) 中国人民大学心理学系、国家民委民族语言文化心理重点研究基地、教育部民族教育发展中心民族心理与教育重点研究基地, 北京 100872
收稿日期:2019-09-10出版日期:2020-09-25发布日期:2020-07-24通讯作者:张积家E-mail:Zhangjj1955@163.com基金资助:* 国家民委民族问题研究重点项目“少数民族学生双语学习认知规律研究”(2017-GMA-004);中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金资助项目)“社会变迁背景下的社会排斥研究”(16XNLQ05)The influence of multilingualism and multiculturalism on individual and social switching: Evidence from the Xibe
GUO Renhao, WANG Ting, ZHANG Jijia() Key Research Center for National Psychology and Education, the National Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100872, China
Received:2019-09-10Online:2020-09-25Published:2020-07-24Contact:ZHANG Jijia E-mail:Zhangjj1955@163.com摘要/Abstract
摘要： 多民族国家由多个民族和族群组成。个体处于各种民族关系或族群关系中, 需要与其他民族或族群的人协作。“西迁”使我国的锡伯族分居于新疆和东北, 走上了不同的发展道路。新疆锡伯族处于多元语言文化中, 不仅保留了本民族的语言和文字, 也汲取了周边民族的语言文化营养; 而东北锡伯族则与汉族融合, 逐渐失去了本民族的语言和文字, 转用汉语和汉字。采用经典认知转换任务和联合认知转换任务, 对比新疆锡伯族和东北锡伯族在个体情境下和社会情境下的认知转换功能差异, 探讨多元语言文化对个体情境下与社会情境下认知转换功能的影响。结果发现, 在个体情境下, 新疆锡伯族的转换代价更小; 在社会情境下, 新疆锡伯族的联合机制更容易被激活, 他们分配认知资源去表征同伴的任务, 自我-他人的整合程度更高, 转换代价更大。整个研究表明, 多元语言文化对认知转换功能具有不同的影响：促进个体情境下的认知转换功能, 降低社会情境下的认知转换功能。本研究的结果为多民族国家的文化和心理建设提供了重要启示。
图/表 10
图1实验1流程图
图1实验1流程图表1被试在经典认知转换任务中的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)
| 被试类型 | 重复条件 | 转换条件 | 转换代价 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 新疆锡伯族 | |||
| 反应时 | 1161 (112) | 1291 (136) | 129 (86) |
| 错误率 | 9.48 (4.85) | 15.64 (5.18) | 6.15 (5.21) |
| 东北锡伯族 | |||
| 反应时 | 1196 (166) | 1396 (214) | 200 (145) |
| 错误率 | 11.55 (5.08) | 18.42 (5.67) | 6.88 (5.44) |
表1被试在经典认知转换任务中的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)
| 被试类型 | 重复条件 | 转换条件 | 转换代价 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 新疆锡伯族 | |||
| 反应时 | 1161 (112) | 1291 (136) | 129 (86) |
| 错误率 | 9.48 (4.85) | 15.64 (5.18) | 6.15 (5.21) |
| 东北锡伯族 | |||
| 反应时 | 1196 (166) | 1396 (214) | 200 (145) |
| 错误率 | 11.55 (5.08) | 18.42 (5.67) | 6.88 (5.44) |
图24个实验的转换代价对比 注：**代表p < 0.01。
图24个实验的转换代价对比 注：**代表p < 0.01。
图3实验2流程图
图3实验2流程图表2被试在社会转换任务中的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)
| 被试类型 | 重复条件 | 转换条件 | 转换代价 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 新疆锡伯族 | |||
| 反应时 | 1054 (127) | 1183 (134) | 129 (83) |
| 错误率 | 11.06 (7.96) | 13.71 (9.28) | 2.66 (6.92) |
| 东北锡伯族 | |||
| 反应时 | 1091 (135) | 1276 (156) | 186 (82) |
| 错误率 | 11.50 (7.41) | 14.27 (9.35) | 2.77 (6.79) |
表2被试在社会转换任务中的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)
| 被试类型 | 重复条件 | 转换条件 | 转换代价 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 新疆锡伯族 | |||
| 反应时 | 1054 (127) | 1183 (134) | 129 (83) |
| 错误率 | 11.06 (7.96) | 13.71 (9.28) | 2.66 (6.92) |
| 东北锡伯族 | |||
| 反应时 | 1091 (135) | 1276 (156) | 186 (82) |
| 错误率 | 11.50 (7.41) | 14.27 (9.35) | 2.77 (6.79) |
图4实验3流程图
图4实验3流程图表3被试在联合转换任务中的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)
| 被试类型 | 个体情境 | 社会情境 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 重复条件 | 转换条件 | 转换代价 | 重复条件 | 转换条件 | 转换代价 | |
| 新疆锡伯族 | ||||||
| 反应时 | 752 (111) | 769 (111) | 18 (55) | 823 (120) | 924 (121) | 101 (55) |
| 错误率 | 11.74 (16.54) | 10.32 (17.14) | 1.42 (8.64) | 8.82 (15.94) | 8.82 (15.79) | 0.00 (5.15) |
| 东北锡伯族 | ||||||
| 反应时 | 798 (171) | 807 (172) | 9 (62) | 873 (163) | 923 (171) | 50 (52) |
| 错误率 | 12.11 (22.88) | 14.64 (22.98) | 2.53 (9.72) | 11.53 (22.49) | 11.00 (22.69) | 0.53 (4.93) |
表3被试在联合转换任务中的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)
| 被试类型 | 个体情境 | 社会情境 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 重复条件 | 转换条件 | 转换代价 | 重复条件 | 转换条件 | 转换代价 | |
| 新疆锡伯族 | ||||||
| 反应时 | 752 (111) | 769 (111) | 18 (55) | 823 (120) | 924 (121) | 101 (55) |
| 错误率 | 11.74 (16.54) | 10.32 (17.14) | 1.42 (8.64) | 8.82 (15.94) | 8.82 (15.79) | 0.00 (5.15) |
| 东北锡伯族 | ||||||
| 反应时 | 798 (171) | 807 (172) | 9 (62) | 873 (163) | 923 (171) | 50 (52) |
| 错误率 | 12.11 (22.88) | 14.64 (22.98) | 2.53 (9.72) | 11.53 (22.49) | 11.00 (22.69) | 0.53 (4.93) |
图5实验4流程图
图5实验4流程图表4被试在相同条件联合转换任务中的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)
| 被试类型 | 个体情境 | 社会情境 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 重复条件 | 转换条件 | 转换代价 | 重复条件 | 转换条件 | 转换代价 | |
| 新疆锡伯族 | ||||||
| 反应时 | 762 (103) | 772 (105) | 10 (37) | 764 (107) | 777 (105) | 13 (34) |
| 错误率 | 6.85 (6.86) | 5.46 (7.24) | -1.39 (9.20) | 4.59 (5.95) | 5.15 (5.62) | 0.56 (5.61) |
| 东北锡伯族 | ||||||
| 反应时 | 790 (170) | 799 (173) | 9 (55) | 789 (139) | 801 (141) | 12 (50) |
| 错误率 | 6.00 (6.13) | 8.44 (9.44) | 2.44 (9.90) | 7.13 (7.51) | 8.97 (9.05) | 1.84 (6.73) |
表4被试在相同条件联合转换任务中的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)
| 被试类型 | 个体情境 | 社会情境 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 重复条件 | 转换条件 | 转换代价 | 重复条件 | 转换条件 | 转换代价 | |
| 新疆锡伯族 | ||||||
| 反应时 | 762 (103) | 772 (105) | 10 (37) | 764 (107) | 777 (105) | 13 (34) |
| 错误率 | 6.85 (6.86) | 5.46 (7.24) | -1.39 (9.20) | 4.59 (5.95) | 5.15 (5.62) | 0.56 (5.61) |
| 东北锡伯族 | ||||||
| 反应时 | 790 (170) | 799 (173) | 9 (55) | 789 (139) | 801 (141) | 12 (50) |
| 错误率 | 6.00 (6.13) | 8.44 (9.44) | 2.44 (9.90) | 7.13 (7.51) | 8.97 (9.05) | 1.84 (6.73) |
图6眼神读心测验示意图 (a) 顽皮的 (b) 安慰的 (c) 恼怒的 (d) 厌倦的
图6眼神读心测验示意图 (a) 顽皮的 (b) 安慰的 (c) 恼怒的 (d) 厌倦的参考文献 67
| [1] | Atmaca, S., Sebanz, N., Prinz, W., & Knoblich, G. (2008). Action co-representation: The joint SNARC effect. Social Neuroscience, 3(3-4SI), 410-420. doi: 10.1080/17470910801900908URL |
| [2] | Atmaca, S., Sebanz, N., & Knoblich, G. (2011). The joint flanker effect: Sharing tasks with real and imagined co-actors. Experimental Brain Research, 211(3-4), 371-385. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2709-9URL |
| [3] | Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The“reading the mind in the eyes”test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 42(2), 241-251. URLpmid: 11280420 |
| [4] | Bialystok, E., & de Pape, A. (2009). Musical expertise, bilingualism, and executive functioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(2), 565-574. doi: 10.1037/a0012735URLpmid: 19331508 |
| [5] | Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Brislin, R. (1992). The measurement of intercultural sensitivity using the concepts of individualism and collectivism. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, ( 4), 413-436 |
| [6] | Blom, E., Boerma, T., Bosma, E., Cornips, L., & Everaert, E. (2017). Cognitive advantages of bilingual children in different sociolinguistic contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(552). |
| [7] | Boyajie, & Yin, A. Q. (2017). A historical comparison of the changes of Xibe music culture in northeast and northwest China. Social Science Front, (3), 273-276. |
| [ 博雅杰, 尹爱青. (2017). 中国东北、西北锡伯族音乐文化变迁的历史比较. 社会科学战线, (3), 273-276.] | |
| [8] | Chen, Y. (1980). Language and social life. Shanghai: Joint Publishing Press. |
| [ 陈原. (1980). 语言与社会生活. 上海: 三联出版社.] | |
| [9] | Cheng, S. X. (2005). A brief analysis of the causes of the multilingual phenomenon and the present situation of bilingual education of Xibe people in Qapqar, Xinjiang. Ethnic Education Study, (3), 32-36. |
| [ 成世勋. (2005). 简析新疆察布查尔锡伯族多语现象成因及双语教育现状. 民族教育研究, (3), 32-36.] | |
| [10] | Colzato, L. S., de Bruijn, E. R. A., & Hommel, B. (2012). Up to "me" or up to "us"? The impact of self-construal priming on cognitive self-other integration. Frontiers in Psychology, 3(341). |
| [11] | Colzato, L. S., Zech, H., Hommel, B., Verdonschot, R., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., & Hsieh, S. (2012). Loving-kindness brings loving-kindness: The impact of Buddhism on cognitive self-other integration. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19(3), 541-545. doi: 10.3758/s13423-012-0241-yURLpmid: 22427265 |
| [12] | Dolk, T., Hommel, B., Colzato, L. S., Schuetz-Bosbach, S., Prinz, W., & Liepelt, R. (2011). How "social" is the social Simon effect? Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 84. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg. 2011.00084 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00084URLpmid: 21687453 |
| [13] | Dolk, T., Hommel, B., Colzato, L. S., Schuetz-Bosbach, S., Prinz, W., & Liepelt, R. (2014). The joint Simon effect: A review and theoretical integration. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(974). |
| [14] | Dudarev, V., & Hassin, R. R. (2016). Social task switching: On the automatic social engagement of executive functions. Cognition, 146, 223-228. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.10.001URLpmid: 26457838 |
| [15] | Gallotti, M., & Frith, C. D. (2013). Social cognition in the we-mode. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(4), 160-165. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.02.002URLpmid: 23499335 |
| [16] | Hommel, B. (1996). S-R compatibility effects without response uncertainty. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49(3), 546-571. |
| [17] | Ge, F. J., & Ge, W. N. (2015). The present situation, problems and reflections of Xibe-Chinese bilingual education in Xinjiang. Research on Ethnic Higher Education, 3(1), 35-40. |
| [ 葛丰交, 葛维娜. (2015). 新疆锡汉双语教育现状、问题与思考. 民族高等教育研究, 3(1), 35-40.] | |
| [18] | He, X. W. (1991). An examination of the ancient and modern population of Xibo nationality in Liaoning province. Manchu Studies, (2), 82-86. |
| [ 何兴武. (1991). 辽宁锡伯族古今人口考. 满族研究, (2), 82-86.] | |
| [19] | Jiang, C. F. (2011). A study on ethnic identity under the interaction of multiple languages and cultures in Xinjiang. Gansu Social Science, (6), 239-243. |
| [ 江承凤. (2011). 新疆多元语言文化互动下的民族认同研究. 甘肃社会科学, (6), 239-243.] | |
| [20] | Jiang, C. F., & Xie, G. P. (2011). A historical investigation and reflection on multilingual culture in Xinjiang. Journal of Tarim University, (3), 65-69. |
| [ 江承凤, 谢贵平. (2011). 新疆多元语言文化的历史考察及其思考. 塔里木大学学报, (3), 65-69.] | |
| [21] | Li, Y. (1988). National demarcation consciousness and national identity consciousness. Heilongjiang National Series, (3), 25-30. |
| [ 黎岩. (1988). 民族分界意识和民族认同意识. 黑龙江民族丛刊, (3), 25-30.] | |
| [22] | Li, Y. Y. (2016). The effect of the position and state of reactive hand on observational learning in joint task (Unpublished master’ s thesis). Shanxi Normal University, Xian. |
| [ 李洋洋. (2016). 反应手的位置与状态对联合任务中观察学习的影响 (硕士学位论文). 陕西师范大学, 西安.] | |
| [23] | Li, Y. L., Wu, S. N., & Liu, L. H. (2012). The effect of bilingual experiences on cognition abilities. Advances in Psychological Science, 20(7), 995-1002. |
| [ 李莹丽, 吴思娜, 刘丽虹. (2012). 双语经验对认知能力的影响. 心理科学进展, 20(7), 995-1002.] | |
| [24] | Li, Y. X. (2010). Exploration of Xibe culture (Unpublished doctor’s thesis). Minzu University of China, Beijing. |
| [ 李云霞. (2010). 锡伯族文化探微 (博士学位论文). 中央民族大学, 北京.] | |
| [25] | Li, Y. X. (2014). Xibe of China. Beijing: People's Publishing House. |
| [26] | Liang, S. M. (2011). The essence of Chinese culture. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House. |
| [ 梁漱鸣. (2011). 中国文化要义. 上海: 上海人民出版社.] | |
| [27] | Liefooghe, B. (2016). Joint task switching. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 28(1), 60-78. doi: 10.1080/20445911.2015.1084311URL |
| [28] | Liu, H. Y. (2006). A comparative study on the use of Xibe language in Qapqar, Xinjiang -- First language retention and related linguistic phenomena. Manchu Studies, (2), 76-85. |
| [ 刘宏宇. (2006). 新疆察布查尔锡伯族语言使用情况比较研究——第一语言保持及相关语言现象. 满语研究, (2), 76-85.] | |
| [29] | Malinowski, B. K. (1936/1987). Witchcraft religious science and mythology. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House. |
| [ 马林诺夫斯基. (1936/1987). 巫术宗教科学与神话. 上海: 上海文艺出版社.] | |
| [30] | Malinowski, B. (1944). A scientific theory of culture, and Other Essays. University of North Carolina Press, |
| [31] | Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1972). Selected works of Marx and Engels (1). Beijing: People's Publishing House. |
| [ 马克思, 恩格斯. (1972). 马克斯恩格斯选集(第1卷). 北京: 人民出版社.] | |
| [32] | Marzecova, A., Bukowski, M., Correa, á., Boros, M., Luplanez, J., & Wodniecka, Z. (2013). Tracing the bilingual advantage in cognitive control: The role of flexibility in temporal preparation and category switching. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5SI), 586-604. doi: 10.1080/20445911.2013.809348URL |
| [33] | Minear, M., & Park, D. C. (2004). A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 36(4), 630-633. |
| [34] | Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49-100. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1999.0734URLpmid: 10945922 |
| [35] | Moradzadeh, L., Blumenthal, G., & Wiseheart, M. (2015). Musical training, bilingualism, and executive function: A closer look at task switching and dual-task performance. Cognitive Science, 39(5), 992-1020. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12183URLpmid: 25289704 |
| [36] | Obhi, S. S., & Sebanz, N. (2011). Moving together: toward understanding the mechanisms of joint action. Experimental Brain Research, 211(3-4), 329-336. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2721-0URLpmid: 21573952 |
| [37] | Ruys, K. I., & Aarts, H. (2010). When competition merges people's behavior: Interdependency activates shared action representations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 1130-1133. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.016URL |
| [38] | Sebanz, N., Bekkering, H., & Knoblich, G. (2006). Joint action: bodies and minds moving together. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(2), 70-76. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.009URLpmid: 16406326 |
| [39] | Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G., & Prinz, W. (2003). Representing others' actions: Just like one's own? Cognition, 88(3), B11-B21. doi: 10.1016/s0010-0277(03)00043-xURLpmid: 12804818 |
| [40] | Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G., Prinz, W., & Wascher, E. (2006). Twin peaks: An ERP study of action planning and control in coacting individuals. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(5), 859-870. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.5.859URLpmid: 16768383 |
| [41] | Sellaro, R., Treccani, B., Rubichi, S., & Cubelli, R. (2013). When co-action eliminates the Simon effect: Disentangling the impact of co-actor's presence and task sharing on joint-task performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(844). |
| [42] | Simon, J. R., & Rudell, A. P. (1967). Auditory S-R compatibility: The effect of an irrelevant cue on information processing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51(3), 300-304. doi: 10.1037/h0020586URLpmid: 6045637 |
| [43] | Song, X. L., Li, Y. Y., Zhang, S. Y., & Zhang, J. T. (2017). The influence of interpersonal situation on children's joint Simon effect. Psychological Development and Education, 33(3), 273-281. |
| [ 宋晓蕾, 李洋洋, 张诗熠, 张俊婷. (2017). 人际情境对幼儿联合Simon效应的影响机制. 心理发展与教育, 33(3), 273-281.] | |
| [44] | Tong, K. L. (1997). On the common psychological quality of Xibe nationality. The Western Regions Studies, (4), 64-70. |
| [ 佟克力. (1997). 论锡伯族的共同心理素质. 西域研究, (4), 64-70.] | |
| [45] | Tong, K. L. (2005). On the historical track of Xibe culture selection. Journal of Xinjiang University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), (4), 101-106. |
| [ 佟克力. (2005). 论锡伯族文化选择的历史轨迹. 新疆大学学报(哲学社会科学版), (4), 101-106.] | |
| [46] | Towse, J. N., Towse, A. S., Saito, S., Maehara, Y., & Miyake, A. (2016). Joint Cognition: Thought Contagion and the Consequences of Cooperation when Sharing the Task of Random Sequence Generation. Plos One, 11, e01513063. |
| [47] | Wang, B., Fu, Y., & Zhang, J. J. (2019). Influence of language and culture on retrieval-induced forgetting under the self-referential condition: Evidence from the Han and the Mosuo. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 51(4), 450-461. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.00450URL |
| [ 王斌, 付雅, 张积家. (2019). 语言和文化对自我参照条件下提取诱发遗忘的影响——来自汉族人和摩梭人的证据. 心理学报, 51(4), 450-461.] | |
| [48] | Wang, T., Wang, D., & Zhang, J. J. (2019). Dissociation of implicit and explicit systems of theory of mind: Evidence from Mandarin-English bilinguals and Cantonese-Mandarin diglossias. Research on Psychology and Behavior, 17(4), 442-451. |
| [ 王婷, 王丹, 张积家. (2019). 双语与双言影响心理理论内隐系统与外显系统的分离. 心理与行为研究, 17(4), 442-451.] | |
| [49] | Wang, T., Wang, D., Zhang, J. J., & Cui, J. A. (2017). Effects of “each speaks their own dialect” phenomenon on the executive function of Jingpo students. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 49(11), 1392-1403. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2017.01392URL |
| [ 王婷, 王丹, 张积家, 崔健爱. (2017). “各说各话”的语言经验对景颇族大学生执行功能的影响. 心理学报, 49(11), 1392-1403.] | |
| [50] | Wang, T., Zhi, F. Y., Lu, Y. T., & Zhang, J. J. (2019). Effect of Dong Chorus on the executive function of Dong high school students. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 51(9), 1040-1056. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.01040URL |
| [ 王婷, 植凤英, 陆禹同, 张积家. (2019). 侗歌经验对侗族中学生执行功能的影响. 心理学报, 51(9), 1040-1056.] | |
| [51] | Wang, X. X., & Zhang, J. J. (2018). The influence of intercultural sensitivity on Chinese Korean students’ acculturation strategies: Mediating effect of ethnic identitys. Journal of Research on Education for Ethnic Minorities, 29(5), 125-131. |
| [ 汪新筱, 张积家. (2018). 跨文化敏感性影响朝鲜族学生的文化适应策略: 民族认同的中介作用. 民族教育研究, 29(5), 125-131.] | |
| [52] | Wang, Z. Y. (2020). Cross-cultural sensitivity and cultivation of teachers in minority areas under multicultural background. Journal of Xichang University (Social Sciences Edition), 32(1), 108-113. |
| [ 王正勇. (2020). 多元文化背景下民族地区教师的跨文化敏感性及其培育. 西昌学院学报(社会科学版), 32(1), 108-113.] | |
| [53] | Whorf, B. L. (1956). Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Carroll, J. B (Ed.) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. |
| [54] | Wu, R. L., Niu, M. L., Man, X. (2017). The influence of boarding school on school achievements of pupils of bilingual education ―― An analysis of the large scale evaluation data of Xinjiang. Journal of Research on Education for Ethnic Minorities, (2), 65-72. |
| [ 吴瑞林, 钮梅玲, 满鑫. (2017). 寄宿制对双语教育小学生学业成绩的影响——基于新疆大规模测评数据的分析. 民族教育研究, (2), 65-72.] | |
| [55] | Wu, R. L., Niu, M. L., Zhang, M. X. (2016). A study on the effectiveness of mixed class and divided class teaching —— Survey results of ethnic minority students studying in high school classes in the hinterland. Journal of Research on Education for Ethnic Minorities, (2), 79-88. |
| [ 吴瑞林, 钮梅玲, 张美萱. (2016). 混班教学与单独编班的比较——对三省市少数民族内高班的调查. 民族教育研究, (2), 79-88.] | |
| [56] | Xu, S., Song, X. L. (2016). Joint Simon effect: Current research, influencing factors and theories. Advances in Psychological Science, 24(3), 367-378. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2016.00367URL |
| [ 徐胜, 宋晓蕾. (2016). 联合Simon效应: 现状、影响因素与理论解释. 心理科学进展, 24(3), 367-378.] | |
| [57] | Yamaguchi, M., Clarke, E. L., & Egan, D. L. (2018). Is your color my color? Dividing the labor of the Stroop task between co-actors. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(1407). |
| [58] | Yamaguchi, M., Wall, H. J., & Hommel, B. (2017a). No evidence for shared representations of task sets in joint task switching. Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung, 81(6), 1166-1177. doi: 10.1007/s00426-016-0813-yURL |
| [59] | Yamaguchi, M., Wall, H. J., & Hommel, B. (2017b). Action-effect sharing induces task-set sharing in joint task switching. Cognition, 165, 113-120. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.05.022URLpmid: 28535468 |
| [60] | Yan, L. X. (2017). The change of identity from the marginal perspective: Xibo nationality as the center. Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), (2), 23-32. |
| [ 燕浏翔. (2017). 边缘视角下的认同变迁: 以锡伯族为中心. 西北民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版), (2), 23-32.] | |
| [61] | Yang, H. S., & Zhu, Y. (2004). The self and retreval-induced forgetting. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 36(2), 154-159. |
| [ 杨红升, 朱滢. (2004). 自我与提取诱发遗忘现象. 心理学报, 36(2), 154-159.] | |
| [62] | Yu, H. Y., Zhang, J. J., Wang, X. Y. (2018). Effect of language proficiency on inhibition function of Mongolian primary school students. Journal of Research on Education for Ethnic Minorities, (5), 118-124. |
| [ 余红玉, 张积家, 王晓莹. (2018). 语言熟练程度对蒙古族小学生抑制控制功能的影响. 民族教育研究, (5), 118-124.] | |
| [63] | Zhang, J. J. (2015-11-30). The hypothesis of linguistic reality: Language influence cognition. Chinese Social Science Today, p2. |
| [ 张积家. (2015-11-30). 语言关联性理论: 语言影响认知. 中国社会科学报, p2.] | |
| [64] | Zhang, J. J. (2018). Attach importance to cultivating students' cross-cultural sensitivity. Chinese Nation Education, (10), 11. |
| [ 张积家. (2018). 重视培养学生的跨文化敏感性. 中国民族教育, (10), 11.] | |
| [65] | Zhao, T. (1992). A preliminary study on the character of Xibo nationality in Xinjiang. North West Ethno-national Studies, (2), 193-208. |
| [ 赵天. (1992). 新疆锡伯族性格特色初探. 西北民族研究, (2), 193-208.] | |
| [66] | Zhou, Q. S. (2018). Language adaptation - inheritance model: A case of Donggan. Study of Language Strategy, 3(4), 10-18. |
| [ 周庆生. (2018). 语言适应-传承模式: 以东干族为例. 语言战略研究, 3(4), 10-18.] | |
| [67] | Zhu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2001). The experimental research about self memory. Science in China Series C, 31(6), 537-543. |
| [ 朱滢, 张力. (2001). 自我记忆效应的实验研究. 中国科学(C辑: 生命科学), 31(6), 537-543.] |
相关文章 15
| [1] | 张瑞, 王振华, 王小娟, 杨剑峰. 汉字识别中亚词汇语音和语义信息在N170上的神经适应[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(8): 807-820. |
| [2] | 李杰, 杨悦, 赵婧. 汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童视觉同时性加工技能子成分的发展及其与阅读的关系[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(8): 821-836. |
| [3] | 陈石, 梁正, 李香兰, 陈嫣然, 赵庆柏, 于全磊, 李松清, 周治金, 刘丽中. 新颖语义联结在顿悟促进记忆效果中的作用[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(8): 837-846. |
| [4] | 程瑞, 卢克龙, 郝宁. 愤怒情绪对恶意创造力的影响及调节策略[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(8): 847-860. |
| [5] | 熊承清, 许佳颖, 马丹阳, 刘永芳. 囚徒困境博弈中对手面部表情对合作行为的影响及其作用机制[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(8): 919-932. |
| [6] | 杨群, 张积家, 范丛慧. 维吾尔族与汉族的大学生在汉语歧义词消解中的语境促进效应及反应抑制效应[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(7): 746-757. |
| [7] | 吴三美, 田良苏, 陈家侨, 陈广耀, 王敬欣. 中文阅读中无关言语效应的认知机制探究：眼动证据[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(7): 729-745. |
| [8] | 田欣然, 侯文霞, 欧玉晓, 易冰, 陈文锋, 尚俊辰. 基于合成平均刺激的平均表征机制——来自平均面孔吸引力的证据[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(7): 714-728. |
| [9] | 车晓玮, 徐慧云, 王凯旋, 张倩, 李寿欣. 工作记忆表征精度加工需求对注意引导的影响[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(7): 694-713. |
| [10] | 张明, 桑汉斌, 鲁柯, 王爱君. 试次历史对跨通道非空间返回抑制的影响[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(7): 681-693. |
| [11] | 袁加锦, 张祎程, 陈圣栋, 罗利, 茹怡珊. 中国情绪调节词语库的初步编制与试用[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(5): 445-455. |
| [12] | 宋锡妍, 程亚华, 谢周秀甜, 龚楠焰, 刘雷. 愤怒情绪对延迟折扣的影响：确定感和控制感的中介作用[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(5): 456-468. |
| [13] | 孟迎芳, 董月晴, 陈荃. 概念内隐记忆中的注意促进效应[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(5): 469-480. |
| [14] | 张环, 王欣, 刘一贝, 曹贤才, 吴捷. 成员关系对协作提取成绩的影响[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(5): 481-493. |
| [15] | 丁锦红, 汪亚珉, 姜扬. 注意促进运动知觉判断的时间进程[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(4): 337-348. |
PDF全文下载地址:
http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=4793
