 3.84
黄山Huangshan 1.13 0.45 1.35 2.93
池州Chizhou 1.70 0.76 2.38 4.84
宣城Xuancheng 3.38 1.39 4.38 9.15
全省总计Total of province 107.99 40.69 126.30 274.98


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表10安徽省各市的化肥减施潜力
Table10.Chemical fertilizer reduction potentials in cities of Anhui Province
市City 总养分输入量
Total nutrient input (×104 t)		 推荐施肥量
Recommended amount of nutrient (×104 t)		 化肥减施潜力Chemical fertilizer reduction potential
减施量
Reduction amount(×104 t)		 单位耕地面积减施量
Reduction per unit farmland (kg·hm–2)		 比重
Proportion(%)
N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O
淮南Huainan 11.16 5.84 9.36 8.26 4.02 4.82 2.90 1.82 4.54 83.75 52.46 131.00 29.72 35.28 129.99
蚌埠Bengbu 17.67 8.90 12.53 10.58 5.64 6.67 7.09 3.26 5.86 194.09 89.26 160.42 45.49 40.41 93.19
淮北Huaibei 5.35 2.95 4.12 3.88 2.17 2.31 1.47 0.78 1.81 87.54 46.34 107.72 30.42 28.49 75.97
阜阳Fuyang 21.61 12.47 20.45 19.73 10.48 11.93 1.88 1.99 8.52 28.57 30.21 129.40 10.51 18.06 87.36
宿州Suzhou 19.67 9.67 15.81 16.79 9.52 10.69 2.88 0.15 5.12 51.75 2.75 92.03 17.34 1.77 60.86
亳州Bozhou 15.14 10.40 15.47 15.16 8.51 9.40 –0.02 1.89 6.07 –0.30 31.45 101.11 –0.14 20.01 74.44
合肥Hefei 17.68 9.98 15.04 15.53 7.97 10.41 2.15 2.01 4.63 40.77 38.10 87.64 13.48 22.36 62.06
六安Liu’an 19.96 7.82 13.15 11.39 5.39 7.19 8.57 2.43 5.96 175.49 49.78 122.05 46.49 34.72 92.25
滁州Chuzhou 18.84 11.40 15.39 14.09 6.77 8.39 4.75 4.63 7.00 66.66 64.95 98.25 28.08 44.56 100.20
安庆Anqing 12.07 6.97 11.15 11.39 5.52 7.33 0.68 1.45 3.82 19.72 42.27 111.04 6.21 23.07 65.84
芜湖Wuhu 9.09 4.36 6.72 6.73 3.34 4.29 2.36 1.02 2.43 94.49 40.87 97.33 28.36 26.06 75.37
马鞍山Ma’anshan 4.47 2.39 4.10 4.11 2.02 2.61 0.36 0.37 1.49 20.25 20.69 82.96 9.21 17.74 88.43
铜陵Tongling 1.80 1.21 2.34 2.96 1.36 1.81 –1.16 –0.15 0.53 –151.49 –19.98 68.61 –77.01 –14.89 61.96
黄山Huangshan 2.63 0.81 1.46 2.94 1.52 2.39 –0.31 –0.71 –0.93 –44.68 –102.87 –134.25 –2.54 –100.01 –130.51
池州Chizhou 3.70 1.33 3.22 3.67 1.74 2.30 0.03 –0.41 0.92 2.57 –31.00 68.83 1.02 –36.87 59.54
宣城Xuancheng 7.84 4.10 6.13 6.10 3.00 4.08 1.74 1.10 2.05 75.97 47.92 89.65 24.60 30.06 70.77
全省Total 188.68 100.59 156.44 153.30 78.95 96.62 35.38 21.64 59.82 62.01 37.92 104.85 21.28 23.97 78.61


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