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北京大学心理与认知科学学院暨行为与心理健康北京市重点实验室, 北京 100871
收稿日期:
2020-06-27出版日期:
2021-03-25发布日期:
2021-01-27通讯作者:
葛枭语E-mail:gexyu@foxmail.comMultidimensional psychology of filial piety (xiao): Differences in orientation and changes from ancient to modern times
GE Xiaoyu(![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/images/email.png)
School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871
Received:
2020-06-27Online:
2021-03-25Published:
2021-01-27Contact:
GE Xiaoyu E-mail:gexyu@foxmail.com摘要/Abstract
摘要: 孝的内在结构具有多面性, 但以往孝的量表存在信效度不高、掺入研究者主观意图、遗漏重要因素等弊端。研究通过经典文本改编和被试自由生成而编制条目, 通过因素分析与效标分析等方法考察孝的结构( 总样本量 = 1725), 发现孝包含尊敬安乐父母、服从父母、和颜对待父母、守身不辱父母、陪伴父母、扬名以显父母、思慕父母、不干涉父母、劝谏父母, 九因素结构具有良好的信效度。不同因素与效标变量(家庭自我概念、家庭弹性、父母教养方式、亲子边界不当、自立人格、服从倾向)具有不同的关联模式。这些发现反映出儒学论孝的敬慕之别、敬顺之变。此外讨论了不同因素的古今变迁。
图/表 5
表3验证性因素分析结果的对比(研究2)
模型 | χ2 | df | χ2/df | GFI | RMSEA | RMR | CFI | NFI | NNFI | TLI | IFI | 标准化载荷量最小值 | AVE最小值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
九因素模型 | 1074.98*** | 558 | 1.93 | 0.87 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.64 | 0.51 |
八因素模型 | 1161.57*** | 566 | 2.05 | 0.86 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.59 | 0.40 |
七因素模型 | 1445.82*** | 573 | 2.52 | 0.83 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.30 | 0.40 |
三因素模型 | 2727.11*** | 591 | 4.61 | 0.64 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.22 | 0.36 |
表3验证性因素分析结果的对比(研究2)
模型 | χ2 | df | χ2/df | GFI | RMSEA | RMR | CFI | NFI | NNFI | TLI | IFI | 标准化载荷量最小值 | AVE最小值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
九因素模型 | 1074.98*** | 558 | 1.93 | 0.87 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.64 | 0.51 |
八因素模型 | 1161.57*** | 566 | 2.05 | 0.86 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.59 | 0.40 |
七因素模型 | 1445.82*** | 573 | 2.52 | 0.83 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.30 | 0.40 |
三因素模型 | 2727.11*** | 591 | 4.61 | 0.64 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.22 | 0.36 |
表4孝各个维度的偏相关关系(研究2样本1, N = 396)
变量 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. 尊敬安乐父母 | (0.71) | ||||||||
2. 服从父母 | 0.29*** | (0.72) | |||||||
3. 和颜对待父母 | 0.41*** | 0.45*** | (0.77) | ||||||
4. 守身不辱父母 | 0.21*** | 0.40*** | 0.29*** | (0.74) | |||||
5. 陪伴父母 | 0.41*** | 0.30*** | 0.48*** | 0.16** | (0.73) | ||||
6. 扬名以显父母 | 0.24*** | 0.26*** | 0.21*** | 0.44*** | 0.16** | (0.71) | |||
7. 思慕父母 | 0.29*** | 0.39*** | 0.33*** | 0.33*** | 0.32*** | 0.28*** | (0.85) | ||
8. 不干涉父母 | 0.13** | 0.11* | 0.17** | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.15** | -0.02 | (0.77) | |
9. 劝谏父母 | 0.23*** | 0.04 | 0.23*** | 0.10* | 0.17** | 0.22*** | 0.05 | 0.39*** | (0.73) |
维度与总分的偏相关 | 0.65*** | 0.74*** | 0.73*** | 0.62*** | 0.58*** | 0.53*** | 0.58*** | 0.26*** | 0.32*** |
表4孝各个维度的偏相关关系(研究2样本1, N = 396)
变量 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. 尊敬安乐父母 | (0.71) | ||||||||
2. 服从父母 | 0.29*** | (0.72) | |||||||
3. 和颜对待父母 | 0.41*** | 0.45*** | (0.77) | ||||||
4. 守身不辱父母 | 0.21*** | 0.40*** | 0.29*** | (0.74) | |||||
5. 陪伴父母 | 0.41*** | 0.30*** | 0.48*** | 0.16** | (0.73) | ||||
6. 扬名以显父母 | 0.24*** | 0.26*** | 0.21*** | 0.44*** | 0.16** | (0.71) | |||
7. 思慕父母 | 0.29*** | 0.39*** | 0.33*** | 0.33*** | 0.32*** | 0.28*** | (0.85) | ||
8. 不干涉父母 | 0.13** | 0.11* | 0.17** | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.15** | -0.02 | (0.77) | |
9. 劝谏父母 | 0.23*** | 0.04 | 0.23*** | 0.10* | 0.17** | 0.22*** | 0.05 | 0.39*** | (0.73) |
维度与总分的偏相关 | 0.65*** | 0.74*** | 0.73*** | 0.62*** | 0.58*** | 0.53*** | 0.58*** | 0.26*** | 0.32*** |
表5孝各个维度与效标变量的偏相关关系(研究2)
变量 | 尊敬安乐父母 | 服从父母 | 和颜对待父母 | 守身不辱父母 | 陪伴父母 | 扬名以显父母 | 思慕父母 | 不干涉 父母 | 劝谏父母 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
家庭自我概念 | 0.46*** | 0.16** | 0.32*** | 0.16** | 0.33*** | 0.19*** | 0.20*** | 0.16** | 0.27*** |
家庭弹性 | 0.56*** | 0.25*** | 0.35*** | 0.36*** | 0.55*** | 0.43*** | 0.34*** | 0.27*** | 0.33*** |
父母教养方式 | |||||||||
● 关怀 | 0.23*** | 0.22*** | 0.31*** | 0.16** | 0.30*** | 0.13* | 0.17** | 0.03 | 0.08 |
● 过度保护 | -0.06 | 0.08 | -0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.12* | -0.06 | -0.03 |
● 冷漠/拒绝 | -0.23*** | -0.05 | -0.12* | -0.05 | -0.21*** | -0.10 | -0.12* | -0.01 | -0.10 |
● 给予自主性 | 0.18*** | -0.20*** | 0.11* | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 | -0.04 | 0.01 | 0.15** |
亲子边界不当 | |||||||||
● 诱发子女内疚 | 0.01 | 0.09 | -0.06 | 0.15* | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.12 | -0.12 | 0.09 |
● 亲子边界缺失 | -0.16* | 0.28*** | -0.04 | 0.14* | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.14* | -0.17* | 0.05 |
● 子女的家长化 | -0.25*** | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.05 | -0.05 | 0.06 | -0.12 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
● 对子女使用心理控制 | -0.38*** | 0.38*** | -0.01 | 0.10 | -0.17* | -0.13 | -0.05 | -0.10 | -0.29*** |
● 父母与子女关系三角化 | -0.05 | -0.04 | -0.03 | 0.08 | -0.15* | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
子女的自立人格 | |||||||||
● 个人自立 | 0.32*** | 0.01 | 0.17* | 0.11 | 0.22** | 0.21** | -0.03 | 0.16* | 0.22** |
● 人际自立 | 0.19** | -0.25*** | -0.06 | -0.01 | 0.09 | -0.05 | -0.16* | 0.04 | 0.19** |
子女的服从倾向 | -0.09 | 0.21*** | 0.01 | 0.09 | -0.05 | 0.03 | 0.17** | -0.08 | -0.20*** |
表5孝各个维度与效标变量的偏相关关系(研究2)
变量 | 尊敬安乐父母 | 服从父母 | 和颜对待父母 | 守身不辱父母 | 陪伴父母 | 扬名以显父母 | 思慕父母 | 不干涉 父母 | 劝谏父母 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
家庭自我概念 | 0.46*** | 0.16** | 0.32*** | 0.16** | 0.33*** | 0.19*** | 0.20*** | 0.16** | 0.27*** |
家庭弹性 | 0.56*** | 0.25*** | 0.35*** | 0.36*** | 0.55*** | 0.43*** | 0.34*** | 0.27*** | 0.33*** |
父母教养方式 | |||||||||
● 关怀 | 0.23*** | 0.22*** | 0.31*** | 0.16** | 0.30*** | 0.13* | 0.17** | 0.03 | 0.08 |
● 过度保护 | -0.06 | 0.08 | -0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.12* | -0.06 | -0.03 |
● 冷漠/拒绝 | -0.23*** | -0.05 | -0.12* | -0.05 | -0.21*** | -0.10 | -0.12* | -0.01 | -0.10 |
● 给予自主性 | 0.18*** | -0.20*** | 0.11* | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 | -0.04 | 0.01 | 0.15** |
亲子边界不当 | |||||||||
● 诱发子女内疚 | 0.01 | 0.09 | -0.06 | 0.15* | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.12 | -0.12 | 0.09 |
● 亲子边界缺失 | -0.16* | 0.28*** | -0.04 | 0.14* | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.14* | -0.17* | 0.05 |
● 子女的家长化 | -0.25*** | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.05 | -0.05 | 0.06 | -0.12 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
● 对子女使用心理控制 | -0.38*** | 0.38*** | -0.01 | 0.10 | -0.17* | -0.13 | -0.05 | -0.10 | -0.29*** |
● 父母与子女关系三角化 | -0.05 | -0.04 | -0.03 | 0.08 | -0.15* | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
子女的自立人格 | |||||||||
● 个人自立 | 0.32*** | 0.01 | 0.17* | 0.11 | 0.22** | 0.21** | -0.03 | 0.16* | 0.22** |
● 人际自立 | 0.19** | -0.25*** | -0.06 | -0.01 | 0.09 | -0.05 | -0.16* | 0.04 | 0.19** |
子女的服从倾向 | -0.09 | 0.21*** | 0.01 | 0.09 | -0.05 | 0.03 | 0.17** | -0.08 | -0.20*** |
表6被试心目中理想的孝与父母心目中对子女的期待(百分比) (研究3)
变量 | 尊敬安乐父母 | 服从父母 | 和颜对待父母 | 守身不辱父母 | 陪伴父母 | 扬名以显父母 | 思慕父母 | 不干涉 父母 | 劝谏父母 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
被试心目中理想的孝 | |||||||||
● 符合(分数≥5) | 99.5% | 17.2% | 77.8% | 62.9% | 93.2% | 73.3% | 49.8% | 88.2% | 94.1% |
● 不符合(分数≤3) | 0.0% | 21.7% | 2.3% | 10.9% | 0.0% | 3.2% | 17.2% | 1.4% | 0.0% |
父母心目中对子女的期待 | |||||||||
● 期待(分数≥5) | 92.5% | 13.1% | 71.4% | 75.6% | 80.3% | 66.7% | 39.0% | 80.8% | 91.5% |
● 不期待(分数≤3) | 0.5% | 35.7% | 4.7% | 4.2% | 1.9% | 5.6% | 33.8% | 1.9% | 0.9% |
表6被试心目中理想的孝与父母心目中对子女的期待(百分比) (研究3)
变量 | 尊敬安乐父母 | 服从父母 | 和颜对待父母 | 守身不辱父母 | 陪伴父母 | 扬名以显父母 | 思慕父母 | 不干涉 父母 | 劝谏父母 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
被试心目中理想的孝 | |||||||||
● 符合(分数≥5) | 99.5% | 17.2% | 77.8% | 62.9% | 93.2% | 73.3% | 49.8% | 88.2% | 94.1% |
● 不符合(分数≤3) | 0.0% | 21.7% | 2.3% | 10.9% | 0.0% | 3.2% | 17.2% | 1.4% | 0.0% |
父母心目中对子女的期待 | |||||||||
● 期待(分数≥5) | 92.5% | 13.1% | 71.4% | 75.6% | 80.3% | 66.7% | 39.0% | 80.8% | 91.5% |
● 不期待(分数≤3) | 0.5% | 35.7% | 4.7% | 4.2% | 1.9% | 5.6% | 33.8% | 1.9% | 0.9% |
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2021-53-3/Images/0439-755X-53-3-306/img_2.png)
图1被试心目中理想的孝与父母心目中对子女的期待(平均值) (研究3)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2021-53-3/Images/0439-755X-53-3-306/img_2.png)
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