单亲家庭儿童相对剥夺感与心理适应的循环作用关系：一项追踪研究

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熊猛¹^,², 刘若瑾¹, 叶一舵³(

)

¹长江大学教育与体育学院心理学系, 湖北荆州 434023
²Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH89JZ, UK
³福建师范大学心理学院, 福州 350117

收稿日期:2019-10-12出版日期:2021-01-25发布日期:2020-11-24
通讯作者:叶一舵E-mail:yeyiduo@163.com

基金资助:* 全国教育科学规划教育部青年课题“处境不利儿童的相对剥夺感对其心理社会适应的影响机制及追踪研究”(EBA160408)

Reciprocal relations between relative deprivation and psychological adjustment among single-parent children in China: A longitudinal study

XIONG Meng¹^,², LIU Ruojin¹, YE Yiduo³(

)

¹Department of Psychology, School of Educaiton and Sport Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
²Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH89JZ, UK
³School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China

Received:2019-10-12Online:2021-01-25Published:2020-11-24
Contact:YE Yiduo E-mail:yeyiduo@163.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 本研究基于经典相对剥夺理论和发展情境理论, 采用纵向设计, 以湖北省某地区273名单亲家庭儿童为被试, 进行连续3次的追踪测查, 考察单亲家庭儿童相对剥夺感与心理适应的特点及其循环作用关系。结果发现: (1)单亲家庭男生的抑郁和孤独感水平比女生高; 贫困单亲家庭儿童的相对剥夺感、抑郁和孤独感水平比非贫困单亲家庭儿童高, 自尊水平比非贫困单亲家庭儿童低; (2)控制了性别、学段和家庭经济状况后, 在个体内水平上T1时的相对剥夺感显著负向预测T2时的心理适应, 进而显著负向预测T3时的相对剥夺感, 同时T2时的相对剥夺感也能显著负向预测T3时的心理适应; (3)相对剥夺感与心理适应的循环作用在不同家庭经济状况单亲儿童中存在显著差异, 贫困单亲家庭儿童的心理适应对其相对剥夺感的作用比非贫困单亲家庭儿童更大。可见, 单亲家庭儿童的相对剥夺感与心理适应存在循环作用关系, 即前测(T_n)的相对剥夺感会导致后测(T_n+1)的心理适应不良, 进而影响后测(T_n+2)的相对剥夺感, 研究结果对于单亲家庭儿童心理适应的干预具有一定启示意义。

图/表 5

表1各量表在3个时间点的纵向测量等值性检验结果

变量	Model	χ2	df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	模型比较	Δχ2	Δdf	p
相对剥夺	M1: 形态等值	240.16	106	0.95	0.94	0.07
	M2: 弱等值性	256.99	115	0.95	0.94	0.06	M2-M1	16.83	9	>0.05
	M3: 强等值性	265.87	124	0.94	0.93	0.06	M3-M2	8.88	9	>0.05
	M4: 严格等值	280.63	135	0.93	0.93	0.06	M4-M3	14.76	11	>0.05
抑郁	M1: 形态等值	254.19	76	0.94	0.93	0.07
	M2: 弱等值性	268.83	84	0.93	0.92	0.07	M2-M1	14.64	8	>0.05
	M3: 强等值性	276.11	92	0.93	0.92	0.07	M3-M2	7.28	8	>0.05
	M4: 严格等值	289.40	102	0.92	0.92	0.07	M4-M3	13.29	10	>0.05
孤独感	M1: 形态等值	276.33	82	0.93	0.93	0.07
	M2: 弱等值性	292.76	91	0.93	0.92	0.07	M2-M1	16.43	9	>0.05
	M3: 强等值性	301.03	100	0.93	0.92	0.07	M3-M2	8.27	9	>0.05
	M4: 严格等值	313.44	111	0.92	0.91	0.07	M4-M3	12.41	11	>0.05
社交焦虑	M1: 形态等值	218.33	65	0.94	0.93	0.07
	M2: 弱等值性	231.59	75	0.93	0.92	0.07	M2-M1	13.26	10	>0.05
	M3: 强等值性	238.45	85	0.93	0.92	0.06	M3-M2	6.86	10	>0.05
	M4: 严格等值	249.79	97	0.92	0.92	0.06	M4-M3	11.34	12	>0.05
自尊	M1: 形态等值	214.08	64	0.95	0.94	0.07
	M2: 弱等值性	227.32	73	0.94	0.93	0.07	M2-M1	13.24	9	>0.05
	M3: 强等值性	233.48	82	0.94	0.93	0.06	M3-M2	6.16	9	>0.05
	M4: 严格等值	245.80	94	0.93	0.92	0.06	M4-M3	12.32	12	>0.05

表1各量表在3个时间点的纵向测量等值性检验结果

变量	Model	χ2	df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	模型比较	Δχ2	Δdf	p
相对剥夺	M1: 形态等值	240.16	106	0.95	0.94	0.07
	M2: 弱等值性	256.99	115	0.95	0.94	0.06	M2-M1	16.83	9	>0.05
	M3: 强等值性	265.87	124	0.94	0.93	0.06	M3-M2	8.88	9	>0.05
	M4: 严格等值	280.63	135	0.93	0.93	0.06	M4-M3	14.76	11	>0.05
抑郁	M1: 形态等值	254.19	76	0.94	0.93	0.07
	M2: 弱等值性	268.83	84	0.93	0.92	0.07	M2-M1	14.64	8	>0.05
	M3: 强等值性	276.11	92	0.93	0.92	0.07	M3-M2	7.28	8	>0.05
	M4: 严格等值	289.40	102	0.92	0.92	0.07	M4-M3	13.29	10	>0.05
孤独感	M1: 形态等值	276.33	82	0.93	0.93	0.07
	M2: 弱等值性	292.76	91	0.93	0.92	0.07	M2-M1	16.43	9	>0.05
	M3: 强等值性	301.03	100	0.93	0.92	0.07	M3-M2	8.27	9	>0.05
	M4: 严格等值	313.44	111	0.92	0.91	0.07	M4-M3	12.41	11	>0.05
社交焦虑	M1: 形态等值	218.33	65	0.94	0.93	0.07
	M2: 弱等值性	231.59	75	0.93	0.92	0.07	M2-M1	13.26	10	>0.05
	M3: 强等值性	238.45	85	0.93	0.92	0.06	M3-M2	6.86	10	>0.05
	M4: 严格等值	249.79	97	0.92	0.92	0.06	M4-M3	11.34	12	>0.05
自尊	M1: 形态等值	214.08	64	0.95	0.94	0.07
	M2: 弱等值性	227.32	73	0.94	0.93	0.07	M2-M1	13.24	9	>0.05
	M3: 强等值性	233.48	82	0.94	0.93	0.06	M3-M2	6.16	9	>0.05
	M4: 严格等值	245.80	94	0.93	0.92	0.06	M4-M3	12.32	12	>0.05

表2单亲家庭儿童相对剥夺感和心理适应在各时间点的描述性统计(M ± SD)

变量	男生(n = 138)	女生(n = 135)	小学(n = 148)	初中(n = 125)	贫困家庭(n = 128)	非贫困家庭(n = 145)
T1相对剥夺	4.09 ± 0.95	3.93 ± 0.85	3.56 ± 0.94	3.78 ± 0.96	4.90 ± 0.43	3.79 ± 0.82
T1抑郁	1.95 ± 0.72	1.84 ± 0.57	1.81 ± 0.58	1.89 ± 0.46	2.41 ± 0.87	1.76 ± 0.50
T1孤独感	2.10 ± 0.83	1.81 ± 0.38	1.87 ± 0.65	1.99 ± 0.58	2.59 ± 0.65	1.77 ± 0.46
T1社交焦虑	1.10 ± 0.70	0.94 ± 0.63	0.94 ± 0.83	1.12 ± 0.65	1.34 ± 0.61	0.92 ± 0.64
T1自尊	2.62 ± 0.62	2.80 ± 0.35	2.78 ± 0.46	2.68 ± 0.36	2.42 ± 0.51	2.80 ± 0.43
T2相对剥夺	4.21 ± 0.79	3.74 ± 0.96	4.24 ± 1.11	4.06 ± 0.84	4.93 ± 0.64	3.58 ± 0.79
T2抑郁	2.09 ± 0.20	1.83 ± 0.22	2.00 ± 0.55	2.09 ± 0.41	1.96 ± 0.27	1.88 ± 0.24
T2孤独感	2.33 ± 0.35	2.06 ± 0.26	2.23 ± 0.47	2.21 ± 0.36	2.31 ± 0.51	2.07 ± 0.22
T2社会焦虑	1.20 ± 0.62	1.13 ± 0.62	0.91 ± 0.66	1.26 ± 0.67	1.34 ± 0.44	1.10 ± 0.64
T2自尊	2.63 ± 0.72	3.02 ± 0.35	2.69 ± 0.16	2.64 ± 0.26	2.26 ± 0.44	3.09 ± 0.32
T3相对剥夺	4.16 ± 0.81	3.78 ± 0.91	3.94 ± 0.94	3.77 ± 0.73	4.94 ± 0.69	3.68 ± 0.76
T3抑郁	2.31 ± 0.37	1.96 ± 0.35	2.36 ± 0.45	2.12 ± 0.30	2.38 ± 0.49	2.00 ± 0.34
T3孤独感	2.29 ± 0.43	2.01 ± 0.24	2.31 ± 0.34	2.12 ± 0.34	2.36 ± 0.58	2.05 ± 0.24
T3社会焦虑	1.51 ± 0.69	1.03 ± 0.68	1.13 ± 0.61	1.18 ± 0.68	1.70 ± 0.96	1.06 ± 0.62
T3自尊	2.60 ± 0.54	2.70 ± 0.46	2.86 ± 0.42	2.69 ± 0.22	2.38 ± 0.45	2.96 ± 0.46

表2单亲家庭儿童相对剥夺感和心理适应在各时间点的描述性统计(M ± SD)

变量	男生(n = 138)	女生(n = 135)	小学(n = 148)	初中(n = 125)	贫困家庭(n = 128)	非贫困家庭(n = 145)
T1相对剥夺	4.09 ± 0.95	3.93 ± 0.85	3.56 ± 0.94	3.78 ± 0.96	4.90 ± 0.43	3.79 ± 0.82
T1抑郁	1.95 ± 0.72	1.84 ± 0.57	1.81 ± 0.58	1.89 ± 0.46	2.41 ± 0.87	1.76 ± 0.50
T1孤独感	2.10 ± 0.83	1.81 ± 0.38	1.87 ± 0.65	1.99 ± 0.58	2.59 ± 0.65	1.77 ± 0.46
T1社交焦虑	1.10 ± 0.70	0.94 ± 0.63	0.94 ± 0.83	1.12 ± 0.65	1.34 ± 0.61	0.92 ± 0.64
T1自尊	2.62 ± 0.62	2.80 ± 0.35	2.78 ± 0.46	2.68 ± 0.36	2.42 ± 0.51	2.80 ± 0.43
T2相对剥夺	4.21 ± 0.79	3.74 ± 0.96	4.24 ± 1.11	4.06 ± 0.84	4.93 ± 0.64	3.58 ± 0.79
T2抑郁	2.09 ± 0.20	1.83 ± 0.22	2.00 ± 0.55	2.09 ± 0.41	1.96 ± 0.27	1.88 ± 0.24
T2孤独感	2.33 ± 0.35	2.06 ± 0.26	2.23 ± 0.47	2.21 ± 0.36	2.31 ± 0.51	2.07 ± 0.22
T2社会焦虑	1.20 ± 0.62	1.13 ± 0.62	0.91 ± 0.66	1.26 ± 0.67	1.34 ± 0.44	1.10 ± 0.64
T2自尊	2.63 ± 0.72	3.02 ± 0.35	2.69 ± 0.16	2.64 ± 0.26	2.26 ± 0.44	3.09 ± 0.32
T3相对剥夺	4.16 ± 0.81	3.78 ± 0.91	3.94 ± 0.94	3.77 ± 0.73	4.94 ± 0.69	3.68 ± 0.76
T3抑郁	2.31 ± 0.37	1.96 ± 0.35	2.36 ± 0.45	2.12 ± 0.30	2.38 ± 0.49	2.00 ± 0.34
T3孤独感	2.29 ± 0.43	2.01 ± 0.24	2.31 ± 0.34	2.12 ± 0.34	2.36 ± 0.58	2.05 ± 0.24
T3社会焦虑	1.51 ± 0.69	1.03 ± 0.68	1.13 ± 0.61	1.18 ± 0.68	1.70 ± 0.96	1.06 ± 0.62
T3自尊	2.60 ± 0.54	2.70 ± 0.46	2.86 ± 0.42	2.69 ± 0.22	2.38 ± 0.45	2.96 ± 0.46

表3T1→T3单亲家庭儿童相对剥夺感与心理适应各指标的相关分析

变量		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
1.	T1相对剥夺	1
2.	T1抑郁	0.53^**	1
3.	T1孤独感	0.53^**	0.45^**	1
4.	T1社交焦虑	0.30^*	0.60^**	0.32^*	1
5.	T1自尊	-0.55^**	-0.64^**	-0.26^*	-0.52^**	1
6.	T2相对剥夺	0.64^**	0.51^**	0.42^*	0.30^*	-0.40^*	1
7.	T2抑郁	0.26^*	0.32^*	0.27^*	0.33^*	-0.35^*	0.24^*	1
8.	T2孤独感	0.21^*	0.24^*	0.51^**	0.38^*	-0.30^*	0.28^*	0.67^**	1
9.	T2社会焦虑	0.22^*	0.52^**	0.28^*	0.71^***	-0.37^*	0.23^*	0.37^*	0.31^*	1
10.	T2自尊	-0.40^*	-0.53^**	-0.58^**	-0.45^**	0.60^**	-0.41^*	-0.36^*	-0.54^**	-0.35^*	1
11.	T3相对剥夺	0.68^**	0.64^**	0.60^**	0.46^**	-0.33^*	0.83^***	0.33^*	0.36^*	0.50^**	-0.48^**	1
12.	T3抑郁	0.28^*	0.40^*	0.61^**	0.34^*	-0.22^*	0.23^*	0.63^**	0.67^**	0.36^*	-0.52^**	0.30^*	1
13.	T3孤独感	0.33^*	0.42^*	0.59^**	0.37^*	0.23^*	0.29^*	0.66^**	0.80^***	0.25^*	-0.52^**	0.28^*	0.62^**	1
14.	T3社会焦虑	0.37^*	0.61^**	0.55^**	0.65^**	-0.30^*	0.30^*	0.59^**	0.46^**	0.83^***	-0.34^*	0.49^**	0.55^**	0.53^**	1
15.	T3自尊	-0.58^**	-0.65^**	-0.47^**	-0.36^*	0.60^**	-0.44^*	0.46^*	-0.23^*	-0.25^*	0.57^**	-0.35^*	-0.39^*	-0.24^*	-0.33^*

表3T1→T3单亲家庭儿童相对剥夺感与心理适应各指标的相关分析

变量		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
1.	T1相对剥夺	1
2.	T1抑郁	0.53^**	1
3.	T1孤独感	0.53^**	0.45^**	1
4.	T1社交焦虑	0.30^*	0.60^**	0.32^*	1
5.	T1自尊	-0.55^**	-0.64^**	-0.26^*	-0.52^**	1
6.	T2相对剥夺	0.64^**	0.51^**	0.42^*	0.30^*	-0.40^*	1
7.	T2抑郁	0.26^*	0.32^*	0.27^*	0.33^*	-0.35^*	0.24^*	1
8.	T2孤独感	0.21^*	0.24^*	0.51^**	0.38^*	-0.30^*	0.28^*	0.67^**	1
9.	T2社会焦虑	0.22^*	0.52^**	0.28^*	0.71^***	-0.37^*	0.23^*	0.37^*	0.31^*	1
10.	T2自尊	-0.40^*	-0.53^**	-0.58^**	-0.45^**	0.60^**	-0.41^*	-0.36^*	-0.54^**	-0.35^*	1
11.	T3相对剥夺	0.68^**	0.64^**	0.60^**	0.46^**	-0.33^*	0.83^***	0.33^*	0.36^*	0.50^**	-0.48^**	1
12.	T3抑郁	0.28^*	0.40^*	0.61^**	0.34^*	-0.22^*	0.23^*	0.63^**	0.67^**	0.36^*	-0.52^**	0.30^*	1
13.	T3孤独感	0.33^*	0.42^*	0.59^**	0.37^*	0.23^*	0.29^*	0.66^**	0.80^***	0.25^*	-0.52^**	0.28^*	0.62^**	1
14.	T3社会焦虑	0.37^*	0.61^**	0.55^**	0.65^**	-0.30^*	0.30^*	0.59^**	0.46^**	0.83^***	-0.34^*	0.49^**	0.55^**	0.53^**	1
15.	T3自尊	-0.58^**	-0.65^**	-0.47^**	-0.36^*	0.60^**	-0.44^*	0.46^*	-0.23^*	-0.25^*	0.57^**	-0.35^*	-0.39^*	-0.24^*	-0.33^*

图1单亲家庭儿童相对剥夺感与心理适应之间的随机截距交叉滞后效应模型注: 为了使模型清晰可见, 我们对模型进行了简化, 将相对剥夺感和心理适应的指标进行打包处理, 分别由原来的4个指标形成1个指标, 各变量的测量模型的负荷值在图中也省略未报告; R表示个体间水平的潜变量(随机截距), C表示个体内水平的潜变量; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001。

变量	模型拟合					模型比较
变量	χ2	df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	模型	Δχ2	Δdf	p
性别
M1: 自由估计	327.33	72	0.94	0.93	0.06
M2: 限定交叉滞后路径相等	338.61	79	0.93	0.92	0.06	M2-M1	11.28	7	>0.05
学段
M1: 自由估计	315.42	74	0.93	0.92	0.05
M2: 限定交叉滞后路径相等	326.14	81	0.92	0.92	0.05	M2-M1	10.72	7	>0.05
家庭经济状况
M1: 自由估计	287.41	84	0.96	0.94	0.05
M2: 限定交叉滞后路径相等	306.79	92	0.95	0.94	0.05	M2-M1	19.38	8	<0.05

表4不同性别、学段和家庭经济状况单亲儿童在交叉滞后模型上的差异比较

变量	模型拟合					模型比较
变量	χ2	df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	模型	Δχ2	Δdf	p
性别
M1: 自由估计	327.33	72	0.94	0.93	0.06
M2: 限定交叉滞后路径相等	338.61	79	0.93	0.92	0.06	M2-M1	11.28	7	>0.05
学段
M1: 自由估计	315.42	74	0.93	0.92	0.05
M2: 限定交叉滞后路径相等	326.14	81	0.92	0.92	0.05	M2-M1	10.72	7	>0.05
家庭经济状况
M1: 自由估计	287.41	84	0.96	0.94	0.05
M2: 限定交叉滞后路径相等	306.79	92	0.95	0.94	0.05	M2-M1	19.38	8	<0.05

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