知觉冲突印象形成的认知控制策略：以刻板化信息与反刻板化信息为例 *

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崔诣晨¹^,²^,³, 王沛⁴(

), 崔亚娟⁵

1 南京晓庄学院心理健康研究院, 南京 210017
2 南京林业大学心理健康教育指导中心, 南京 210037
3 南京大学社会学院, 南京 210023
4 华东师范大学教育学部, 上海 200062
5 深圳威高集力物流有限公司, 深圳 518067

收稿日期:2017-12-20出版日期:2019-11-25发布日期:2019-08-19
通讯作者:王沛E-mail:wangpei@163.com

基金资助:* 教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(17YJC840007);江苏省教育科学“十三五”规划课题青年专项重点资助项目(C-a/2016/01/13);江苏高校哲学社会科学研究重点项目(2018SJZDI065)

Cognitive control strategies from the perspective of perceptual conflict: An example of stereotyped information and counterstereotyped information

CUI Yichen¹^,²^,³, WANG Pei⁴(

), CUI Yajuan⁵

1 Institute of Mental Health, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 210017, China
2 Mental Health Education Guidance Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
3 School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
4 Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
5 Shenzhen V-Grow Power Logistics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518067, China

Received:2017-12-20Online:2019-11-25Published:2019-08-19
Contact:WANG Pei E-mail:wangpei@163.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 以刻板化信息与反刻板化信息为例, 采用词义Stroop范式和掩蔽版的目标-启动范式分别将实验任务分成高、低知觉负载或阈上、阈下启动两种水平, 考察冲突信息知觉负载水平及其强度对他人印象形成的认知控制策略的影响。结果发现：(1)冲突信息启动方式与知觉负载的动态变化决定了个体对刻板化信息与反刻板化信息印象形成的认知控制策略。反应性控制耗费的认知资源少, 对刻板一致化信息的印象加工更快捷, 而对刻板冲突化信息的印象加工更缓慢, 且易激活反刻板印象; 而主动性控制耗费的认知资源多, 对刻板一致化信息的印象加工更缓慢, 而对刻板冲突化信息的印象加工更快捷, 且易出现刻板印象偏差。(2)认知控制对刻板化信息与反刻板化信息采取不同的加工模式。刻板化信息与反刻板化信息同时在阈上启动时, 其加工方式受到有意操作系统的主动性控制, 即进行可意识到的、受意识控制的加工; 而当这两类信息同时在阈下启动时, 其加工方式受到自动监控系统的反应性控制, 即进行无意识的、不受意识控制的加工。这些结果表明, 个体通过所知觉到的刻板化信息与反刻板化信息, 能灵活地在两种认知控制系统(有意操作系统vs.自动监控系统)中进行权衡, 调节其权重(即, 要么启动主动性控制, 要么偏向反应性控制), 从而形成最有利于他人的印象加工策略。即便处于知觉阈限之下, 个体仍能通过无意识认知控制的方式对他人印象进行加工。

图/表 8

图1一个试次的任务流程

图2信息知觉与其负载水平对他人印象加工速度的影响

图2信息知觉与其负载水平对他人印象加工速度的影响

表1各组内实验条件下被试的平均反应时(N = 82/单位ms)

知觉负载	性别特质词	性别属性词	信息知觉	M	SE
低	男性特质词	女	冲突	582.45	20.69
	男性特质词	男	相容	574.48	20.87
	女性特质词	男	冲突	578.47	20.27
	女性特质词	女	相容	577.18	20.52
高	男性特质词	女	冲突	632.09	21.44
	男性特质词	男	相容	634.52	22.08
	女性特质词	男	冲突	623.54	22.49
	女性特质词	女	相容	636.25	21.62

表1各组内实验条件下被试的平均反应时(N = 82/单位ms)

知觉负载	性别特质词	性别属性词	信息知觉	M	SE
低	男性特质词	女	冲突	582.45	20.69
	男性特质词	男	相容	574.48	20.87
	女性特质词	男	冲突	578.47	20.27
	女性特质词	女	相容	577.18	20.52
高	男性特质词	女	冲突	632.09	21.44
	男性特质词	男	相容	634.52	22.08
	女性特质词	男	冲突	623.54	22.49
	女性特质词	女	相容	636.25	21.62

图3不同负载水平下信息知觉对他人印象加工准确率的影响

图4一个试次的阈上启动和阈下启动任务流程

图5不同冲突信息启动方式下印象加工的情绪效价

图5不同冲突信息启动方式下印象加工的情绪效价

表2各种实验条件下的平均反应时(自然对数)和情绪效价反应比(%)

观测指标	印象加工的平均反应时自然对数				印象加工的情绪效价反应比(%)
	阈上启动		阈下启动		阈上启动		阈下启动
	冲突	相容	冲突	相容	冲突	相容	冲突	相容
M	6.345	5.938	5.762	5.789	0.371	0.544	0.691	0.685
SE	0.093	0.099	0.080	0.085	0.186	0.262	0.184	0.181

表2各种实验条件下的平均反应时(自然对数)和情绪效价反应比(%)

观测指标	印象加工的平均反应时自然对数				印象加工的情绪效价反应比(%)
	阈上启动		阈下启动		阈上启动		阈下启动
	冲突	相容	冲突	相容	冲突	相容	冲突	相容
M	6.345	5.938	5.762	5.789	0.371	0.544	0.691	0.685
SE	0.093	0.099	0.080	0.085	0.186	0.262	0.184	0.181

图6不同冲突信息启动方式下印象加工的反应时

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