天津师范大学教育科学学院, 天津 300387
收稿日期:2017-05-02出版日期:2019-01-25发布日期:2018-11-26通讯作者:刘希平基金资助:* 天津市哲学社会科学规划课题资助(TJJX15-017);天津师范大学培育国家社科重大招标项目专项基金资助(2017)Effects of facial attractiveness and information accuracy on preschoolers’ selective trust
TANG Weihai, ZHONG Rubo, XU Xiaoxu, LIU Xiping*School of Educational Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
Received:2017-05-02Online:2019-01-25Published:2018-11-26Contact:LIU Xiping 摘要/Abstract
摘要： 实验1采用3×2×2 的混合设计, 考察4~6岁幼儿获取全新信息时基于面孔吸引力的选择性信任及其特点。结果显示：(1) 4~6岁的男孩和女孩均表现出对高面孔吸引力者的选择性信任。(2)在选择性信任程度方面：5岁比4岁高, 而4岁和6岁之间、5岁和6岁之间则相同; 女孩在询问任务中比男孩表现出更高的选择性信任, 在赞同任务中则相同。那么, 幼儿的这种选择性信任是否受到信息正确性的调节?为此, 实验2采用2×3的被试间设计, 探讨信息提供者提供信息的正确性对4~6岁幼儿基于面孔吸引力的选择性信任的影响。结果显示：在正确性为50% vs. 50%条件下, 幼儿未对信息提供者产生选择性信任; 在正确性为25% vs. 75%条件下, 幼儿对提供较大正确性信息的低面孔吸引力者产生了选择性信任。研究结果表明：(1)在信息缺乏时, 4~6岁幼儿普遍存在有偏见的选择性信任; 女孩比男孩更易受到社会偏见因素的影响。(2)在信息明确时, 4~6岁幼儿也能做出相对理性的选择性信任。
图/表 9
表1被试基本信息
| 年龄 | 性别 | 人数(n) | 月龄 | 月龄范围 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | 最小值 | 最大值 | |||
| 4岁 | 男 | 33 | 54.24 | 2.16 | 52.08 | 56.40 |
| 女 | 30 | 55.20 | 1.80 | 53.40 | 57.00 | |
| 5岁 | 男 | 33 | 65.16 | 2.88 | 62.28 | 68.04 |
| 女 | 33 | 66.12 | 2.64 | 63.48 | 68.76 | |
| 6岁 | 男 | 33 | 77.88 | 2.04 | 75.84 | 79.92 |
| 女 | 33 | 78.24 | 2.04 | 76.20 | 80.28 | |
表1被试基本信息
| 年龄 | 性别 | 人数(n) | 月龄 | 月龄范围 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | 最小值 | 最大值 | |||
| 4岁 | 男 | 33 | 54.24 | 2.16 | 52.08 | 56.40 |
| 女 | 30 | 55.20 | 1.80 | 53.40 | 57.00 | |
| 5岁 | 男 | 33 | 65.16 | 2.88 | 62.28 | 68.04 |
| 女 | 33 | 66.12 | 2.64 | 63.48 | 68.76 | |
| 6岁 | 男 | 33 | 77.88 | 2.04 | 75.84 | 79.92 |
| 女 | 33 | 78.24 | 2.04 | 76.20 | 80.28 | |
表24~6岁幼儿的询问率和赞同率与随机水平的比较
| 年龄 | 性别(n) | 询问率(M ± SD) | t | d | 赞同率(M ± SD) | t | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4岁 | 男(33) | 0.61 ± 0.28 | 2.21* | 0.39 | 0.61 ± 0.28 | 2.17* | 0.39 |
| 女(30) | 0.71 ± 0.23 | 4.98*** | 0.91 | 0.65 ± 0.28 | 3.03** | 0.54 | |
| 总计(63) | 0.65 ± 0.26 | 4.75*** | 0.58 | 0.63 ± 0.28 | 3.67*** | 0.46 | |
| 5岁 | 男(33) | 0.77 ± 0.21 | 7.49*** | 1.29 | 0.68 ± 0.23 | 4.63*** | 0.78 |
| 女(33) | 0.85 ± 0.21 | 9.53*** | 1.67 | 0.72 ± 0.26 | 4.76*** | 0.85 | |
| 总计(66) | 0.81 ± 0.21 | 11.90*** | 1.48 | 0.7 ± 0.24 | 6.67*** | 0.83 | |
| 6岁 | 男(33) | 0.66 ± 0.24 | 3.81*** | 0.67 | 0.65 ± 0.21 | 4.13*** | 0.71 |
| 女(33) | 0.83 ± 0.25 | 7.73*** | 1.32 | 0.7 ± 0.23 | 4.92*** | 0.87 | |
| 总计(66) | 0.75 ± 0.26 | 7.77*** | 0.96 | 0.67 ± 0.22 | 6.44*** | 0.77 |
表24~6岁幼儿的询问率和赞同率与随机水平的比较
| 年龄 | 性别(n) | 询问率(M ± SD) | t | d | 赞同率(M ± SD) | t | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4岁 | 男(33) | 0.61 ± 0.28 | 2.21* | 0.39 | 0.61 ± 0.28 | 2.17* | 0.39 |
| 女(30) | 0.71 ± 0.23 | 4.98*** | 0.91 | 0.65 ± 0.28 | 3.03** | 0.54 | |
| 总计(63) | 0.65 ± 0.26 | 4.75*** | 0.58 | 0.63 ± 0.28 | 3.67*** | 0.46 | |
| 5岁 | 男(33) | 0.77 ± 0.21 | 7.49*** | 1.29 | 0.68 ± 0.23 | 4.63*** | 0.78 |
| 女(33) | 0.85 ± 0.21 | 9.53*** | 1.67 | 0.72 ± 0.26 | 4.76*** | 0.85 | |
| 总计(66) | 0.81 ± 0.21 | 11.90*** | 1.48 | 0.7 ± 0.24 | 6.67*** | 0.83 | |
| 6岁 | 男(33) | 0.66 ± 0.24 | 3.81*** | 0.67 | 0.65 ± 0.21 | 4.13*** | 0.71 |
| 女(33) | 0.83 ± 0.25 | 7.73*** | 1.32 | 0.7 ± 0.23 | 4.92*** | 0.87 | |
| 总计(66) | 0.75 ± 0.26 | 7.77*** | 0.96 | 0.67 ± 0.22 | 6.44*** | 0.77 |
表34~6岁幼儿的询问量和赞同量(M ± SD)
| 年龄 | 性别(n) | 询问量 | 赞同量 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4岁 | 男(33) | 0.11 ± 0.28 | 0.11 ± 0.28 |
| 女(30) | 0.21 ± 0.23 | 0.15 ± 0.28 | |
| 5岁 | 男(33) | 0.27 ± 0.21 | 0.18 ± 0.23 |
| 女(33) | 0.35 ± 0.21 | 0.22 ± 0.26 | |
| 6岁 | 男(33) | 0.16 ± 0.24 | 0.15 ± 0.21 |
| 女(33) | 0.33 ± 0.25 | 0.20 ± 0.23 |
表34~6岁幼儿的询问量和赞同量(M ± SD)
| 年龄 | 性别(n) | 询问量 | 赞同量 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4岁 | 男(33) | 0.11 ± 0.28 | 0.11 ± 0.28 |
| 女(30) | 0.21 ± 0.23 | 0.15 ± 0.28 | |
| 5岁 | 男(33) | 0.27 ± 0.21 | 0.18 ± 0.23 |
| 女(33) | 0.35 ± 0.21 | 0.22 ± 0.26 | |
| 6岁 | 男(33) | 0.16 ± 0.24 | 0.15 ± 0.21 |
| 女(33) | 0.33 ± 0.25 | 0.20 ± 0.23 |
图1性别和任务类型的交互作用
图1性别和任务类型的交互作用表4被试基本信息
| 年龄 | 性别 | 人数(n1, n2) | 正确性为50% vs. 50% | 正确性为25% vs. 75% | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 月龄 | 月龄范围 | 月龄 | 月龄范围 | ||||||||
| M | SD | 最小值 | 最大值 | M | SD | 最小值 | 最大值 | ||||
| 4岁 | 男 | (14, 15) | 54.66 | 4.10 | 50.56 | 58.76 | 54.05 | 3.33 | 50.72 | 57.38 | |
| 女 | (20, 13) | 55.93 | 1.92 | 54.01 | 57.85 | 55.29 | 1.58 | 53.71 | 56.87 | ||
| 5岁 | 男 | (16, 16) | 68.75 | 2.76 | 65.99 | 71.51 | 64.81 | 3.53 | 61.28 | 68.34 | |
| 女 | (15, 12) | 66.75 | 3.07 | 63.68 | 69.82 | 64.59 | 3.29 | 61.30 | 67.88 | ||
| 6岁 | 男 | (15, 14) | 77.71 | 1.78 | 75.93 | 79.49 | 78.6 | 1.49 | 77.11 | 80.09 | |
| 女 | (12, 15) | 77.38 | 2.15 | 75.23 | 79.53 | 77.8 | 1.79 | 76.01 | 79.59 | ||
表4被试基本信息
| 年龄 | 性别 | 人数(n1, n2) | 正确性为50% vs. 50% | 正确性为25% vs. 75% | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 月龄 | 月龄范围 | 月龄 | 月龄范围 | ||||||||
| M | SD | 最小值 | 最大值 | M | SD | 最小值 | 最大值 | ||||
| 4岁 | 男 | (14, 15) | 54.66 | 4.10 | 50.56 | 58.76 | 54.05 | 3.33 | 50.72 | 57.38 | |
| 女 | (20, 13) | 55.93 | 1.92 | 54.01 | 57.85 | 55.29 | 1.58 | 53.71 | 56.87 | ||
| 5岁 | 男 | (16, 16) | 68.75 | 2.76 | 65.99 | 71.51 | 64.81 | 3.53 | 61.28 | 68.34 | |
| 女 | (15, 12) | 66.75 | 3.07 | 63.68 | 69.82 | 64.59 | 3.29 | 61.30 | 67.88 | ||
| 6岁 | 男 | (15, 14) | 77.71 | 1.78 | 75.93 | 79.49 | 78.6 | 1.49 | 77.11 | 80.09 | |
| 女 | (12, 15) | 77.38 | 2.15 | 75.23 | 79.53 | 77.8 | 1.79 | 76.01 | 79.59 | ||
表5幼儿在不同信息正确性条件下对高面孔吸引力者的询问率和赞同率(M ± SD)
| 年龄组(n1, n2) | 正确性为50% vs. 50% | 正确性为25% vs. 75% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 询问率 | 赞同率 | 询问率 | 赞同率 | |
| 4岁(34, 28) | 0.61 ± 0.29 | 0.55 ± 0.21 | 0.66 ± 0.22 | 0.31 ± 0.33 |
| 5岁(31, 28) | 0.71 ± 0.33 | 0.56 ± 0.27 | 0.72 ± 0.26 | 0.24 ± 0.23 |
| 6岁(27, 29) | 0.80 ± 0.22 | 0.58 ± 0.24 | 0.70 ± 0.26 | 0.17 ± 0.17 |
表5幼儿在不同信息正确性条件下对高面孔吸引力者的询问率和赞同率(M ± SD)
| 年龄组(n1, n2) | 正确性为50% vs. 50% | 正确性为25% vs. 75% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 询问率 | 赞同率 | 询问率 | 赞同率 | |
| 4岁(34, 28) | 0.61 ± 0.29 | 0.55 ± 0.21 | 0.66 ± 0.22 | 0.31 ± 0.33 |
| 5岁(31, 28) | 0.71 ± 0.33 | 0.56 ± 0.27 | 0.72 ± 0.26 | 0.24 ± 0.23 |
| 6岁(27, 29) | 0.80 ± 0.22 | 0.58 ± 0.24 | 0.70 ± 0.26 | 0.17 ± 0.17 |
表6幼儿在不同信息正确性条件下的选择性信任
| 年龄组(n1, n2) | 正确性为50% vs. 50% | 正确性为25% vs. 75% | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 询问率 | 赞同率 | 询问率 | 赞同率 | |||||
| t | d | t | d | t | d | t | d | |
| 4岁(34, 28) | 2.24* | 2.10 | 1.44 | 3.87** | 0.73 | -3.10** | 0.58 | |
| 5岁(31, 28) | 3.70** | 0.64 | 1.26 | 4.46*** | 0.85 | -5.83*** | 1.13 | |
| 6岁(27, 29) | 7.03*** | 1.36 | 1.70 | 4.22*** | 0.77 | -10.62*** | 1.94 | |
表6幼儿在不同信息正确性条件下的选择性信任
| 年龄组(n1, n2) | 正确性为50% vs. 50% | 正确性为25% vs. 75% | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 询问率 | 赞同率 | 询问率 | 赞同率 | |||||
| t | d | t | d | t | d | t | d | |
| 4岁(34, 28) | 2.24* | 2.10 | 1.44 | 3.87** | 0.73 | -3.10** | 0.58 | |
| 5岁(31, 28) | 3.70** | 0.64 | 1.26 | 4.46*** | 0.85 | -5.83*** | 1.13 | |
| 6岁(27, 29) | 7.03*** | 1.36 | 1.70 | 4.22*** | 0.77 | -10.62*** | 1.94 | |
表7幼儿对高面孔吸引力者选择性信任程度
| 年龄组 | 正确性为50% vs. 50% | 正确性为25% vs. 75% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | M | SD | n | M | SD | |
| 4岁 | 34 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 28 | 0.16 | 0.22 |
| 5岁 | 31 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 28 | 0.22 | 0.26 |
| 6岁 | 27 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 29 | 0.20 | 0.26 |
表7幼儿对高面孔吸引力者选择性信任程度
| 年龄组 | 正确性为50% vs. 50% | 正确性为25% vs. 75% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | M | SD | n | M | SD | |
| 4岁 | 34 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 28 | 0.16 | 0.22 |
| 5岁 | 31 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 28 | 0.22 | 0.26 |
| 6岁 | 27 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 29 | 0.20 | 0.26 |
图2幼儿基于面孔的选择性信任心理加工过程示意图
图2幼儿基于面孔的选择性信任心理加工过程示意图参考文献 64
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