伍方骥^{1, 2, 3,},
刘娜⁴,
胡培雷^{1, 2},
王克林^{1, 2},
张伟^{1, 2},
邹冬生^3,,
1.湖南农业大学 长沙 410128
2.中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所亚热带农业生态过程重点实验室 长沙 410125
3.中国科学院环江喀斯特生态系统观测研究站 环江 547100
4.河北地质大学商学院 石家庄 050031
基金项目: 河北省科技计划项目5457631D
国家重点研发计划项目2016YFC0502400
国家自然科学基金项目31670529

详细信息

作者简介:伍方骥, 主要从事区域生态学和恢复生态学研究。E-mail:547920964@qq.com

通讯作者:邹冬生, 主要研究方向为农业生态学研究。E-mail:zds@hunan.edu.cn

中图分类号:S15

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-10-06
录用日期:2019-11-12
刊出日期:2020-03-01

Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics during vegetation restoration and their responses to extreme water-logging disasters in a typical karst depression

WU Fangji^{1, 2, 3,},
LIU Na⁴,
HU Peilei^{1, 2},
WANG Kelin^{1, 2},
ZHANG Wei^{1, 2},
ZOU Dongsheng^3,,
1. Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China
2. Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Progresses in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
3. Huanjiang Observation and Research Station of Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China
4. Business School of Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
Funds: the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Province5457631D
the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFC0502400
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31670529

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Corresponding author:ZOU Dongsheng, E-mail: zds@hunan.edu.cn

摘要
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摘要
摘要:西南喀斯特地区是我国主要的生态脆弱区之一，石漠化严重，旱涝灾害频发。植被恢复是提升脆弱生态系统土壤碳氮固持的有效方式，但该区不同植被恢复方式土壤碳氮动态监测的研究还很缺乏。本研究以典型喀斯特峰丛洼地为对象，选取人工林、牧草地、人工林+牧草地、撂荒地自然恢复4种最主要的植被恢复方式为研究对象，以耕地作为对照，对比分析退耕前（2004年）、退耕10年（2014年）和13年后（2017年）土壤碳氮储量动态变化特征。其中2004-2014年研究区未发生极端内涝灾害，2014-2017年连续发生2次极端内涝灾害事件。研究结果表明，退耕10年后，4种恢复方式下土壤有机碳（SOC）储量均显著增加，但退耕13年后，除撂荒地SOC持续增加外，其他3种恢复方式下SOC表现出下降趋势。植被恢复后土壤全氮（TN）储量提升相对缓慢，退耕10年仅牧草地显著增加，退耕13年后人工林+牧草和撂荒地TN增加，且撂荒地在退耕后呈持续增加趋势。相关性分析结果表明，土壤交换性Ca²⁺与SOC、TN均呈显著正相关关系，且与2014年相比，2017年不同植物恢复方式下土壤交换性Ca²⁺均显著下降，这可能与研究区2015年和2016年连续内涝灾害有关。以上结果说明，不同恢复方式均能显著提升喀斯特地区土壤碳氮固持，并以自然恢复最佳，其生态系统能有效抵御极端气候灾害带来的负面影响。
关键词:喀斯特生态系统/
植被恢复方式/
植被恢复年限/
土壤有机碳/
土壤全氮/
内涝灾害
Abstract:The karst region in Southwest China is one of the most ecologically fragile areas characterized with severe rocky desertification, and increased and frequent flood events. Vegetation restoration has been recognized as an effective strategy for soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation in degraded ecosystems. However, soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics following vegetation restoration have not been evaluated with a long-term, fixed-point research approach in the karst areas. Thus, we compared the effects of vegetation restoration types on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks before (in 2004) and after 10 (in 2014) and 13 years (in 2017) of cropland abandonment. Four restoration strategies were implemented in the present study, namely, restoration with plantation forest, grassland, a combination of plantation forest and grassland, and spontaneous regeneration to a natural grassland. Cropland under maize-soybean rotation (CR) was used as the control. From 2004 to 2014, there were no extreme water-logging disasters, whereas from 2014 to 2017, two extreme water-logging disasters occurred in the study region. The results revealed that soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in all the four restored vegetation types significantly increased after 10 years of cropland abandonment, whereas after 13 years, the plantation forest, grassland, and the combination of plantation forest and grassland, except the natural grassland, showed a decreasing trend. The increase in the total nitrogen (TN) content of soil in response to vegetation restoration was less than that of SOC; the TN content significantly increased only in the grassland after 10 years of cropland abandonment. The TN content in the combination of plantation forest and grassland and natural grassland increased after 13 years of cropland abandonment, and that in the natural grassland continuously increased after cropland abandonment. The correlation analysis showed that soil exchangeable Ca²⁺ was positively correlated with SOC and TN (P < 0.05). However, the content of soil exchangeable Ca²⁺ significantly decreased in 2017 than in 2014. The reduction in soil exchangeable Ca²⁺ can be attributed to the continuous flood event in the study area in 2015 and 2016. Vegetation restoration can significantly improve soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration in karst areas. Furthermore, when compared with other vegetation restoration types, natural vegetation restoration was more beneficial to soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration, which can resist the negative effects of extreme climate disasters effectively.
Key words:Karst ecosystem/
Vegetation restoration measure/
Vegetation restoration years/
Soil organic carbon/
Soil total nitrogen/
Water-logging disaster

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图1不同植被恢复方式不同恢复年限下土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)储量变化特征
*和**分别表示两个时间段的变化值在P < 0.05水平和P < 0.01水平差异显著; 不同小写和大写字母表示不同植物恢复方式变化值2004—2014年和2014—2017年差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure1.Changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks under different vegetation restoration types for different restoration years
* and ** indicate significant differences between two periods at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different vegetation restoration types from 2004 to 2014 at P < 0.05; different capital letters indicate significant differences among different vegetation restoration types from 2014 to 2017, respectively, at P < 0.05.


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图2不同植被恢复方式不同恢复年限下土壤碳氮比变化特征
不同大写字母表示相同恢复年限不同植物恢复方式间P < 0.05水平差异显著, 不同小写字母表示同一植被恢复方式不同恢复年限间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure2.Soil ratio of carbon to nitrogen under different vegetation restoration types for different restoration years
Different capital letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) among different vegetation restoration types in the same restoration year. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) among different restoration years of the same vegetation restoration type.


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表1研究区不同植被恢复模式及样地特征
Table1.Vegetation types and characteristics of plots of different vegetation restoration patterns surveyed in the study

	对照(耕地) Control (cropland)	人工恢复Artificial restoration			自然恢复(撂荒地) Natural restoration (natural grassland)
		人工林 Plantation forest	牧草地 Grassland	人工林+牧草 Combination of plantation forest and grassland
优势种 Dominant species	玉米 Zea mays	任豆树 Zenia insignis	桂牧1号 Pennisetum purpureum cv, Guimu-1	任豆树、桂牧1号 Zenia insignis, Pennisetum purpureum cv, Guimu-1	类芦、五节芒、白茅 Neyraudia reynaudiana, Silver grass, Imperata cylindrica
人为措施 Artificial measures	每年翻耕1~2次, 施用无机肥料、农家肥和草木灰 Plowing 1-2 times per year; applied inorganic fertilizers, farm manure, and plant ash	种植当年翻耕和施肥 Ploughed and fertilized in the planting year	种植当年翻耕, 每年施用无机肥和农家肥, 牧草每年刈割3~4次 Ploughed in the planting year; applied inorganic fertilizers and farm manure, and mowed 3-4 times every year	种植当年翻耕, 每年施用无机肥和农家肥, 牧草每年刈割3~4次 Ploughed in the planting year; applied inorganic fertilizers and farm manure; and mowed 3-4 times every year	无耕作和施肥活动 No tillage and fertilization activities
干扰历史 Historical disturbances	连续100年以上耕种历史 Continuous farming for more than 100 years	100年以上耕作历史, 2004年退耕种植经济林 Continuous farming for more than 100 years, converting into economic forest in 2004	100年以上耕作历史, 2004年退耕种植牧草 Continuous farming for more than 100 years, converting into forage grassland in 2004	100年以上耕作历史, 2004年退耕混合种植人工林和牧草 Continuous farming for more than 100 years, converting to mixed plantation and grassland in 2004	100年以上耕作历史, 2004年撂荒自然恢复为草地 Continuous farming for more than 100 years, abandoning in 2004

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表2植被恢复过程中凋落物特征与土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)储量的相关性分析
Table2.Correlation analyses between litter properties and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks during vegetation restoration

	凋落物量 Litter fall	凋落物C Litter C	凋落物N Litter N
SOC储量SOC stock	-0.191	0.203	-0.202
TN储量TN stock	-0.153	0.389	-0.236

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表3不同植被恢复年限土壤交换性钙(Ca²⁺)与土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)储量相关性分析
Table3.Correlation analyses among exchangeable calcium (Ca²⁺) and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks in different vegetation restoration years

年份Year		SOC	TN	Ca2+
2014	SOC	1.000	0.498*	0.453*
	TN		1.000	0.070
	Ca2+			1.000
2017	SOC	1.000	0.814**	0.578**
	TN		1.000	0.659**
	Ca2+			1.000
*和**分别表示P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平显著相关。* and ** indicate significant correlation at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively.

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表4不同植物恢复10年(2014年)和13年(2017年)土壤交换性钙(Ca²⁺)含量
Table4.Contents of soil exchangeable calcium under different vegetation types in 2014 (restoration for 10 years) and 2017 (restoration for 13 yeas)

植物恢复方式 Vegetation restoration type	2014	2017
耕地Cropland	3.28±0.14	2.46±0.39
人工林Plantation forest	3.30±0.16A	2.32±0.15B
牧草地Grassland	3.60±0.48	2.60±0.18
人工林+牧草 Combination of plantation forest and grassland	3.82±0.50	2.67±0.24
撂荒地Natural grassland	3.80±0.38A	2.52±0.16B
同一行不同大写字母2014年与2017年间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different capital letters in the same line indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) between 2014 and 2017.

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