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语言能力的老化机制：语言特异性与非特异性因素的共同作用

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01
吴翰林, 于宙, 王雪娇, 张清芳()
中国人民大学心理学系, 北京 100872
收稿日期:2019-09-16出版日期:2020-05-25发布日期:2020-03-26
通讯作者:张清芳E-mail:qingfang.zhang@ruc.edu.cn

基金资助:* 北京市社会科学基金重点项目(16YYA006);中国人民大学科学研究基金项目(中央高校基本科研业务费专项)项目资助(18XNLG28);中国人民大学中央高校建设世界一流大学(学科)和特色发展引导专项资金支持

Language processing in normal aging: Contributions of information-universal and information-specific factors

WU Hanlin, YU Zhou, WANG Xuejiao, ZHANG Qingfang()
Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
Received:2019-09-16Online:2020-05-25Published:2020-03-26
Contact:ZHANG Qingfang E-mail:qingfang.zhang@ruc.edu.cn






摘要/Abstract


摘要： 语言能力的衰退是由于一般认知能力衰退引起的, 还是由于语言加工系统的衰退引起的, 抑或是两者的共同作用?研究中测量了青年组和老年组的一般认知能力(加工速度、工作记忆和抑制能力), 以及在词汇、句子和语篇三个水平上的语言理解能力和语言产生能力。结果发现, 一般认知能力、语言理解和语言产生能力都存在年老化现象。分层回归分析表明, 一般认知能力对语言能力的贡献, 以及语言理解能力和产生能力之间的相互贡献在青年组和老年组中是不同的, 且存在词汇、句子和语篇水平上的差异。在词汇水平上, 青年人的成绩能够被一般认知能力和另一种语言能力所显著预测, 而老年人的成绩却不受一般认知因素影响; 在句子水平上, 青年人的成绩仍能被一般认知能力或另一种语言能力所解释, 但这两类变量都无法预测老年人的任务成绩; 在语篇水平上, 青年人理解任务的成绩显著地受到产生能力影响, 而老年人的理解和产生任务成绩则分别可以被一般认知能力和语言理解能力所解释。对组间差异的回归分析表明, 一般认知能力和另一种语言能力对组间差异都有显著贡献, 且前者的贡献大于后者。上述研究结果表明, 语言能力的老化是语言特异性因素和非特异性因素共同作用的结果。


表1青年组与老年组在各项任务上的描述统计结果
任务 青年组(n = 103) 老年组(n = 108) t p 95% CI Cohen's d 指标
M SD M SD
数字判断 622.81 95.68 728.31 111.45 -7.36 <0.001 [77.25, 133.75] 1.02 反应时(ms)
颜色判断 444.95 69.34 535.35 83.69 -8.56 <0.001 [69.58, 111.22] 1.18 反应时(ms)
数字广度正背 7.36 1.18 5.57 1.22 10.78 <0.001 [1.46, 2.11] 1.49 分数
数字广度倒背 7.42 1.53 4.81 1.22 13.67 <0.001 [2.24, 2.99] 1.89 分数
STROOP 74.75 88.52 128.41 113.37 -3.84 <0.001 [26.11, 81.19] 0.53 反应时(ms)
词汇理解 737.85 224.24 1284.78 631.07 -8.46 <0.001 [419.13, 674.73] 1.15 反应时(ms)
句子理解 0.76 0.08 0.58 0.09 15.13 <0.001 [0.15, 0.20] 2.11 准确率
语篇理解 0.82 0.08 0.66 0.08 14.53 <0.001 [0.13, 0.18] 2.00 准确率
词汇产生 69.39 14.95 35.26 10.63 19.03 <0.001 [30.59, 37.67] 2.63 分数
句子产生 12.03 2.92 8.47 2.94 8.85 <0.001 [2.77, 4.36] 1.22 分数
语篇产生 17.64 2.20 11.25 4.70 12.77 <0.001 [5.41, 7.39] 1.74 分数

表1青年组与老年组在各项任务上的描述统计结果
任务 青年组(n = 103) 老年组(n = 108) t p 95% CI Cohen's d 指标
M SD M SD
数字判断 622.81 95.68 728.31 111.45 -7.36 <0.001 [77.25, 133.75] 1.02 反应时(ms)
颜色判断 444.95 69.34 535.35 83.69 -8.56 <0.001 [69.58, 111.22] 1.18 反应时(ms)
数字广度正背 7.36 1.18 5.57 1.22 10.78 <0.001 [1.46, 2.11] 1.49 分数
数字广度倒背 7.42 1.53 4.81 1.22 13.67 <0.001 [2.24, 2.99] 1.89 分数
STROOP 74.75 88.52 128.41 113.37 -3.84 <0.001 [26.11, 81.19] 0.53 反应时(ms)
词汇理解 737.85 224.24 1284.78 631.07 -8.46 <0.001 [419.13, 674.73] 1.15 反应时(ms)
句子理解 0.76 0.08 0.58 0.09 15.13 <0.001 [0.15, 0.20] 2.11 准确率
语篇理解 0.82 0.08 0.66 0.08 14.53 <0.001 [0.13, 0.18] 2.00 准确率
词汇产生 69.39 14.95 35.26 10.63 19.03 <0.001 [30.59, 37.67] 2.63 分数
句子产生 12.03 2.92 8.47 2.94 8.85 <0.001 [2.77, 4.36] 1.22 分数
语篇产生 17.64 2.20 11.25 4.70 12.77 <0.001 [5.41, 7.39] 1.74 分数



图1青年组与老年组各项任务平均分的Z分数, 线段表示95%置信区间
图1青年组与老年组各项任务平均分的Z分数, 线段表示95%置信区间


表2青年组与老年组在各项任务上的皮尔逊相关系数
组别 任务 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
青年组 1. 数字判断 -
2. 颜色判断 0.64*** -
3. 数字广度正背 0.29** 0.04 -
4. 数字广度倒背 0.28** 0.16 0.56*** -
5. STROOP 0.24* 0.27** 0.15 0.26** -
6. 词汇理解 0.56*** 0.49*** 0.08 0.1 0.32** -
7. 句子理解 0.27** 0.12 0.19 0.22* 0.22 0.22* -
8. 语篇理解 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.18 0.13 0.1 0.21* -
9. 词汇产生 0.27** 0.21* 0.22* 0.09 0.2* 0.35*** 0.38*** 0.08 -
10. 句子产生 0.10 -0.05 0.03 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.09 -0.28** 0.16 -
11. 语篇产生 0.13 0.11 -0.17 0.02 -0.06 -0.06 0.06 -0.05 0.26** 0.18
老年组 1. 数字判断 -
2. 颜色判断 0.64*** -
3. 数字广度正背 0.11 0.03 -
4. 数字广度倒背 0.08 0.08 0.48*** -
5. STROOP 0.24* 0.16 0.00 0.02 -
6. 词汇理解 0.16 0.19* 0.12 0.17 -0.04 -
7. 句子理解 0.01 0.20* 0.02 0.07 0.03 0.14 -
8. 语篇理解 0.28** 0.21* 0.11 0.21* -0.01 0.15 0.16 -
9. 词汇产生 0.06 0.11 0.26** 0.22* -0.03 0.33*** 0.08 0.13 -
10. 句子产生 0.10 0.16 0.11 0.26** 0.11 0.06 0.18 0.09 0.21* -
11. 语篇产生 0.28** 0.23* 0.04 0.14 0.06 0.19 0.24* 0.27** 0.14 0.28**

表2青年组与老年组在各项任务上的皮尔逊相关系数
组别 任务 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
青年组 1. 数字判断 -
2. 颜色判断 0.64*** -
3. 数字广度正背 0.29** 0.04 -
4. 数字广度倒背 0.28** 0.16 0.56*** -
5. STROOP 0.24* 0.27** 0.15 0.26** -
6. 词汇理解 0.56*** 0.49*** 0.08 0.1 0.32** -
7. 句子理解 0.27** 0.12 0.19 0.22* 0.22 0.22* -
8. 语篇理解 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.18 0.13 0.1 0.21* -
9. 词汇产生 0.27** 0.21* 0.22* 0.09 0.2* 0.35*** 0.38*** 0.08 -
10. 句子产生 0.10 -0.05 0.03 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.09 -0.28** 0.16 -
11. 语篇产生 0.13 0.11 -0.17 0.02 -0.06 -0.06 0.06 -0.05 0.26** 0.18
老年组 1. 数字判断 -
2. 颜色判断 0.64*** -
3. 数字广度正背 0.11 0.03 -
4. 数字广度倒背 0.08 0.08 0.48*** -
5. STROOP 0.24* 0.16 0.00 0.02 -
6. 词汇理解 0.16 0.19* 0.12 0.17 -0.04 -
7. 句子理解 0.01 0.20* 0.02 0.07 0.03 0.14 -
8. 语篇理解 0.28** 0.21* 0.11 0.21* -0.01 0.15 0.16 -
9. 词汇产生 0.06 0.11 0.26** 0.22* -0.03 0.33*** 0.08 0.13 -
10. 句子产生 0.10 0.16 0.11 0.26** 0.11 0.06 0.18 0.09 0.21* -
11. 语篇产生 0.28** 0.23* 0.04 0.14 0.06 0.19 0.24* 0.27** 0.14 0.28**


表3一般认知能力和语言产生能力对词汇理解、句子理解和语篇理解任务得分的分层回归分析[B (SE)]
任务 预测变量 青年组 老年组
步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 3 步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 3
词汇理解 性别 0.073 (0.084) 0.078 (0.069) 0.057 (0.071) 0.253 (0.244) 0.322 (0.243) 0.345 (0.239)
年龄 0.746 (0.963) 1.092 (0.787) 1.220 (0.759) 0.036 (0.494) 0.062 (0.499) 0.010 (0.484)
受教育年限 -0.085 (0.137) -0.163 (0.113) -0.232 (0.111)* 0.099 (0.110) 0.021 (0.113) -0.026 (0.111)
数字判断 0.214 (0.057)*** 0.216 (0.056)*** 0.086 (0.154) 0.070 (0.152)
颜色判断 0.096 (0.058) 0.083 (0.056) 0.189 (0.159) 0.142 (0.155)
数字广度正背 -0.019 (0.053) -0.082 (0.054) 0.055 (0.157) -0.023 (0.155)
数字广度倒背 -0.036 (0.051) -0.002 (0.050) 0.247 (0.199) 0.197 (0.198)
STROOP 0.092 (0.043)* 0.063 (0.042) -0.095 (0.107) -0.073 (0.104)
词汇产生 0.160 (0.054)** 0.677 (0.233)**
句子产生 -0.004 (0.039) -0.109 (0.138)
语篇产生 -0.202 (0.081)* 0.144 (0.125)
R2 = 0.012 ΔR2 = 0.372*** ΔR2 = 0.071* R2 = 0.017 ΔR2 = 0.072 ΔR2 = 0.088*
句子理解 性别 0.366 (0.133)** 0.331 (0.13)* 0.226 (0.134) -0.086 (0.151) -0.034 (0.151) 0.026 (0.151)
年龄 -0.140 (1.527) -0.047 (1.478) -0.213 (1.43) -0.436 (0.305) -0.301 (0.310) -0.249 (0.306)
受教育年限 -0.018 (0.218) -0.050 (0.212) -0.087 (0.210) 0.051 (0.068) 0.017 (0.070) -0.014 (0.070)
数字判断 0.220 (0.107)* 0.185 (0.106) -0.156 (0.096) -0.190 (0.096)
颜色判断 -0.10 (0.109) -0.125 (0.106) 0.252 (0.099)* 0.227 (0.098)*
数字广度正背 0.023 (0.099) -0.048 (0.102) 0.008 (0.097) 0.020 (0.098)
数字广度倒背 0.086 (0.096) 0.126 (0.094) 0.062 (0.124) 0.000 (0.125)
STROOP 0.121 (0.080) 0.081 (0.079) 0.017 (0.066) 0.013 (0.066)
词汇产生 0.327 (0.101)** 0.003 (0.148)
句子产生 -0.001 (0.074) 0.079 (0.088)
语篇产生 -0.073 (0.153) 0.164 (0.079)*
R2 = 0.076* ΔR2 = 0.116* ΔR2 = 0.087* R2 = 0.030 ΔR2 = 0.065 ΔR2 = 0.056
语篇理解 性别 0.049 (0.145) 0.019 (0.149) -0.095 (0.152) 0.030 (0.146) 0.064 (0.142) 0.110 (0.144)
年龄 0.018 (1.666) 0.179 (1.684) 0.308 (1.618) 0.023 (0.296) -0.001 (0.291) 0.023 (0.291)
受教育年限 -0.034 (0.237) -0.038 (0.242) -0.147 (0.237) 0.200 (0.066)** 0.158 (0.066)* 0.138 (0.067)*
数字判断 0.037 (0.122) 0.097 (0.120) 0.188 (0.090)* 0.159 (0.091)
颜色判断 -0.034 (0.124) -0.114 (0.120) 0.027 (0.093) 0.013 (0.093)
数字广度正背 -0.085 (0.113) -0.163 (0.115) -0.008 (0.091) -0.008 (0.093)
数字广度倒背 0.177 (0.109) 0.240 (0.107)* 0.209 (0.116) 0.181 (0.119)
STROOP 0.081 (0.091) 0.062 (0.089) -0.050 (0.062) -0.046 (0.062)
词汇产生 0.155 (0.114) 0.078 (0.140)
句子产生 -0.279 (0.084)** -0.025 (0.083)
语篇产生 -0.106 (0.173) 0.140 (0.075)
R2 = 0.002 ΔR2 = 0.047 ΔR2 = 0.115** R2 = 0.084* ΔR2 = 0.112* ΔR2 = 0.032

表3一般认知能力和语言产生能力对词汇理解、句子理解和语篇理解任务得分的分层回归分析[B (SE)]
任务 预测变量 青年组 老年组
步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 3 步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 3
词汇理解 性别 0.073 (0.084) 0.078 (0.069) 0.057 (0.071) 0.253 (0.244) 0.322 (0.243) 0.345 (0.239)
年龄 0.746 (0.963) 1.092 (0.787) 1.220 (0.759) 0.036 (0.494) 0.062 (0.499) 0.010 (0.484)
受教育年限 -0.085 (0.137) -0.163 (0.113) -0.232 (0.111)* 0.099 (0.110) 0.021 (0.113) -0.026 (0.111)
数字判断 0.214 (0.057)*** 0.216 (0.056)*** 0.086 (0.154) 0.070 (0.152)
颜色判断 0.096 (0.058) 0.083 (0.056) 0.189 (0.159) 0.142 (0.155)
数字广度正背 -0.019 (0.053) -0.082 (0.054) 0.055 (0.157) -0.023 (0.155)
数字广度倒背 -0.036 (0.051) -0.002 (0.050) 0.247 (0.199) 0.197 (0.198)
STROOP 0.092 (0.043)* 0.063 (0.042) -0.095 (0.107) -0.073 (0.104)
词汇产生 0.160 (0.054)** 0.677 (0.233)**
句子产生 -0.004 (0.039) -0.109 (0.138)
语篇产生 -0.202 (0.081)* 0.144 (0.125)
R2 = 0.012 ΔR2 = 0.372*** ΔR2 = 0.071* R2 = 0.017 ΔR2 = 0.072 ΔR2 = 0.088*
句子理解 性别 0.366 (0.133)** 0.331 (0.13)* 0.226 (0.134) -0.086 (0.151) -0.034 (0.151) 0.026 (0.151)
年龄 -0.140 (1.527) -0.047 (1.478) -0.213 (1.43) -0.436 (0.305) -0.301 (0.310) -0.249 (0.306)
受教育年限 -0.018 (0.218) -0.050 (0.212) -0.087 (0.210) 0.051 (0.068) 0.017 (0.070) -0.014 (0.070)
数字判断 0.220 (0.107)* 0.185 (0.106) -0.156 (0.096) -0.190 (0.096)
颜色判断 -0.10 (0.109) -0.125 (0.106) 0.252 (0.099)* 0.227 (0.098)*
数字广度正背 0.023 (0.099) -0.048 (0.102) 0.008 (0.097) 0.020 (0.098)
数字广度倒背 0.086 (0.096) 0.126 (0.094) 0.062 (0.124) 0.000 (0.125)
STROOP 0.121 (0.080) 0.081 (0.079) 0.017 (0.066) 0.013 (0.066)
词汇产生 0.327 (0.101)** 0.003 (0.148)
句子产生 -0.001 (0.074) 0.079 (0.088)
语篇产生 -0.073 (0.153) 0.164 (0.079)*
R2 = 0.076* ΔR2 = 0.116* ΔR2 = 0.087* R2 = 0.030 ΔR2 = 0.065 ΔR2 = 0.056
语篇理解 性别 0.049 (0.145) 0.019 (0.149) -0.095 (0.152) 0.030 (0.146) 0.064 (0.142) 0.110 (0.144)
年龄 0.018 (1.666) 0.179 (1.684) 0.308 (1.618) 0.023 (0.296) -0.001 (0.291) 0.023 (0.291)
受教育年限 -0.034 (0.237) -0.038 (0.242) -0.147 (0.237) 0.200 (0.066)** 0.158 (0.066)* 0.138 (0.067)*
数字判断 0.037 (0.122) 0.097 (0.120) 0.188 (0.090)* 0.159 (0.091)
颜色判断 -0.034 (0.124) -0.114 (0.120) 0.027 (0.093) 0.013 (0.093)
数字广度正背 -0.085 (0.113) -0.163 (0.115) -0.008 (0.091) -0.008 (0.093)
数字广度倒背 0.177 (0.109) 0.240 (0.107)* 0.209 (0.116) 0.181 (0.119)
STROOP 0.081 (0.091) 0.062 (0.089) -0.050 (0.062) -0.046 (0.062)
词汇产生 0.155 (0.114) 0.078 (0.140)
句子产生 -0.279 (0.084)** -0.025 (0.083)
语篇产生 -0.106 (0.173) 0.140 (0.075)
R2 = 0.002 ΔR2 = 0.047 ΔR2 = 0.115** R2 = 0.084* ΔR2 = 0.112* ΔR2 = 0.032


表4一般认知能力和语言理解能力对词汇产生、句子产生和语篇产生任务得分的分层回归分析[B (SE)]
任务 预测变量 青年组 老年组
步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 3 步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 3
词汇产生 性别 0.335 (0.138)* 0.362 (0.136)** 0.225 (0.132) 0.018 (0.104) 0.040 (0.103) 0.000 (0.101)
年龄 0.774 (1.587) 0.784 (1.538) 0.361 (1.458) 0.093 (0.211) 0.112 (0.211) 0.106 (0.206)
受教育年限 0.053 (0.226) 0.045 (0.221) 0.126 (0.210) 0.098 (0.047)* 0.060 (0.048) 0.052 (0.048)
数字判断 0.131 (0.112) -0.025 (0.114) -0.027 (0.065) -0.044 (0.066)
颜色判断 0.072 (0.113) 0.066 (0.108) 0.075 (0.067) 0.050 (0.068)
数字广度正背 0.182 (0.103) 0.182 (0.097) 0.130 (0.066) 0.123 (0.065)
数字广度倒背 -0.100 (0.100) -0.114 (0.095) 0.082 (0.084) 0.045 (0.084)
STROOP 0.112 (0.083) 0.036 (0.081) -0.019 (0.045) -0.006 (0.044)
词汇理解 0.401 (0.190)* 0.119 (0.042)**
句子理解 0.32 (0.102)** 0.002 (0.068)
语篇理解 0.001 (0.090) 0.037 (0.072)
R2 = 0.084* ΔR2 = 0.113* ΔR2 = 0.118** R2 = 0.041 ΔR2 = 0.090 ΔR2 = 0.073*
句子产生 性别 -0.201 (0.173) -0.276 (0.177) -0.317 (0.176) -0.059 (0.179) -0.015 (0.177) -0.005 (0.179)
年龄 0.383 (1.990) 0.428 (2.010) 0.467 (1.944) -0.212 (0.363) -0.127 (0.363) -0.075 (0.367)
受教育年限 -0.196 (0.284) -0.252 (0.289) -0.255 (0.279) 0.163 (0.081)* 0.119 (0.082) 0.116 (0.085)
数字判断 0.246 (0.146) 0.223 (0.152) -0.028 (0.112) -0.001 (0.118)
颜色判断 -0.243 (0.148) -0.246 (0.145) 0.138 (0.116) 0.098 (0.120)
数字广度正背 -0.117 (0.135) -0.154 (0.130) -0.010 (0.114) -0.011 (0.115)
数字广度倒背 0.139 (0.130) 0.200 (0.127) 0.335 (0.145)* 0.328 (0.149)*
STROOP 0.014 (0.109) 0.027 (0.108) 0.070 (0.078) 0.066 (0.079)
词汇理解 0.036 (0.253) -0.015 (0.074)
句子理解 0.138 (0.137) 0.168 (0.120)
语篇理解 -0.403 (0.120)** 0.003 (0.128)
R2 = 0.032 ΔR2 = 0.046 ΔR2 = 0.104* R2 = 0.047 ΔR2 = 0.091 ΔR2 = 0.018
语篇产生 性别 0.215 (0.089)* 0.188 (0.090)* 0.187 (0.093)* -0.408 (0.198)* -0.358 (0.194) -0.387 (0.190)*
年龄 1.049 (1.026) 1.248 (1.015) 1.492 (1.023) -0.296 (0.400) -0.261 (0.399) -0.188 (0.389)
受教育年限 -0.237 (0.146) -0.299 (0.146)* -0.333 (0.147)* 0.170 (0.089) 0.131 (0.090) 0.091 (0.090)
数字判断 0.107 (0.074) 0.142 (0.080) 0.216 (0.123) 0.210 (0.125)
颜色判断 -0.004 (0.075) 0.021 (0.076) 0.084 (0.127) -0.001 (0.128)
数字广度正背 -0.166 (0.068)* -0.175 (0.068)* -0.071 (0.125) -0.075 (0.122)
数字广度倒背 0.087 (0.066) 0.082 (0.067) 0.215 (0.159) 0.136 (0.158)
STROOP -0.056 (0.055) -0.040 (0.057) -0.010 (0.085) 0.004 (0.083)
词汇理解 -0.214 (0.133) 0.076 (0.078)
句子理解 0.056 (0.072) 0.257 (0.128)*
语篇理解 -0.045 (0.063) 0.210 (0.135)
R2 = 0.077* ΔR2 = 0.079 ΔR2 = 0.031 R2 = 0.081* ΔR2 = 0.091 ΔR2 = 0.073*

表4一般认知能力和语言理解能力对词汇产生、句子产生和语篇产生任务得分的分层回归分析[B (SE)]
任务 预测变量 青年组 老年组
步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 3 步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 3
词汇产生 性别 0.335 (0.138)* 0.362 (0.136)** 0.225 (0.132) 0.018 (0.104) 0.040 (0.103) 0.000 (0.101)
年龄 0.774 (1.587) 0.784 (1.538) 0.361 (1.458) 0.093 (0.211) 0.112 (0.211) 0.106 (0.206)
受教育年限 0.053 (0.226) 0.045 (0.221) 0.126 (0.210) 0.098 (0.047)* 0.060 (0.048) 0.052 (0.048)
数字判断 0.131 (0.112) -0.025 (0.114) -0.027 (0.065) -0.044 (0.066)
颜色判断 0.072 (0.113) 0.066 (0.108) 0.075 (0.067) 0.050 (0.068)
数字广度正背 0.182 (0.103) 0.182 (0.097) 0.130 (0.066) 0.123 (0.065)
数字广度倒背 -0.100 (0.100) -0.114 (0.095) 0.082 (0.084) 0.045 (0.084)
STROOP 0.112 (0.083) 0.036 (0.081) -0.019 (0.045) -0.006 (0.044)
词汇理解 0.401 (0.190)* 0.119 (0.042)**
句子理解 0.32 (0.102)** 0.002 (0.068)
语篇理解 0.001 (0.090) 0.037 (0.072)
R2 = 0.084* ΔR2 = 0.113* ΔR2 = 0.118** R2 = 0.041 ΔR2 = 0.090 ΔR2 = 0.073*
句子产生 性别 -0.201 (0.173) -0.276 (0.177) -0.317 (0.176) -0.059 (0.179) -0.015 (0.177) -0.005 (0.179)
年龄 0.383 (1.990) 0.428 (2.010) 0.467 (1.944) -0.212 (0.363) -0.127 (0.363) -0.075 (0.367)
受教育年限 -0.196 (0.284) -0.252 (0.289) -0.255 (0.279) 0.163 (0.081)* 0.119 (0.082) 0.116 (0.085)
数字判断 0.246 (0.146) 0.223 (0.152) -0.028 (0.112) -0.001 (0.118)
颜色判断 -0.243 (0.148) -0.246 (0.145) 0.138 (0.116) 0.098 (0.120)
数字广度正背 -0.117 (0.135) -0.154 (0.130) -0.010 (0.114) -0.011 (0.115)
数字广度倒背 0.139 (0.130) 0.200 (0.127) 0.335 (0.145)* 0.328 (0.149)*
STROOP 0.014 (0.109) 0.027 (0.108) 0.070 (0.078) 0.066 (0.079)
词汇理解 0.036 (0.253) -0.015 (0.074)
句子理解 0.138 (0.137) 0.168 (0.120)
语篇理解 -0.403 (0.120)** 0.003 (0.128)
R2 = 0.032 ΔR2 = 0.046 ΔR2 = 0.104* R2 = 0.047 ΔR2 = 0.091 ΔR2 = 0.018
语篇产生 性别 0.215 (0.089)* 0.188 (0.090)* 0.187 (0.093)* -0.408 (0.198)* -0.358 (0.194) -0.387 (0.190)*
年龄 1.049 (1.026) 1.248 (1.015) 1.492 (1.023) -0.296 (0.400) -0.261 (0.399) -0.188 (0.389)
受教育年限 -0.237 (0.146) -0.299 (0.146)* -0.333 (0.147)* 0.170 (0.089) 0.131 (0.090) 0.091 (0.090)
数字判断 0.107 (0.074) 0.142 (0.080) 0.216 (0.123) 0.210 (0.125)
颜色判断 -0.004 (0.075) 0.021 (0.076) 0.084 (0.127) -0.001 (0.128)
数字广度正背 -0.166 (0.068)* -0.175 (0.068)* -0.071 (0.125) -0.075 (0.122)
数字广度倒背 0.087 (0.066) 0.082 (0.067) 0.215 (0.159) 0.136 (0.158)
STROOP -0.056 (0.055) -0.040 (0.057) -0.010 (0.085) 0.004 (0.083)
词汇理解 -0.214 (0.133) 0.076 (0.078)
句子理解 0.056 (0.072) 0.257 (0.128)*
语篇理解 -0.045 (0.063) 0.210 (0.135)
R2 = 0.077* ΔR2 = 0.079 ΔR2 = 0.031 R2 = 0.081* ΔR2 = 0.091 ΔR2 = 0.073*



图2(a)语言理解任务的分层回归模型中分别控制一般认知能力和语言产生能力后的ΔR2; (b) 语言产生任务的分层回归模型中分别控制一般认知能力和语言理解能力后的ΔR2。* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
图2(a)语言理解任务的分层回归模型中分别控制一般认知能力和语言产生能力后的ΔR2; (b) 语言产生任务的分层回归模型中分别控制一般认知能力和语言理解能力后的ΔR2。* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001


表5一般认知任务、语言产生任务或语言理解任务对语言理解能力或语言产生能力的解释量(ΔR2)
语言能力 预测变量 青年组 老年组
词汇水平 句子水平 语篇水平 词汇水平 句子水平 语篇水平
语言理解 性别 - 0.031* - - - -
年龄 - - - - - -
受教育年限 - - - - - 0.053*
数字判断 0.301*** - - - - 0.042*
颜色判断 0.032* - - - - -
数字广度正背 - - - - - -
数字广度倒背 - 0.037* 0.046* - - -
STROOP - - - - - -
词汇产生 0.041* 0.168*** - 0.112*** - -
句子产生 - - 0.074** - - -
语篇产生 - - - - 0.069** 0.094**
语言产生 性别 - - 0.042* - - -
年龄 - - - - - -
受教育年限 - - - - - -
数字判断 - - - - - -
颜色判断 - - - - - 0.047*
数字广度正背 - - - - - -
数字广度倒背 - - - 0.062** 0.079** -
STROOP - - - - - -
词汇理解 0.073** - - 0.112*** - -
句子理解 0.168*** - - - - -
语篇理解 - 0.074** - - - 0.094**

表5一般认知任务、语言产生任务或语言理解任务对语言理解能力或语言产生能力的解释量(ΔR2)
语言能力 预测变量 青年组 老年组
词汇水平 句子水平 语篇水平 词汇水平 句子水平 语篇水平
语言理解 性别 - 0.031* - - - -
年龄 - - - - - -
受教育年限 - - - - - 0.053*
数字判断 0.301*** - - - - 0.042*
颜色判断 0.032* - - - - -
数字广度正背 - - - - - -
数字广度倒背 - 0.037* 0.046* - - -
STROOP - - - - - -
词汇产生 0.041* 0.168*** - 0.112*** - -
句子产生 - - 0.074** - - -
语篇产生 - - - - 0.069** 0.094**
语言产生 性别 - - 0.042* - - -
年龄 - - - - - -
受教育年限 - - - - - -
数字判断 - - - - - -
颜色判断 - - - - - 0.047*
数字广度正背 - - - - - -
数字广度倒背 - - - 0.062** 0.079** -
STROOP - - - - - -
词汇理解 0.073** - - 0.112*** - -
句子理解 0.168*** - - - - -
语篇理解 - 0.074** - - - 0.094**


表6一般认知能力和语言产生能力对词汇理解、句子理解和语篇理解任务得分组间差异的分层回归分析[B (SE)]
任
务		 预测变量 模型 1 模型 2 模型 3
步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 1 步骤 2
词
汇
理
解		 性别 0.031 (0.137) 0.145 (0.125) 0.160 (0.125) 0.184 (0.123) 0.116 (0.122) 0.124 (0.123)
受教育年限 0.287 (0.067)*** 0.069 (0.068) 0.078 (0.066) 0.022 (0.067) -0.007 (0.066) -0.011 (0.067)
(组别) -0.951 (0.136)***
数字判断 0.106 (0.089) 0.105 (0.087) 0.080 (0.086) 0.083 (0.086)
颜色判断 0.232 (0.089)* 0.177 (0.089)* 0.156 (0.087) 0.151 (0.088)
数字广度正背 0.093 (0.087) 0.047 (0.087) 0.010 (0.087) 0.007 (0.087)
数字广度倒背 0.203 (0.090)* 0.089 (0.095) 0.097 (0.092) 0.083 (0.095)
STROOP -0.025 (0.064) -0.042 (0.063) -0.042 (0.062) -0.044 (0.062)
(组别) -0.568 (0.180)**
词汇产生 0.344 (0.089)*** 0.314 (0.103)**
句子产生 -0.021 (0.071) -0.024 (0.071)
语篇产生 0.080 (0.079) 0.069 (0.082)
组别 -0.129 (0.225)
R2 = 0.082*** ΔR2 = 0.175*** R2 = 0.282*** ΔR2 = 0.034** R2 = 0.351*** ΔR2 = 0.001
ΔΔR2 = 0.141 ΔΔR2 = 0.033
句
子
理
解		 性别 -0.009 (0.133) 0.162 (0.099) 0.138 (0.112) 0.186 (0.099) 0.117 (0.101) 0.160 (0.098)
受教育年限 0.371 (0.065)*** 0.043 (0.054) 0.140 (0.059)* 0.029 (0.054) 0.019 (0.055) -0.004 (0.053)
(组别) -1.426 (0.108)***
数字判断 -0.016 (0.080) -0.017 (0.070) -0.061 (0.071) -0.045 (0.069)
颜色判断 0.237 (0.080)** 0.129 (0.072) 0.127 (0.072) 0.102 (0.07)
数字广度正背 0.118 (0.078) 0.027 (0.070) 0.027 (0.072) 0.009 (0.069)
数字广度倒背 0.331 (0.081)*** 0.106 (0.077) 0.155 (0.076)* 0.080 (0.076)
STROOP 0.083 (0.057) 0.05 (0.051) 0.061 (0.051) 0.049 (0.049)
(组别) -1.122 (0.145)***
词汇产生 0.375 (0.074)*** 0.213 (0.082)*
句子产生 0.054 (0.058) 0.040 (0.057)
语篇产生 0.196 (0.066)** 0.134 (0.065)*
组别 -0.705 (0.179)***
R2 = 0.138*** ΔR2 = 0.393*** R2 = 0.424*** ΔR2 = 0.132*** R2 = 0.554*** ΔR2 = 0.032***
ΔΔR2 = 0.261 ΔΔR2 = 0.099
语
篇
理
解		 性别 -0.130 (0.129) 0.026 (0.101) -0.012 (0.110) 0.030 (0.100) -0.041 (0.105) 0.011 (0.101)
受教育年限 0.427 (0.063)*** 0.129 (0.055)* 0.204 (0.058)*** 0.107 (0.055) 0.126 (0.057)* 0.099 (0.055)
(组别) -1.298 (0.110)***
数字判断 0.093 (0.078) 0.093 (0.071) 0.055 (0.074) 0.074 (0.070)
颜色判断 0.130 (0.078) 0.036 (0.072) 0.054 (0.075) 0.024 (0.072)
数字广度正背 0.050 (0.076) -0.030 (0.070) -0.004 (0.074) -0.025 (0.071)
数字广度倒背 0.385 (0.079)*** 0.189 (0.078)* 0.287 (0.079)*** 0.197 (0.078)*
STROOP 0.027 (0.056) -0.002 (0.051) 0.021 (0.053) 0.007 (0.051)
(组别) -0.975 (0.147)***
词汇产生 0.252 (0.076)** 0.058 (0.084)
句子产生 -0.113 (0.061) -0.130 (0.058)*
语篇产生 0.219 (0.068)** 0.145 (0.067)*
组别 -0.843 (0.184)***
R2 = 0.190*** ΔR2 = 0.326*** R2 = 0.447*** ΔR2 = 0.099*** R2 = 0.519*** ΔR2 = 0.046***
ΔΔR2 = 0.226 ΔΔR2 = 0.053

表6一般认知能力和语言产生能力对词汇理解、句子理解和语篇理解任务得分组间差异的分层回归分析[B (SE)]
任
务		 预测变量 模型 1 模型 2 模型 3
步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 1 步骤 2
词
汇
理
解		 性别 0.031 (0.137) 0.145 (0.125) 0.160 (0.125) 0.184 (0.123) 0.116 (0.122) 0.124 (0.123)
受教育年限 0.287 (0.067)*** 0.069 (0.068) 0.078 (0.066) 0.022 (0.067) -0.007 (0.066) -0.011 (0.067)
(组别) -0.951 (0.136)***
数字判断 0.106 (0.089) 0.105 (0.087) 0.080 (0.086) 0.083 (0.086)
颜色判断 0.232 (0.089)* 0.177 (0.089)* 0.156 (0.087) 0.151 (0.088)
数字广度正背 0.093 (0.087) 0.047 (0.087) 0.010 (0.087) 0.007 (0.087)
数字广度倒背 0.203 (0.090)* 0.089 (0.095) 0.097 (0.092) 0.083 (0.095)
STROOP -0.025 (0.064) -0.042 (0.063) -0.042 (0.062) -0.044 (0.062)
(组别) -0.568 (0.180)**
词汇产生 0.344 (0.089)*** 0.314 (0.103)**
句子产生 -0.021 (0.071) -0.024 (0.071)
语篇产生 0.080 (0.079) 0.069 (0.082)
组别 -0.129 (0.225)
R2 = 0.082*** ΔR2 = 0.175*** R2 = 0.282*** ΔR2 = 0.034** R2 = 0.351*** ΔR2 = 0.001
ΔΔR2 = 0.141 ΔΔR2 = 0.033
句
子
理
解		 性别 -0.009 (0.133) 0.162 (0.099) 0.138 (0.112) 0.186 (0.099) 0.117 (0.101) 0.160 (0.098)
受教育年限 0.371 (0.065)*** 0.043 (0.054) 0.140 (0.059)* 0.029 (0.054) 0.019 (0.055) -0.004 (0.053)
(组别) -1.426 (0.108)***
数字判断 -0.016 (0.080) -0.017 (0.070) -0.061 (0.071) -0.045 (0.069)
颜色判断 0.237 (0.080)** 0.129 (0.072) 0.127 (0.072) 0.102 (0.07)
数字广度正背 0.118 (0.078) 0.027 (0.070) 0.027 (0.072) 0.009 (0.069)
数字广度倒背 0.331 (0.081)*** 0.106 (0.077) 0.155 (0.076)* 0.080 (0.076)
STROOP 0.083 (0.057) 0.05 (0.051) 0.061 (0.051) 0.049 (0.049)
(组别) -1.122 (0.145)***
词汇产生 0.375 (0.074)*** 0.213 (0.082)*
句子产生 0.054 (0.058) 0.040 (0.057)
语篇产生 0.196 (0.066)** 0.134 (0.065)*
组别 -0.705 (0.179)***
R2 = 0.138*** ΔR2 = 0.393*** R2 = 0.424*** ΔR2 = 0.132*** R2 = 0.554*** ΔR2 = 0.032***
ΔΔR2 = 0.261 ΔΔR2 = 0.099
语
篇
理
解		 性别 -0.130 (0.129) 0.026 (0.101) -0.012 (0.110) 0.030 (0.100) -0.041 (0.105) 0.011 (0.101)
受教育年限 0.427 (0.063)*** 0.129 (0.055)* 0.204 (0.058)*** 0.107 (0.055) 0.126 (0.057)* 0.099 (0.055)
(组别) -1.298 (0.110)***
数字判断 0.093 (0.078) 0.093 (0.071) 0.055 (0.074) 0.074 (0.070)
颜色判断 0.130 (0.078) 0.036 (0.072) 0.054 (0.075) 0.024 (0.072)
数字广度正背 0.050 (0.076) -0.030 (0.070) -0.004 (0.074) -0.025 (0.071)
数字广度倒背 0.385 (0.079)*** 0.189 (0.078)* 0.287 (0.079)*** 0.197 (0.078)*
STROOP 0.027 (0.056) -0.002 (0.051) 0.021 (0.053) 0.007 (0.051)
(组别) -0.975 (0.147)***
词汇产生 0.252 (0.076)** 0.058 (0.084)
句子产生 -0.113 (0.061) -0.130 (0.058)*
语篇产生 0.219 (0.068)** 0.145 (0.067)*
组别 -0.843 (0.184)***
R2 = 0.190*** ΔR2 = 0.326*** R2 = 0.447*** ΔR2 = 0.099*** R2 = 0.519*** ΔR2 = 0.046***
ΔΔR2 = 0.226 ΔΔR2 = 0.053


表7一般认知能力和语言理解能力对词汇产生、句子产生和语篇产生任务得分组间差异的分层回归分析[B (SE)]
任
务		 预测变量 模型 1 模型 2 模型 3
步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 1 步骤 2
词
汇
产
生		 性别 -0.004 (0.127) 0.177 (0.085)* 0.148 (0.102) 0.201 (0.084)* 0.078 (0.090) 0.146 (0.082)
受教育年限 0.464 (0.062)*** 0.117 (0.046)* 0.216 (0.054)*** 0.093 (0.046)* 0.132 (0.049)** 0.085 (0.045)
(组别) -1.51 (0.093)***
数字判断 0.046 (0.072) 0.045 (0.059) 0.020 (0.064) 0.033 (0.058)
颜色判断 0.184 (0.073)* 0.066 (0.061) 0.053 (0.066) 0.020 (0.060)
数字广度正背 0.250 (0.071)*** 0.150 (0.059)* 0.190 (0.062)** 0.139 (0.057)*
数字广度倒背 0.253 (0.073)*** 0.005 (0.065) 0.064 (0.069) -0.025 (0.064)
STROOP 0.050 (0.052) 0.014 (0.043) 0.025 (0.046) 0.012 (0.042)
(组别) -1.235 (0.123)***
词汇理解 0.178 (0.051)*** 0.139 (0.047)**
句子理解 0.313 (0.059)*** 0.161 (0.058)**
语篇理解 0.128 (0.060)* 0.006 (0.058)
组别 -0.969 (0.144)***
R2 = 0.216*** ΔR2 = 0.440*** R2 = 0.522*** ΔR2 = 0.159*** R2 = 0.642*** ΔR2 = 0.067***
ΔΔR2 = 0.281 ΔΔR2 = 0.093
句
子
产
生		 性别 -0.262 (0.135) -0.148 (0.123) -0.173 (0.126) -0.146 (0.123) -0.215 (0.125) -0.173 (0.124)
受教育年限 0.291 (0.066)*** 0.072 (0.067) 0.123 (0.067) 0.062 (0.068) 0.105 (0.068) 0.075 (0.068)
(组别) -0.954 (0.134)***
数字判断 0.028 (0.090) 0.027 (0.087) 0.036 (0.089) 0.044 (0.087)
颜色判断 0.091 (0.090) 0.032 (0.089) 0.035 (0.091) 0.015 (0.09)
数字广度正背 0.035 (0.088) -0.015 (0.087) 0.007 (0.087) -0.025 (0.086)
数字广度倒背 0.330 (0.091)*** 0.206 (0.096)* 0.276 (0.096)** 0.22 (0.097)*
STROOP 0.061 (0.065) 0.043 (0.063) 0.044 (0.064) 0.036 (0.063)
(组别) -0.62 (0.181)***
词汇理解 0.042 (0.071) 0.018 (0.071)
句子理解 0.249 (0.083)** 0.155 (0.088)
语篇理解 -0.096 (0.084) -0.172 (0.087)*
组别 -0.604 (0.218)**
R2 = 0.106*** ΔR2 = 0.176*** R2 = 0.270*** ΔR2 = 0.040*** R2 = 0.305*** ΔR2 = 0.026**
ΔΔR2 = 0.136 ΔΔR2 = 0.014
语
篇
产
生		 性别 -0.24 (0.131) -0.096 (0.108) -0.128 (0.116) -0.086 (0.107) -0.177 (0.109) -0.132 (0.107)
受教育年限 0.38 (0.064)*** 0.104 (0.059) 0.173 (0.062)** 0.077 (0.059) 0.090 (0.059) 0.059 (0.058)
(组别) -1.199 (0.118)***
数字判断 0.135 (0.082) 0.135 (0.076) 0.113 (0.077) 0.122 (0.075)
颜色判断 0.182 (0.083)** 0.089 (0.078) 0.073 (0.079) 0.052 (0.078)
数字广度正背 -0.023 (0.081) -0.102 (0.075) -0.072 (0.076) -0.106 (0.074)
数字广度倒背 0.325 (0.084)*** 0.131 (0.083) 0.146 (0.083) 0.087 (0.083)
STROOP 0.002 (0.060) -0.026 (0.055) -0.024 (0.056) -0.032 (0.054)
(组别) -0.968 (0.157)***
词汇理解 0.082 (0.062) 0.057 (0.061)
句子理解 0.275 (0.072)*** 0.176 (0.076)*
语篇理解 0.186 (0.073)* 0.106 (0.075)
组别 -0.635 (0.187)***
R2 = 0.163*** ΔR2 = 0.278*** R2 = 0.382*** ΔR2 = 0.098*** R2 = 0.476*** ΔR2 = 0.029***
ΔΔR2 = 0.180 ΔΔR2 = 0.069

表7一般认知能力和语言理解能力对词汇产生、句子产生和语篇产生任务得分组间差异的分层回归分析[B (SE)]
任
务		 预测变量 模型 1 模型 2 模型 3
步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 1 步骤 2
词
汇
产
生		 性别 -0.004 (0.127) 0.177 (0.085)* 0.148 (0.102) 0.201 (0.084)* 0.078 (0.090) 0.146 (0.082)
受教育年限 0.464 (0.062)*** 0.117 (0.046)* 0.216 (0.054)*** 0.093 (0.046)* 0.132 (0.049)** 0.085 (0.045)
(组别) -1.51 (0.093)***
数字判断 0.046 (0.072) 0.045 (0.059) 0.020 (0.064) 0.033 (0.058)
颜色判断 0.184 (0.073)* 0.066 (0.061) 0.053 (0.066) 0.020 (0.060)
数字广度正背 0.250 (0.071)*** 0.150 (0.059)* 0.190 (0.062)** 0.139 (0.057)*
数字广度倒背 0.253 (0.073)*** 0.005 (0.065) 0.064 (0.069) -0.025 (0.064)
STROOP 0.050 (0.052) 0.014 (0.043) 0.025 (0.046) 0.012 (0.042)
(组别) -1.235 (0.123)***
词汇理解 0.178 (0.051)*** 0.139 (0.047)**
句子理解 0.313 (0.059)*** 0.161 (0.058)**
语篇理解 0.128 (0.060)* 0.006 (0.058)
组别 -0.969 (0.144)***
R2 = 0.216*** ΔR2 = 0.440*** R2 = 0.522*** ΔR2 = 0.159*** R2 = 0.642*** ΔR2 = 0.067***
ΔΔR2 = 0.281 ΔΔR2 = 0.093
句
子
产
生		 性别 -0.262 (0.135) -0.148 (0.123) -0.173 (0.126) -0.146 (0.123) -0.215 (0.125) -0.173 (0.124)
受教育年限 0.291 (0.066)*** 0.072 (0.067) 0.123 (0.067) 0.062 (0.068) 0.105 (0.068) 0.075 (0.068)
(组别) -0.954 (0.134)***
数字判断 0.028 (0.090) 0.027 (0.087) 0.036 (0.089) 0.044 (0.087)
颜色判断 0.091 (0.090) 0.032 (0.089) 0.035 (0.091) 0.015 (0.09)
数字广度正背 0.035 (0.088) -0.015 (0.087) 0.007 (0.087) -0.025 (0.086)
数字广度倒背 0.330 (0.091)*** 0.206 (0.096)* 0.276 (0.096)** 0.22 (0.097)*
STROOP 0.061 (0.065) 0.043 (0.063) 0.044 (0.064) 0.036 (0.063)
(组别) -0.62 (0.181)***
词汇理解 0.042 (0.071) 0.018 (0.071)
句子理解 0.249 (0.083)** 0.155 (0.088)
语篇理解 -0.096 (0.084) -0.172 (0.087)*
组别 -0.604 (0.218)**
R2 = 0.106*** ΔR2 = 0.176*** R2 = 0.270*** ΔR2 = 0.040*** R2 = 0.305*** ΔR2 = 0.026**
ΔΔR2 = 0.136 ΔΔR2 = 0.014
语
篇
产
生		 性别 -0.24 (0.131) -0.096 (0.108) -0.128 (0.116) -0.086 (0.107) -0.177 (0.109) -0.132 (0.107)
受教育年限 0.38 (0.064)*** 0.104 (0.059) 0.173 (0.062)** 0.077 (0.059) 0.090 (0.059) 0.059 (0.058)
(组别) -1.199 (0.118)***
数字判断 0.135 (0.082) 0.135 (0.076) 0.113 (0.077) 0.122 (0.075)
颜色判断 0.182 (0.083)** 0.089 (0.078) 0.073 (0.079) 0.052 (0.078)
数字广度正背 -0.023 (0.081) -0.102 (0.075) -0.072 (0.076) -0.106 (0.074)
数字广度倒背 0.325 (0.084)*** 0.131 (0.083) 0.146 (0.083) 0.087 (0.083)
STROOP 0.002 (0.060) -0.026 (0.055) -0.024 (0.056) -0.032 (0.054)
(组别) -0.968 (0.157)***
词汇理解 0.082 (0.062) 0.057 (0.061)
句子理解 0.275 (0.072)*** 0.176 (0.076)*
语篇理解 0.186 (0.073)* 0.106 (0.075)
组别 -0.635 (0.187)***
R2 = 0.163*** ΔR2 = 0.278*** R2 = 0.382*** ΔR2 = 0.098*** R2 = 0.476*** ΔR2 = 0.029***
ΔΔR2 = 0.180 ΔΔR2 = 0.069



图3语言任务的分层回归模型中组别的ΔR2。** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
图3语言任务的分层回归模型中组别的ΔR2。** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001







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