王莹^1,,
王亚静¹,
王红彦²,
王环¹,
毕于运^1,,
1.中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 北京 100081
2.中国农业科学院农业信息研究所 北京 100081
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目41771569

详细信息

作者简介:王莹, 主要研究方向为资源环境经济与政策。E-mail:caaswy@163.com

通讯作者:毕于运, 主要研究方向为资源环境经济与政策E-mail:biyuyun@caas.cn

中图分类号:S38

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-07-29
录用日期:2020-02-23
刊出日期:2020-06-01

Ecological value estimation method of the straw pyrolysis engineering

WANG Ying^1,,
WANG Yajing¹,
WANG Hongyan²,
WANG Huan¹,
BI Yuyun^1,,
1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2. Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China41771569

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Corresponding author:BI Yuyun, E-mail:biyuyun@caas.cn

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摘要
摘要:秸秆热解气化工程是一项高质消纳秸秆资源的生态生产工程，工程项目将秸秆资源转换产出"气、炭、油、液"，实现了秸秆资源的生态价值，对我国农业领域落实国家节能减排任务具有重要实践意义。准确估算秸秆热解气化工程的生态价值量，提供系统全面的定量评价指标体系与计算方法，是有效推动农业绿色发展的重要科学依据。本研究基于生态价值理论中的二分法理论，对秸秆热解气化工程生态价值量的构成进行分析，得出秸秆热解气化利用项目主要产生的生态效益资产由减排效益资产与废弃资源商品化资产共同构成。据此，建立了秸秆热解气化工程生态价值量估算总公式，即：秸秆热解气化工程生态价值量（V_PE）=秸秆热解气化工程减排效益货币价值（V_EB）+秸秆资源产品经济价值（V_RC）。在计算过程中，选取生命周期分析（LCA）法计量秸秆热解气化工程项目的净减排量，并借助二氧化碳影子价格将净减排量进行货币化，得到工程减排效益资产（V_EB）；而后，计算出通过生态生产项目实现的秸秆资源产品经济价值（V_RC）；最终，将V_EB与V_RC加总，得到秸秆热解气化工程生态价值量（V_PE）。本研究在方法构建的同时，采用文献调研法对各个计算环节所需参数的选取进行了分析与对比，提供了计算过程所需的参数体系。本研究在方法研究与参数研究一体化研究过程中，力图在以下3个方面取得实质性的突破和创新：一是不仅局限于从减排效益视角进行分析与研究，系统全面构建秸秆热解气化工程项目生态价值量估算模型。二是明确将项目生态"潜在价值"合理转化为市场"真实价值"，以货币价值形式对秸秆热解气化项目生态效益进行计价衡量。三是本研究在终端能源产品替代减排量估算研究过程中，考量了不同技术工艺水平和产品的能源转换率对温室气体排放的影响。
关键词:秸秆/
热解气化工程/
能源替代/
生态价值量/
估算方法/
参数体系
Abstract:The straw pyrolysis project is an ecological production project designed to convert high quality agricultural straw waste into gas, carbon, oil, and liquid. It has an important practical significance for conserving national energy and reducing emissions in the China's agricultural fields. It has been an important scientific basis to accurately estimate the ecological value of the straw pyrolysis project and provides a systematic and comprehensive quantitative evaluation index system and calculation method to effectively promote green development in agriculture. This paper analyzed the ecological value composition of straw pyrolysis engineering based on the dichotomy theory of ecological value theory. It was concluded that the main ecological beneficial assets generated by the project of straw pyrolysis project were emission reduction and waste resource commercialization. The general formula for estimating the ecological value of straw pyrolysis project established was the ecological value of straw pyrolysis and the gasification project (V_PE)=the monetary value of straw pyrolysis project emission reduction (V_EB) + the economic value of straw resource products (V_RC). In the calculation process, the life cycle analysis (LCA) method was selected to measure the net emission reduction of the straw pyrolysis project, and then the net emission reduction was valued with the help of carbon dioxide shadow prices to obtain the project's emission reduction (V_EB). Furthermore, the economic value of straw resource products achieved by the ecological production project (V_RC) was calculated. Finally, V_EB and V_RC were included to obtain the ecological value of straw pyrolysis and gasification engineering (V_PE). The method was designed using the literature research method to analyze the parameter selection required by each calculation link, and the parameter system required for the calculation process was provided. This study attempted to achieve substantial breakthroughs and innovations during the integration of both method and parameter research in the following three aspects:firstly, the ecological value estimation model of straw pyrolysis project was constructed; not limited to analysis and research from the emission reduction benefits perspective, with a more systematic and comprehensive ecological value estimation method and its required parameter system was established. Secondly, the potential value of the project should be reasonably converted into the "real market value"; in this study, the ecological benefits of the straw pyrolysis project were monetarily priced and measured. Thirdly, this study considered the impact of different technological levels and product energy conversion rates on greenhouse gas emissions during the process of estimating the displacement reduction of end-use energy products. Throughout the study, the general idea of "scientific modelling, reasonable pricing, and accurate estimation" was followed to provide a reliable foundation and support the decision to formulate the national energy saving and emission reduction plans.
Key words:Straw/
Pyrolysis engineering/
Energy substitution/
Ecological value/
Estimation method/
Parameter system

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图1秸秆热解气化工程生态价值量估算方法构建技术流程图
A_{BE, BP}主要由两个内容构成: 1)秸秆以焚烧方式处理产生的气体排放; 2)秸秆露天有氧堆放自然腐解所产生的气体排放。A_{BE, PE}指项目产品秸秆燃气、秸秆生物炭、木醋液和木焦油在不替代煤炭、化肥、农药的情景下, 利用石油煤炭、化肥、农药等所生产的温室气体排放。A_PE+A_UE采用生命周期评价法计算。
Figure1.Construction of ecological value estimation method for straw pyrolysis project
A_{BE, BP} is mainly composed of two parts: 1) gas emission from burning straw; 2) gas emissions from the decomposition of straw stacked in the open. A_{BE, PE} refers to the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the use of petroleum coal, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc. under the scenario that the project products straw gas, straw biochar, wood vinegar, and wood tar do not replace coal, fertilizers, and pesticides. A_PE+A_UE is calculated by the method of life cycle assessment analysis (LCA).


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表1小麦、玉米和水稻秸秆露天焚烧排放因子
Table1.Emission factors from open burning of wheat, corn and rice straws

作物 Crop	文献来源 Reference	秸秆含水率 Moisture content of straw (%)	排放因子Emission factor (g·kg-1)
			CO2	CH4	N2O
小麦 Wheat	[23]	10.69		4.22±0.51
	[23]	31.30		4.71±1.37
	[24]	10.76	1 339.11	3.30
	[24]	16.25	1 176.31	4.11
	[25]		1 235.81±45.38
	[26]		1 557.90±85.8
	[27]		586.39±20.25	2.22±0.12	0.05±0.002
玉米 Maize	[23]	10.44		2.41±0.46
	[23]	27.77
	[24]	7.92	1 294.23	5.40±0.01
	[24]	11.91	1 210.14
	[25]		1 330.96±58.25	3.31
	[26]		1 261.50±59.90	4.20
	[27]		620.72	2.95	0.12
水稻 Rice	[24]	9.52	1 287.63	4.09
	[24]	12.97	1 098.79	5.41
	[25]		1 248.10±42.88		.
	[26]		791.30
	[27]		656.27	2.19	0.11

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表2小麦、玉米和水稻秸秆露天焚烧建议排放因子
Table2.Suggested emission factors for open burning of wheat, corn and rice straw

秸秆种类 Straw type	排放因子Emission factor (g·kg-1)
	CO2	CH4	N2O
小麦Wheat	1 328	4.0	0.05
玉米Maize	1 274	3.8	0.12
水稻Rice	1 211	4.8	0.11

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表3作物秸秆热解多联产技术工艺参数
Table3.Process parameters of three straw carbonization polygeneration technologies

参数Parameter	A	B	C
产气量 Gas production (m3·kg-1)	0.40	0.35	0.30
气体热量 Gas calorific (MJ·m-3)	3~6	10~12	8~10
生物炭产量 Biochar production (kg·kg-1)	0.26~0.30	0.28~0.32	0.28~0.32
A:内加热连续式热解炭气联产技术工艺; B:外加热连续式热解炭气联产技术工艺; C:外加热连续式热解炭气油多联产技术工艺。A: internal heating type moving bed of biomass carbon gas cogeneration technology; B: external heating type moving bed pyrolysis carbon gas cogeneration technology; C: external heating type moving bed pyrolysis carbon gas generation technology.

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表4不同生物炭处理条件下CH₄与N₂O累积排放量
Table4.Cumulative emissions of CH₄ and N₂O under different treatments of biochar application

文献来源 Reference	试验地区 Region	观测时期(年-月) Observation period (year-month)	施肥条件 Fertilization condition	生物炭施用量 Biochar application rate (t·hm-2)	CH4排放量 CH4 emission (kg·hm-2)	N2O排放量 N2O emission (kg·hm-2)	综合温室效应 Comprehensive greenhouse effect [kg(CO2-e)·hm-2]
[31]	干旱区玉米农田 Corn fields in arid area	2018-05—2018-10	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	0	1.905	0.397	165.931
				15	2.999	0.296	163.183
				30	2.529	0.169	113.587
				45	0.323	0.054	24.167
[30]	太湖平原地区稻田 Rice fields in the Taihu Plain	2010-06—2010-10	不施肥 No fertilization	0			208.000
				10			285.000
				40			286.000
[32]	关中地区玉米农田 Corn fields in Guanzhong area	2015-06—2016-05	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	4	-0.300	1.040	302.420
				8	-0.340	0.910	262.680
[33]	成都平原稻田 Rice field in Chengdu Plain	2010-05—2011	不施肥 No fertilization	0			540.400
				20			964.510
				40			326.170
[34]	河套灌区玉米农田 Corn fields in Hetao Irrigation Area	2015-05—2015-10	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	0	-0.195	0.336	95.253
				15	-0.702	0.097	11.356
				30	-0.028	-0.028	-9.044
				45	-0.039	-0.035	-11.405

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表5燃料煤、柴油、天然气的IPCC(2006)国家温室气体排放系数清单
Table5.IPCC (2006) greenhouse gas emission coefficient list of fuel coal, diesel and natural gas

气体 Gas	排放源 Emission source	排放系数 Emission factor	单位 Unit
CO2	燃料煤Coal	94.6 (ICO2)	kg(CO2)·TJ-1
	柴油Diesel	74.1 (LCO2)
	天然气Natural gas	56.1 (JCO2)
CH4	燃料煤Coal	1.0 (ICH4)	kg(CH4)·TJ-1
	柴油Diesel	3.0 (LCH4)
	天然气Natural gas	1.0 (JCH4)
N2O	燃料煤Coal	1.5 (IN2O)	kg(N2O)·TJ-1
	柴油Diesel	0.6 (LN2O)
	天然气Natural gas	0.1 (JN2O)

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