), 颜懿菲, 牛更枫, 赵春晓, 罗梅, 张琳 青少年网络心理与行为教育部重点实验室, 华中师范大学心理学院, 湖北省人的发展与心理健康重点实验室, 武汉 430079
收稿日期:2020-10-14出版日期:2021-09-25发布日期:2021-07-22通讯作者:任志洪E-mail:ren@ccnu.edu.cn基金资助:华中师范大学中央高校基本科研业务费项目(CCNU20TD001);2020年江汉大学武汉研究院开放性课题重点课题(IWHS20201007)The double-edged-sword effect of empathy: The secondary traumatic stress and vicarious posttraumatic growth of psychological hotline counselors during the outbreak of COVID-19
LAI Lizu, REN Zhihong(), YAN Yifei, NIU Gengfeng, ZHAO Chunxiao, LUO Mei, ZHANG Lin Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
Received:2020-10-14Online:2021-09-25Published:2021-07-22Contact:REN Zhihong E-mail:ren@ccnu.edu.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 关注新型冠状病毒肺炎流行期间的心理援助热线咨询师由共情带来的消极和积极影响及机制, 并探究从消极影响转变为积极成长的内在机制具有重要的理论和实践意义。本研究以国内疫情期间, 776名在教育部华中师范大学心理援助热线平台上工作的咨询师(平均年龄42.57岁, 平均咨询经验12.44年)为研究对象, 使用问卷法测量热线心理咨询师的共情、正念、寻求意义、继发性创伤应激(Secondary Traumatic Stress, STS)和替代性创伤后成长(Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth, VPTG)。采用潜变量结构方程模型进行分析, 结果发现：(1)咨询师的共情正向预测STS和VPTG; (2) 正念在共情和STS间起部分中介作用, 寻求意义在共情和VPTG间起部分中介作用; (3) 共情还可以分别通过STS、STS-寻求意义、正念-STS、正念-STS-寻求意义的中介路径对VPTG起正向预测作用。该结果提示要辩证看待共情带来的消极和积极影响, 关注从消极反应到积极成长的转变, 这不仅能够深化共情及其影响的理论, 还能为相关研究应用提供启示。
图/表 5
表1被试基本信息
| 基本信息 | 被试 |
|---|---|
| N | 776 |
| 性别 (女性) (%) | 80.4% |
| 年龄 (M ± SD) | 42.57 (7.90) |
| 咨询经验(年) (M ± SD) | 12.44 (5.92) |
| 教育水平(N, %) | |
| 高中/专职院校 | 11 (1.4%) |
| 本科 | 169 (21.8%) |
| 硕士或者博士 | 596 (76.8%) |
| 经历个人创伤事件 | |
| 是 | 315 (40.6%) |
| 否 | 461 (59.4%) |
| 个案数 (M ± SD) | 11.26 (15.52) |
| 创伤个案数(M ± SD) | 1.73 (3.76) |
表1被试基本信息
| 基本信息 | 被试 |
|---|---|
| N | 776 |
| 性别 (女性) (%) | 80.4% |
| 年龄 (M ± SD) | 42.57 (7.90) |
| 咨询经验(年) (M ± SD) | 12.44 (5.92) |
| 教育水平(N, %) | |
| 高中/专职院校 | 11 (1.4%) |
| 本科 | 169 (21.8%) |
| 硕士或者博士 | 596 (76.8%) |
| 经历个人创伤事件 | |
| 是 | 315 (40.6%) |
| 否 | 461 (59.4%) |
| 个案数 (M ± SD) | 11.26 (15.52) |
| 创伤个案数(M ± SD) | 1.73 (3.76) |
表2各变量描述性统计结果和变量之间的相关(N = 776)
| 变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 性别 | 0.80 | 0.40 | - | ||||||||
| 年龄 | 42.57 | 7.90 | 0.03 | - | |||||||
| VPTG | 50.49 | 24.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | - | ||||||
| STS | 18.04 | 4.64 | 0.02 | -0.14*** | -0.30*** | - | |||||
| 寻求意义 | 22.89 | 8.27 | 0.02 | -0.17*** | 0.23*** | 0.23*** | - | ||||
| 共情 | 36.13 | 9.56 | -0.04 | -0.22*** | 0.22*** | 0.44*** | 0.23*** | - | |||
| 正念 | 69.98 | 9.17 | 0.09 | 0.21*** | -0.07* | -0.51*** | -0.23*** | -0.35*** | - | ||
| 创伤个案 | 1.73 | 3.76 | 0.01 | 0.07* | 0.06 | -0.01 | -0.02 | -0.00 | 0.01 | - | |
| 总个案 | 11.22 | 11.51 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.03 | -0.01 | -0.03 | 0.00 | 0.54*** | - |
表2各变量描述性统计结果和变量之间的相关(N = 776)
| 变量 | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 性别 | 0.80 | 0.40 | - | ||||||||
| 年龄 | 42.57 | 7.90 | 0.03 | - | |||||||
| VPTG | 50.49 | 24.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | - | ||||||
| STS | 18.04 | 4.64 | 0.02 | -0.14*** | -0.30*** | - | |||||
| 寻求意义 | 22.89 | 8.27 | 0.02 | -0.17*** | 0.23*** | 0.23*** | - | ||||
| 共情 | 36.13 | 9.56 | -0.04 | -0.22*** | 0.22*** | 0.44*** | 0.23*** | - | |||
| 正念 | 69.98 | 9.17 | 0.09 | 0.21*** | -0.07* | -0.51*** | -0.23*** | -0.35*** | - | ||
| 创伤个案 | 1.73 | 3.76 | 0.01 | 0.07* | 0.06 | -0.01 | -0.02 | -0.00 | 0.01 | - | |
| 总个案 | 11.22 | 11.51 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.03 | -0.01 | -0.03 | 0.00 | 0.54*** | - |
图1共情到STS和VPTG的中介模型
图1共情到STS和VPTG的中介模型
图2共情到VPTG发生机制全模型 注: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01; STS: 继发性创伤应激; VPTG: 替代性创伤后成长; 路径系数均为标准化系数。
图2共情到VPTG发生机制全模型 注: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01; STS: 继发性创伤应激; VPTG: 替代性创伤后成长; 路径系数均为标准化系数。表3链式中介模型中介效应显著性Bootstrap分析
| 间接路径 | 间接效应估计值 | p | 间接效应解释总效应百分比% | 95%的置信区间 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 下限 | 上限 | ||||
| 共情-寻求意义- VPTG | 0.039 | 0.005 | 17.43 | 0.016 | 0.073 |
| 共情- STS - VPTG | 0.077 | < 0.001 | 14.39 | 0.047 | 0.120 |
| 共情- STS -寻求意义- VPTG | 0.009 | 0.014 | 9.30 | 0.003 | 0.017 |
| 共情-正念- STS - VPTG | 0.038 | < 0.001 | 7.05 | 0.023 | 0.064 |
| 共情-正念- STS - 寻求意义- VPTG | 0.004 | 0.019 | 4.50 | 0.001 | 0.009 |
表3链式中介模型中介效应显著性Bootstrap分析
| 间接路径 | 间接效应估计值 | p | 间接效应解释总效应百分比% | 95%的置信区间 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 下限 | 上限 | ||||
| 共情-寻求意义- VPTG | 0.039 | 0.005 | 17.43 | 0.016 | 0.073 |
| 共情- STS - VPTG | 0.077 | < 0.001 | 14.39 | 0.047 | 0.120 |
| 共情- STS -寻求意义- VPTG | 0.009 | 0.014 | 9.30 | 0.003 | 0.017 |
| 共情-正念- STS - VPTG | 0.038 | < 0.001 | 7.05 | 0.023 | 0.064 |
| 共情-正念- STS - 寻求意义- VPTG | 0.004 | 0.019 | 4.50 | 0.001 | 0.009 |
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