) 北京大学心理与认知科学学院和行为与心理健康北京市重点实验室, 北京 100871
收稿日期:2017-11-22出版日期:2018-09-15发布日期:2018-07-27基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(31571134)Pay-forward effect of resource allocation in preschoolers: Role of theory of mind and empathy
XIE Dongjie, LU Hao, SU Yanjie() School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Received:2017-11-22Online:2018-09-15Published:2018-07-27摘要/Abstract
摘要： 当他人对个体进行资源上的自私、公平或慷慨分配后, 个体倾向于以同样的分配方式对待第三个无关个体, 这一现象为资源分配模式的传递效应。研究考察自我绝对利益受到影响时这一效应在学龄前儿童中的表现以及其中可能的社会认知机制。118名4~6岁儿童被随机分到实验条件或对照条件中。实验条件下被试与匿名同伴合作完成拼图游戏后得到同伴分配的1个(自私)、3个(公平)或5个(慷慨)代币(共6个), 之后再作为分配者与另一匿名接受者完成同样的游戏; 而对照条件下被试只扮演分配者完成拼图和分配游戏。结果发现, 公平条件下公平分配比例与对照条件之间不存在显著差异, 而自私条件下自私分配模式比例和慷慨条件下慷慨分配模式比例分别高于对照条件下相应比例; 在慷慨条件下传递者比非传递者拥有更强的二级心理理论与(认知)共情能力。这提示学龄前儿童会传递自私和慷慨分配模式, 心理理论和共情更强的学龄前儿童更有可能传递慷慨分配模式。
图/表 4
表1不同条件下学龄前儿童分配给他人的代币数量 [M (SD)]
| 条件 | 男生 | 女生 | 总计 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 对照条件 | 2.87 (0.52) | 2.87 (0.35) | 2.87 (0.43) |
| 自私条件 | 2.00 (0.78) | 2.57 (0.65) | 2.29 (0.76) |
| 公平条件 | 2.77 (0.60) | 2.82 (0.64) | 2.80 (0.61) |
| 慷慨条件 | 3.20 (0.78) | 3.53 (1.46) | 3.37 (1.16) |
表1不同条件下学龄前儿童分配给他人的代币数量 [M (SD)]
| 条件 | 男生 | 女生 | 总计 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 对照条件 | 2.87 (0.52) | 2.87 (0.35) | 2.87 (0.43) |
| 自私条件 | 2.00 (0.78) | 2.57 (0.65) | 2.29 (0.76) |
| 公平条件 | 2.77 (0.60) | 2.82 (0.64) | 2.80 (0.61) |
| 慷慨条件 | 3.20 (0.78) | 3.53 (1.46) | 3.37 (1.16) |
图1各实验条件与对照条件中不同分配模式的人数所占比例
图1各实验条件与对照条件中不同分配模式的人数所占比例表2心理理论、共情与分配数量的皮尔逊相关系数
| 各组分配数量 | 心理理论 | 共情 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一级 | 二级 | 总分 | 情感 | 认知 | 行为 | 平均分 | |
| 对照条件 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.17 | -0.03 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.14 |
| 自私条件 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.09 | -0.24 | -0.07 | -0.06 |
| 公平条件 | -0.04 | -0.01 | -0.03 | -0.23 | -0.10 | -0.11 | -0.18 |
| 慷慨条件 | -0.06 | 0.31? | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.32? | 0.29 | 0.41* |
| 所有被试 | -0.02 | 0.18* | 0.11 | 0.03 | -0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
表2心理理论、共情与分配数量的皮尔逊相关系数
| 各组分配数量 | 心理理论 | 共情 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一级 | 二级 | 总分 | 情感 | 认知 | 行为 | 平均分 | |
| 对照条件 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.17 | -0.03 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.14 |
| 自私条件 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.09 | -0.24 | -0.07 | -0.06 |
| 公平条件 | -0.04 | -0.01 | -0.03 | -0.23 | -0.10 | -0.11 | -0.18 |
| 慷慨条件 | -0.06 | 0.31? | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.32? | 0.29 | 0.41* |
| 所有被试 | -0.02 | 0.18* | 0.11 | 0.03 | -0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
表3不同条件下学龄前儿童的心理理论与共情得分[M (SD)]
| 实验条件 | 心理理论 | 共情 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一级 | 二级 | 总分 | 情感 | 认知 | 行为 | 平均分 | |
| 自私条件(n = 28) | 1.75 | 1.18 | 2.93 | 0.64 | 1.59 | 1.80 | 1.20 |
| (0.65) | (0.72) | (0.94) | (1.32) | (1.38) | (1.14) | (1.13) | |
| 非传递者(n = 13) | 1.77 | 1.38 | 3.15 | 0.65 | 1.37 | 1.77 | 1.13 |
| (0.60) | (0.65) | (0.80) | (1.15) | (1.53) | (1.24) | (1.16) | |
| 传递者(n = 15) | 1.73 | 1.00 | 2.73 | 0.63 | 1.77 | 1.83 | 1.27 |
| (0.70) | (0.76) | (1.03) | (1.49) | (1.26) | (1.08) | (1.15) | |
| 公平条件(n = 30) | 1.57 | 0.97 | 2.53 | 1.05 | 1.45 | 2.11 | 1.42 |
| (0.77) | (0.85) | (1.48) | (1.47) | (1.42) | (1.17) | (1.24) | |
| 非传递者(n = 6) | 1.33 | 0.67 | 2.00 | 1.17 | 1.53 | 2.21 | 1.52 |
| (0.82) | (1.03) | (1.67) | (1.75) | (1.61) | (1.45) | (1.56) | |
| 传递者(n = 24) | 1.63 | 1.04 | 2.67 | 1.02 | 1.43 | 2.08 | 1.39 |
| (0.77) | (0.81) | (1.44) | (1.43) | (1.41) | (1.13) | (1.19) | |
| 慷慨条件(n = 30) | 1.67 | 1.27 | 2.93 | 0.49 | 0.70 | 1.78 | 0.85 |
| (0.71) | (0.79) | (1.11) | (1.08) | (1.10) | (0.73) | (0.71) | |
| 非传递者(n = 20) | 1.70 | 1.05 | 2.75 | 0.24 | 0.39 | 1.67 | 0.62 |
| (0.66) | (0.83) | (1.21) | (1.15) | (0.89) | (0.80) | (0.61) | |
| 传递者(n = 10) | 1.60 | 1.70 | 3.30 | 0.99 | 1.32 | 2.00 | 1.32 |
| (0.84) | (0.48) | (0.82) | (0.72) | (1.26) | (0.53) | (0.69) | |
| 对照条件(n = 30) | 1.73 | 1.27 | 3.00 | 0.88 | 1.25 | 2.21 | 1.30 |
| (0.58) | (0.69) | (0.95) | (1.29) | (1.44) | (1.10) | (1.01) | |
| 所有被试(N = 118) | 1.68 | 1.17 | 2.85 | 0.77 | 1.24 | 1.98 | 1.19 |
| (0.68) | (0.77) | (1.14) | (1.30) | (1.37) | (1.05) | (1.05) | |
表3不同条件下学龄前儿童的心理理论与共情得分[M (SD)]
| 实验条件 | 心理理论 | 共情 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一级 | 二级 | 总分 | 情感 | 认知 | 行为 | 平均分 | |
| 自私条件(n = 28) | 1.75 | 1.18 | 2.93 | 0.64 | 1.59 | 1.80 | 1.20 |
| (0.65) | (0.72) | (0.94) | (1.32) | (1.38) | (1.14) | (1.13) | |
| 非传递者(n = 13) | 1.77 | 1.38 | 3.15 | 0.65 | 1.37 | 1.77 | 1.13 |
| (0.60) | (0.65) | (0.80) | (1.15) | (1.53) | (1.24) | (1.16) | |
| 传递者(n = 15) | 1.73 | 1.00 | 2.73 | 0.63 | 1.77 | 1.83 | 1.27 |
| (0.70) | (0.76) | (1.03) | (1.49) | (1.26) | (1.08) | (1.15) | |
| 公平条件(n = 30) | 1.57 | 0.97 | 2.53 | 1.05 | 1.45 | 2.11 | 1.42 |
| (0.77) | (0.85) | (1.48) | (1.47) | (1.42) | (1.17) | (1.24) | |
| 非传递者(n = 6) | 1.33 | 0.67 | 2.00 | 1.17 | 1.53 | 2.21 | 1.52 |
| (0.82) | (1.03) | (1.67) | (1.75) | (1.61) | (1.45) | (1.56) | |
| 传递者(n = 24) | 1.63 | 1.04 | 2.67 | 1.02 | 1.43 | 2.08 | 1.39 |
| (0.77) | (0.81) | (1.44) | (1.43) | (1.41) | (1.13) | (1.19) | |
| 慷慨条件(n = 30) | 1.67 | 1.27 | 2.93 | 0.49 | 0.70 | 1.78 | 0.85 |
| (0.71) | (0.79) | (1.11) | (1.08) | (1.10) | (0.73) | (0.71) | |
| 非传递者(n = 20) | 1.70 | 1.05 | 2.75 | 0.24 | 0.39 | 1.67 | 0.62 |
| (0.66) | (0.83) | (1.21) | (1.15) | (0.89) | (0.80) | (0.61) | |
| 传递者(n = 10) | 1.60 | 1.70 | 3.30 | 0.99 | 1.32 | 2.00 | 1.32 |
| (0.84) | (0.48) | (0.82) | (0.72) | (1.26) | (0.53) | (0.69) | |
| 对照条件(n = 30) | 1.73 | 1.27 | 3.00 | 0.88 | 1.25 | 2.21 | 1.30 |
| (0.58) | (0.69) | (0.95) | (1.29) | (1.44) | (1.10) | (1.01) | |
| 所有被试(N = 118) | 1.68 | 1.17 | 2.85 | 0.77 | 1.24 | 1.98 | 1.19 |
| (0.68) | (0.77) | (1.14) | (1.30) | (1.37) | (1.05) | (1.05) | |
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