间作系统氮调控对小麦氮钾营养及条锈病发生的影响

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朱锦惠^{1, 2, ?,},
郭增鹏^{1, ?,},
董坤³,
董艳^1,,
1.云南农业大学资源与环境学院昆明 650201
2.滇西应用技术大学普洱茶学院普洱 665000
3.云南农业大学动物科学技术学院昆明 650201
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目31560586
国家自然科学基金项目31860596

详细信息

作者简介:朱锦惠, 主要研究方向为植物营养与病害控制, E-mail:jinhuizhu321@163.com
郭增鹏, 主要研究方向为植物营养与病害控制, E-mail:guozp1993@163.com

通讯作者:董艳, 主要从事植物营养与病害控制的研究。E-mail:dongyanyx@163.com

???共同第一作者
中图分类号:S432.4

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收稿日期:2019-06-28
录用日期:2019-11-17
刊出日期:2020-02-01

Effects of N application on nitrogen and potassium nutrition and stripe rust of wheat in an intercropping system

ZHU Jinhui^{1, 2, ?,},
GUO Zengpeng^{1, ?,},
DONG Kun³,
DONG Yan^1,,
1. College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
2. College of Tea(Pu'er), West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Pu'er 665000, China
3. College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China31560586
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31860596

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Corresponding author:DONG Yan, E-mail:dongyanyx@163.com

???Equal contributors

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摘要
摘要:通过探讨间作和施氮对小麦植株氮钾养分吸收、分配及条锈病发生的影响，明确氮钾养分吸收和分配与小麦条锈病发生的关系，以期为合理施肥实现控病增产提供理论依据。在云南安宁和峨山两地布置田间小区试验，研究3种施氮水平（0 kg·hm^-2、90 kg·hm^-2和180 kg·hm^-2）和2种种植模式（小麦单作、小麦||蚕豆间作）对小麦植株氮钾含量与分配以及小麦条锈病发病率及病情指数的影响。结果表明，施氮增加了小麦产量，且间作增产效应显著；与单作相比，间作小麦平均显著增产31.9%（安宁）和18.0%（峨山）；小麦||蚕豆间作产量优势明显，土地当量比为1.20~1.37（安宁）和1.16~1.27（峨山），但间作增产优势随施氮量增加而降低。施氮在提高产量的同时也加重了小麦条锈病危害，随施氮量增加，单、间作小麦条锈病的发病率和病情指数均呈增加趋势。间作有较好的控病效果，与单作相比，间作小麦发病率、病情指数分别显著降低9.6%~22.0%、23.7%~33.7%（安宁）和29.5%~36.5%、29.3%~39.6%（峨山）。施氮增加了小麦植株氮含量，且主要累积在叶片，叶片氮含量占氮吸收总量的41.3%~47.4%（安宁）和35.9%~44.1%（峨山）；但间作显著降低小麦植株氮含量，并显著提高钾含量，因而显著降低了叶片氮/钾比。相关性分析表明，小麦条锈病发病率和病情指数与植株氮含量、叶片氮/钾比呈显著正相关，与钾含量呈极显著负相关。施氮增加了小麦植株氮含量，提高了叶片氮/钾比，进而加剧小麦条锈病发生；而间作则通过增加钾含量，降低小麦植株氮含量及叶片氮/钾比，平衡小麦植株内氮钾养分而增强小麦对条锈病的抗性。
关键词:小麦‖蚕豆间作/
小麦条锈病/
施氮量/
氮/
钾
Abstract:In order to provide a theoretical basis for rational fertilization to achieve disease control and yield increase of wheat, the effects of nitrogen (N) application levels and intercropping on the absorption and distribution of N and potassium (K) and the occurrence of stripe rust of wheat were studied. A field experiment with three N application rates-0 kg(N)·hm^-2 (N0), 90 kg(N)·hm^-2 (N1), 180 kg(N)·hm^-2 (N2)-and two planting patterns (wheat monocropping, and wheat and faba bean intercropping) were set up in Anning and Eshan, Yunnan Province to study the effect of N application rate and intercropping with faba bean on the content and distribution of N and K, and the incidence and disease index of wheat stripe rust. The results showed that wheat yeld was considerably increased by N application, especially in intercropping. Compared with monocropping, intercropping significantly increased wheat yield averagely by 31.9% (Anning) and 18.0% (Eshan). The yield advantage of wheat-faba bean intercropping was obvious and the land equivalent ratio (LER) was 1.20-1.37 (Anning) and 1.16-1.27 (Eshan) at the N0-N2 levels. However, the yield-increasing effect of intercropping was decreased with increase in the N application rate. N application not only increased the yield, but also aggravated the damage of wheat stripe rust, and therefore, the incidence and disease index were increased by 2.4%-30.0% and 5.6%-38.5% in Anning, and 6.4%-22.4% and 5.3%-43.2% in Eshan, respectively. Intercropping with faba bean presented a better control effect on wheat stripe rust than monocropping. The incidence and disease index of wheat stripe rust were reduced by 9.6%-22.0% and 23.7%-33.7% (Anning) and 29.5%-36.5% and 29.3%-39.6% (Eshan), respectively. The N content was increased by N application, which mainly accumulated in the leaves, accounting for 41.3%-47.4% (Anning) and 35.9%-44.1% (Eshan) of total N absorption. However, the N content was considerably reduced by 17.8%-21.8% (Anning) and 16.2%-16.9% (Eshan), whereas the K content was significantly increased by 22.6%-23.0% (Anning) and 16.2%-18.3% (Eshan), and thus the N/K ratio in the leaves was significantly reduced under intercropping system, compared with that under monocropping system. The correlation analysis showed that the incidence and disease index of wheat stripe rust were positively correlated with the plant N content and leaf N/K ratio, and negatively correlated with the K content. The N content in wheat plants and the N/K ratio in the leaves were increased by N application and thus, the occurrence of wheat stripe rust was aggravated. On the contrary, intercropping enhanced wheat resistance to stripe rust by increasing K content and reducing plant N content and N/K ratio in the leaves, and balancing N and K nutrients in wheat plants.
Key words:Wheat-faba bean intercropping/
Wheat stripe rust/
Nitrogen application rate/
Nitrogen/
Potassium
???Equal contributors

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图1小麦单作(左)、小麦‖蚕豆间作(右)小区小麦锈病病害调查示意图
Figure1.Sketch maps of wheat stripe rust investigation samples in fields of wheat monocropping (left) and wheat-faba bean intercropping (right)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图2施氮量和与蚕豆间作对小麦条锈病发病率(a)和病情指数(b)的影响
图中不同大写和小写字母分别表示单作、间作下不同施氮水平间差异显著(P < 0.05);*表示同一施氮水平下单、间作间差异显著(P < 0.05)。N0、N1和N2分别表示施氮量为0 kg·hm^-2、90 kg·hm^-2和180 kg·hm^-2。
Figure2.Effects of different N application levels and intercropping with faba bean on disease incidence (a) and disease index (b) of wheat trip rust
Different capital letters and lowercase letters represent significant differences among nitrogen application levels of monocropping and intercropping at 0.05 level, respectively. * represents difference between monocropping and intercropping at the same N application level, respectively. N0, N1 and N2 represent 0 kg(N)·hm^-2, 90 kg(N)·hm^-2 and 180 kg·hm^-2 of nitrogen application levels, respectively.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图3施氮量和与蚕豆间作对小麦植株氮(a)和钾(b)含量的影响
图中不同大写和小写字母分别表示单作、间作下不同施氮水平间差异显著(P < 0.05);*表示同一施氮水平下单、间作间差异显著(P < 0.05)。N0、N1和N2分别表示施氮量为0 kg·hm^-2、90 kg·hm^-2和180 kg·hm^-2。
Figure3.Effect of N application levels and intercropping with faba bean on nitrogen (a) and potassium (b) contents of wheat
Different capital letters and lowercase letters represent significant differences among nitrogen application levels of monocropping and intercropping at 0.05 level, respectively. * represents difference between monocropping and intercropping at the same N application level, respectively. N0, N1 and N2 represent 0 kg(N)·hm^-2, 90 kg(N)·hm^-2 and 180 kg·hm^-2 of nitrogen application levels, respectively.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图4不同施氮量和与蚕豆间作对小麦植株氮(a)和钾(b)分配的影响
N0、N1和N2分别表示施氮量为0 kg·hm^-2、90 kg·hm^-2和180 kg·hm^-2。
Figure4.Effects of N application levels and intercropping with faba bean on nitrogen (a) and potassium (b) allocation of wheat
N0, N1 and N2 represent 0 kg(N)·hm^-2, 90 kg(N)·hm^-2 and 180 kg·hm^-2 of nitrogen application levels, respectively.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图5施氮和与蚕豆间作对小麦叶片氮钾比的影响
图中不同大写和小写字母分别表示单作和间作下不同施氮水平间差异显著(P < 0.05);*表示同一施氮水平下单、间作间差异显著(P < 0.05)。N0、N1和N2分别表示施氮量为0 kg·hm^-2、90 kg·hm^-2和180 kg·hm^-2。
Figure5.Effects of N application levels and intercropping with faba bean on N/K of wheat leaf
Different capital letters and lowercase letters represent significant differences among nitrogen application levels of monocropping and intercropping at 0.05, respectively. * represents difference between monocropping and intercropping at the same N application level, respectively. N0, N1 and N2 represent 0 kg(N)·hm^-2, 90 kg(N)·hm^-2 and 180 kg·hm^-2 of nitrogen application levels, respectively.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表1不同试验地供试土壤的基本理化性状
Table1.The basic physical and chemical properties of soil in the two experimental sites

试验地 Experimental site	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolyzable N (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	pH
安宁Anning	14.9	1.3	60.5	55.2	29.8	7.2
峨山Eshan	28.9	2.1	102.0	100.5	36.9	6.7

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表2施氮量和与蚕豆间作对小麦产量的影响
Table2.Effects of N application levels and intercropping with faba bean on wheat yield

试验地 Experimental site	施氮量 Nitrogen level	小麦产量Wheat yield [kg(N)·hm^-2]			土地当量比 Land equivalent ratio
试验地 Experimental site	施氮量 Nitrogen level	单作Monocropping	间作Intercropping	平均Mean	土地当量比 Land equivalent ratio
安宁Anning	N0	2 526±233b	3 717±163b^*	3 122b	1.37±0.12
	N1	3 383±392a	4 531±128a^*	3 957a	1.31±0.17
	N2	3 846±191a	4 613±340a^*	4 230a	1.20±0.21
	平均Mean	3 251	4 287^*		1.29
峨山Eshan	N0	3 940±103b	4 851±258b^*	4 396b	1.26±0.10
	N1	4 432±311ab	5 546±312a^*	4 989a	1.27±0.08
	N2	5 177±414a	5 597±343a	5 387a	1.16±0.09
	平均Mean	4 516	5 331^*		1.23
同一试验地同列不同字母表示不同施氮水平间差异显著(P < 0.05), 表示在相同施氮水平下单作和间作间差异显著(P < 0.05)。N0、N1和N2分别表示施氮量为0 kg(N)·hm^-2、90 kg(N)·hm^-2和180 kg(N)·hm^-2。Different letters in the same column for the same experimental site indicate significant differences among nitrogen application levels at 0.05 level. means significant difference between monocropping and intercropping systems at the same nitrogen level at 0.05 level. N0, N1 and N2 represent 0 kg(N)·hm^-2, 90 kg(N)·hm^-2 and 180 kg·hm^-2 of nitrogen application rates, respectively.

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表3植株氮、钾含量及N/K与小麦条锈病发病率、病情指数的相关性分析
Table3.Correlation of disease incidence, index of wheat trip rust with N and K contents, N/K of wheat

	氮含量 Nitrogen content	钾含量 Potassium content	叶片N/K N/K in leaf
发病率Disease incidence	0.613^*	-0.744^**	0.751^**
病情指数Disease index	0.639^*	-0.902^**	0.726^**
n=12; P < 0.05; *P < 0.01.

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