1 西南大学心理学部, 认知与人格教育部重点实验室, 重庆 400715
2 江苏师范大学语言科学与艺术学院, 江苏省语言与认知神经科学重点实验室, 语言能力协同创新中心, 徐州 221009
收稿日期:2018-03-05出版日期:2019-01-25发布日期:2018-11-26通讯作者:陈安涛基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金项目(61431013);* 国家自然科学基金项目(31771254);中央高校基本科研业务费(SWU1609106);中央高校基本科研业务费项目资助(SWU1709107)Reward improves cognitive control by enhancing signal monitoring
WANG Yanqing1, CHEN Antao1,*, HU Xueping2, YIN Shouhang11 Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
2 School of Linguistics and Arts, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Language Competence, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221009, China
Received:2018-03-05Online:2019-01-25Published:2018-11-26Contact:CHEN Antao 摘要/Abstract
摘要： 认知控制是动态的、过程性的认知调控, 涉及监测和控制两个过程。先前研究表明奖赏可以提升认知控制, 但是奖赏是通过增强信号监测来提升认知控制的, 还是作用于控制过程来提升认知控制的, 是一个有待研究的重要问题。在本研究中, 我们设计了三个实验来调查这一问题。实验1采用Stop-Signal任务验证奖赏是否能提升认知控制; 实验2通过改变反应规则将Stop-Signal任务信号监测加工分离出来, 探讨实验1中奖赏的提升作用是否来源于奖赏对信号监测的增强; 实验3通过操纵注意资源损耗分析, 考察注意资源分配对信号监测的促进作用。实验1结果显示, 个体能更快地根据奖赏信息做出抑制反应。实验2结果表明, 在信号监测任务中, 个体能更加快速地监测到与当前抑制状态相冲突且和奖赏相关的反应信号, 据此可认为奖赏通过增强对相关信号的监测, 有助于个体更早地启动奖赏刺激信号所对应的反应, 更高效地控制冲突。实验3结果说明, 当任务难度增大, 注意资源损耗, 奖赏相关信号的反应时和正确率仍优于无奖赏信号, 说明注意资源的分配可以调节相关信号的监测速度。总体来看, 本研究通过一系列实验表明, 以目标为导向的行为发生过程中, 奖赏能有效提升认知控制效率, 其关键机制在于通过注意资源分配增强相关信号的监测。
图/表 4
图1实验流程图 A, 实验1中, 判断箭头朝向, 箭头上出现向上或向下的三角形(停止信号)时停止反应; B, 实验2中, 不对箭头反应, 箭头上出现向上或向下的三角形(Go信号)时判断箭头朝向; C, 实验3中, 不对箭头反应, 箭头上出现向下的三角形(停止信号)时不做反应, 箭头上出现向上的三角形(Go信号)时判断箭头朝向。
图1实验流程图 A, 实验1中, 判断箭头朝向, 箭头上出现向上或向下的三角形(停止信号)时停止反应; B, 实验2中, 不对箭头反应, 箭头上出现向上或向下的三角形(Go信号)时判断箭头朝向; C, 实验3中, 不对箭头反应, 箭头上出现向下的三角形(停止信号)时不做反应, 箭头上出现向上的三角形(Go信号)时判断箭头朝向。表1实验1 Stop-Signal任务行为指标数据(M ± SD)
| 行为指标 | 无奖赏试次 | 奖赏试次 |
|---|---|---|
| 停止信号SSD (ms) | 236 ± 85 | 247 ± 88 |
| 停止信号SSRT (ms) | 233 ± 73 | 220 ± 73 |
| 停止信号正确率 | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 0.51 ± 0.07 |
| Go试次反应时(ms) | 493 ± 77 | -- |
| Go试次正确率 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | -- |
表1实验1 Stop-Signal任务行为指标数据(M ± SD)
| 行为指标 | 无奖赏试次 | 奖赏试次 |
|---|---|---|
| 停止信号SSD (ms) | 236 ± 85 | 247 ± 88 |
| 停止信号SSRT (ms) | 233 ± 73 | 220 ± 73 |
| 停止信号正确率 | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 0.51 ± 0.07 |
| Go试次反应时(ms) | 493 ± 77 | -- |
| Go试次正确率 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | -- |
图2实验结果图 A：实验2信号监测的反应时和正确率; B：实验2与实验3中Go试次的反应时和正确率
图2实验结果图 A：实验2信号监测的反应时和正确率; B：实验2与实验3中Go试次的反应时和正确率
图3实验结果图 A：实验3中Stop试次的正确率、Go试次的正确率和反应时; B：实验3早期组块和晚期组块Go试次的反应时、正确率和Stop试次的正确率。
图3实验结果图 A：实验3中Stop试次的正确率、Go试次的正确率和反应时; B：实验3早期组块和晚期组块Go试次的反应时、正确率和Stop试次的正确率。参考文献 45
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