), 马杰, 李馨, 连坤予, 谭珂, 白学军() 天津师范大学心理与行为研究院, 天津 300074
收稿日期:2018-11-28出版日期:2019-07-25发布日期:2019-05-22通讯作者:梁菲菲,白学军E-mail:feifeiliang_329@126.com;baixuejun@tjnu.edu.cn基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金项目(31600902);国家自然科学基金项目(81471629);国家自然科学基金项目(31571122);天津市哲学社会科学规划课题(TJJX16-013)Saccadic targeting deficits of Chinese children with developmental dyslexia: Evidence from novel word learning in reading
LIANG Feifei(), MA Jie, LI Xin, LIAN Kunyu, TAN Ke, BAI Xuejun() Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300074, China
Received:2018-11-28Online:2019-07-25Published:2019-05-22Contact:LIANG Feifei,BAI Xuejun E-mail:feifeiliang_329@126.com;baixuejun@tjnu.edu.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 通过与生理年龄匹配儿童比较新词重复学习中眼跳定位模式变化的异同, 探讨发展性阅读障碍儿童在新词学习中的眼跳定位是否存在缺陷。以发展性阅读障碍儿童和生理年龄匹配儿童为被试, 采用重复学习新词范式, 结果发现：(1)与生理年龄匹配组相比, 发展性阅读障碍儿童跳入新词的眼跳距离较短、首次注视落点位置更靠近词首; (2)生理年龄匹配组儿童利用学习次数调节新词眼跳定位模式的能力高于发展性阅读障碍儿童, 即随着新词学习次数的增加, 生理年龄匹配组儿童跳入和跳出新词的眼跳距离随之增长, 首次注视落点位置更靠近词中心; 相比之下, 发展性阅读障碍儿童仅在跳出新词的眼跳距离上有所增长, 但增加幅度也显著小于生理年龄匹配组。结果表明, 发展性阅读障碍儿童在新词学习中的眼跳定位, 及利用学习次数对眼跳定位的调节上均表现出一定缺陷。
图/表 8
表1各年龄组被试的平均年龄及各项测验成绩
| 各项测验 | DD组 | CA组 | t |
|---|---|---|---|
| 年龄(月) | 126 (6.20) | 129 (8.46) | 1.47 |
| 智力(标准分) | 107 (11) | 110 (11) | 1.07 |
| 识字量(字) | 2122 (237) | 2963 (199) | 12.24*** |
| 正字法意识 | 71 (7.58) | 79 (6.33) | 3.81** |
| 语音意识 | |||
| 音节判断 | 34 (2.42) | 36 (0.59) | 2.91** |
| 音位删除 | 10 (4.51) | 17 (5.32) | 5.21*** |
| 声母/韵母/声调辨别 | 28 (3.52) | 30 (4.29) | 1.63 |
| 言语工作记忆 | |||
| 数字广度(顺背+倒背) | 14 (2.76) | 17 (2.71) | 3.11** |
| 汉字广度 | 8.95 (2.44) | 9.14 (1.83) | 0.31 |
| 快速命名(RAN) | |||
| 数字RAN反应时 | 24 (4.82) | 21 (2.19) | 3.14** |
| 字母RAN反应时 | 30 (7.01) | 23 (2.34) | 3.87*** |
| 颜色RAN反应时 | 48 (8.07) | 42 (6.72) | 3.40** |
| 阅读流畅性 | |||
| 一分钟读词(词/分) | 82 (12) | 94 (12) | 2.87** |
| 三分钟阅读(字) | 359 (81) | 521 (65) | 7.04*** |
表1各年龄组被试的平均年龄及各项测验成绩
| 各项测验 | DD组 | CA组 | t |
|---|---|---|---|
| 年龄(月) | 126 (6.20) | 129 (8.46) | 1.47 |
| 智力(标准分) | 107 (11) | 110 (11) | 1.07 |
| 识字量(字) | 2122 (237) | 2963 (199) | 12.24*** |
| 正字法意识 | 71 (7.58) | 79 (6.33) | 3.81** |
| 语音意识 | |||
| 音节判断 | 34 (2.42) | 36 (0.59) | 2.91** |
| 音位删除 | 10 (4.51) | 17 (5.32) | 5.21*** |
| 声母/韵母/声调辨别 | 28 (3.52) | 30 (4.29) | 1.63 |
| 言语工作记忆 | |||
| 数字广度(顺背+倒背) | 14 (2.76) | 17 (2.71) | 3.11** |
| 汉字广度 | 8.95 (2.44) | 9.14 (1.83) | 0.31 |
| 快速命名(RAN) | |||
| 数字RAN反应时 | 24 (4.82) | 21 (2.19) | 3.14** |
| 字母RAN反应时 | 30 (7.01) | 23 (2.34) | 3.87*** |
| 颜色RAN反应时 | 48 (8.07) | 42 (6.72) | 3.40** |
| 阅读流畅性 | |||
| 一分钟读词(词/分) | 82 (12) | 94 (12) | 2.87** |
| 三分钟阅读(字) | 359 (81) | 521 (65) | 7.04*** |
表2实验材料举例
| 学习阶段 | 语境编号 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 阶段1 | 语境1 | 空荡荡的鞋懂里摆放着许多桌子。 |
| 语境2 | 每天有许多人在鞋懂里随意出入。 | |
| 语境3 | 他们经常在鞋懂里举行大型活动。 | |
| 语境4 | 这座雄伟的鞋懂的设计十分新颖。 | |
| 阶段2 | 语境5 | 在通风处建造鞋懂是明智的选择。 |
| 语境6 | 人们没有养成给鞋懂上锁的习惯。 | |
| 语境7 | 妹妹喜欢在鞋懂里的游戏场玩耍。 | |
| 语境8 | 开发区里新建的鞋懂有几十栋。 | |
| 语义类别选择题目：请选择“鞋懂”属于以下哪个类别? | ||
| (1)桥梁 (2)纪念碑 (3)楼房 (4)博物馆 | ||
表2实验材料举例
| 学习阶段 | 语境编号 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 阶段1 | 语境1 | 空荡荡的鞋懂里摆放着许多桌子。 |
| 语境2 | 每天有许多人在鞋懂里随意出入。 | |
| 语境3 | 他们经常在鞋懂里举行大型活动。 | |
| 语境4 | 这座雄伟的鞋懂的设计十分新颖。 | |
| 阶段2 | 语境5 | 在通风处建造鞋懂是明智的选择。 |
| 语境6 | 人们没有养成给鞋懂上锁的习惯。 | |
| 语境7 | 妹妹喜欢在鞋懂里的游戏场玩耍。 | |
| 语境8 | 开发区里新建的鞋懂有几十栋。 | |
| 语义类别选择题目：请选择“鞋懂”属于以下哪个类别? | ||
| (1)桥梁 (2)纪念碑 (3)楼房 (4)博物馆 | ||
表3两组新词的材料特性
| 目标词属性 | 组1 | 组2 | t |
|---|---|---|---|
| 字频 | 317 | 300 | 0.14 |
| 笔画数 | 8.83 | 8.50 | 0.45 |
| 词素位置概率(首字) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.19 |
| 词素位置概率(尾字) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.19 |
| 平均联想值 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.13 |
| 句子通顺性 | 4.49 | 4.45 | 1.64 |
| 句子难度 | 4.54 | 4.54 | 0.18 |
表3两组新词的材料特性
| 目标词属性 | 组1 | 组2 | t |
|---|---|---|---|
| 字频 | 317 | 300 | 0.14 |
| 笔画数 | 8.83 | 8.50 | 0.45 |
| 词素位置概率(首字) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.19 |
| 词素位置概率(尾字) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.19 |
| 平均联想值 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.13 |
| 句子通顺性 | 4.49 | 4.45 | 1.64 |
| 句子难度 | 4.54 | 4.54 | 0.18 |
图1新词兴趣区的划分
图1新词兴趣区的划分表4DD组和CA组在两组实验材料上的眼跳定位
| 注视位置指标 | DD组 | CA组 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 材料1 | 材料2 | 材料1 | 材料2 | |
| 平均首次注视位置(字) | 0.87 (0.51) | 0.77 (0.52) | 1.01 (0.52) | 0.89 (0.52) |
| 跳入新词眼跳距离(字) | 2.21 (0.99) | 1.96 (0.97) | 2.51 (0.89) | 2.34 (0.90) |
| 跳出新词眼跳距离(字) | 2.23 (1.26) | 2.04 (1.04) | 2.33 (1.08) | 2.41 (0.99) |
表4DD组和CA组在两组实验材料上的眼跳定位
| 注视位置指标 | DD组 | CA组 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 材料1 | 材料2 | 材料1 | 材料2 | |
| 平均首次注视位置(字) | 0.87 (0.51) | 0.77 (0.52) | 1.01 (0.52) | 0.89 (0.52) |
| 跳入新词眼跳距离(字) | 2.21 (0.99) | 1.96 (0.97) | 2.51 (0.89) | 2.34 (0.90) |
| 跳出新词眼跳距离(字) | 2.23 (1.26) | 2.04 (1.04) | 2.33 (1.08) | 2.41 (0.99) |
表5材料类别在眼跳目标分析指标上的固定效应估计值
| 组别 | 模型 | 平均首次注视位置 | 跳入新词眼跳距离 | 跳出新词眼跳距离 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE | t | CI | b | SE | t | CI | b | SE | t | CI | ||
| DD组 | 截距 | 0.97 | 0.11 | 9.20*** | 0.76~1.17 | 2.64 | 0.33 | 8.10*** | 2.00~3.27 | 2.72 | 0.45 | 6.03*** | 1.83~3.60 |
| 材料类别 | -0.08 | 0.07 | -1.22 | -0.21~0.05 | -0.30 | 0.21 | -1.45 | -0.70~0.11 | -0.31 | 0.29 | -1.08 | -0.87~0.25 | |
| CA组 | 截距 | 1.11 | 0.09 | 11.95*** | 0.93~1.29 | 2.68 | 0.24 | 11.09*** | 2.21~3.15 | 2.29 | 0.33 | 7.02*** | 1.65~2.93 |
| 材料类别 | -0.11 | 0.06 | -1.86 | -0.22~0.01 | -0.17 | 0.15 | -1.09 | -0.47~0.13 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.42 | -0.32~0.49 | |
表5材料类别在眼跳目标分析指标上的固定效应估计值
| 组别 | 模型 | 平均首次注视位置 | 跳入新词眼跳距离 | 跳出新词眼跳距离 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE | t | CI | b | SE | t | CI | b | SE | t | CI | ||
| DD组 | 截距 | 0.97 | 0.11 | 9.20*** | 0.76~1.17 | 2.64 | 0.33 | 8.10*** | 2.00~3.27 | 2.72 | 0.45 | 6.03*** | 1.83~3.60 |
| 材料类别 | -0.08 | 0.07 | -1.22 | -0.21~0.05 | -0.30 | 0.21 | -1.45 | -0.70~0.11 | -0.31 | 0.29 | -1.08 | -0.87~0.25 | |
| CA组 | 截距 | 1.11 | 0.09 | 11.95*** | 0.93~1.29 | 2.68 | 0.24 | 11.09*** | 2.21~3.15 | 2.29 | 0.33 | 7.02*** | 1.65~2.93 |
| 材料类别 | -0.11 | 0.06 | -1.86 | -0.22~0.01 | -0.17 | 0.15 | -1.09 | -0.47~0.13 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.42 | -0.32~0.49 | |
表6新词的眼跳目标和注视位置分析
| 注视位置指标 | DD组 | CA组 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 学习阶段1 | 学习阶段2 | 学习阶段1 | 学习阶段2 | |
| 平均首次注视位置(字) | 0.84 (0.51) | 0.80 (0.53) | 0.91 (0.51) | 0.98 (0.53) |
| 跳入新词眼跳距离(字) | 2.11 (1.02) | 2.05 (0.95) | 2.41 (0.92) | 2.45 (0.88) |
| 跳出新词眼跳距离(字) | 2.08 (1.20) | 2.19 (1.11) | 2.23 (1.01) | 2.50 (1.05) |
| 再注视比率(%) | 53 (50) | 44 (50) | 44 (50) | 30 (46) |
表6新词的眼跳目标和注视位置分析
| 注视位置指标 | DD组 | CA组 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 学习阶段1 | 学习阶段2 | 学习阶段1 | 学习阶段2 | |
| 平均首次注视位置(字) | 0.84 (0.51) | 0.80 (0.53) | 0.91 (0.51) | 0.98 (0.53) |
| 跳入新词眼跳距离(字) | 2.11 (1.02) | 2.05 (0.95) | 2.41 (0.92) | 2.45 (0.88) |
| 跳出新词眼跳距离(字) | 2.08 (1.20) | 2.19 (1.11) | 2.23 (1.01) | 2.50 (1.05) |
| 再注视比率(%) | 53 (50) | 44 (50) | 44 (50) | 30 (46) |
表7组别和学习阶段在眼跳目标分析指标上的固定效应估计值
| 模型 | 平均首次注视位置 | 跳入新词眼跳距离 | 跳出新词眼跳距离 | 再注视比率 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE | t | CI | b | SE | t | CI | b | SE | t | CI | b | SE | t | CI | |
| 截距 | 1.14 | 0.03 | 35.67*** | 1.08~ 1.20 | 1.14 | 0.03 | 35.67*** | 1.08~ 1.20 | 2.26 | 0.08 | 26.65*** | 2.09~ 2.42 | -0.67 | 0.14 | -4.81*** | -0.94~-0.40 |
| 组别 | -0.12 | 0.06 | -2.14* | -0.23~ -0.01 | -0.12 | 0.06 | -2.14* | -0.23~-0.01 | -0.15 | 0.16 | -0.94 | -0.45~0.16 | 0.42 | 0.24 | 1.74 | -0.05~0.90 |
| 学习阶段 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.13 | -0.01~ 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.13 | -0.01~0.05 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 5.18*** | 0.11~ 0.24 | -0.56 | 0.07 | -7.52*** | -0.71~-0.42 |
| 起跳位置 | -0.17 | 0.01 | -18.27*** | -0.19~ -0.15 | 0.83 | 0.01 | 87.24*** | 0.81~ 0.85 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 9.31*** | 0.10~ 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 4.04*** | 0.09~ 0.26 |
| 组别×学习阶段 | -0.10 | 0.03 | -2.93** | -0.16~ -0.03 | -0.10 | 0.03 | -2.93** | -0.16~-0.03 | -0.13 | 0.07 | -1.94 | -0.26~0.00 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 1.50 | -0.07~0.52 |
| 比较1：DD | 0.03 | 0.02 | 1.10 | -0.02~ 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 1.00 | -0.04~0.12 | -0.13 | 0.05 | -2.72** | -0.22~-0.04 | ||||
| 比较2：CA | -0.07 | 0.02 | -2.95** | -0.12~ -0.02 | -0.04 | 0.04 | -1.10 | -0.13~0.04 | -0.28 | 0.05 | -5.85*** | -0.37~-0.18 | ||||
表7组别和学习阶段在眼跳目标分析指标上的固定效应估计值
| 模型 | 平均首次注视位置 | 跳入新词眼跳距离 | 跳出新词眼跳距离 | 再注视比率 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE | t | CI | b | SE | t | CI | b | SE | t | CI | b | SE | t | CI | |
| 截距 | 1.14 | 0.03 | 35.67*** | 1.08~ 1.20 | 1.14 | 0.03 | 35.67*** | 1.08~ 1.20 | 2.26 | 0.08 | 26.65*** | 2.09~ 2.42 | -0.67 | 0.14 | -4.81*** | -0.94~-0.40 |
| 组别 | -0.12 | 0.06 | -2.14* | -0.23~ -0.01 | -0.12 | 0.06 | -2.14* | -0.23~-0.01 | -0.15 | 0.16 | -0.94 | -0.45~0.16 | 0.42 | 0.24 | 1.74 | -0.05~0.90 |
| 学习阶段 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.13 | -0.01~ 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.13 | -0.01~0.05 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 5.18*** | 0.11~ 0.24 | -0.56 | 0.07 | -7.52*** | -0.71~-0.42 |
| 起跳位置 | -0.17 | 0.01 | -18.27*** | -0.19~ -0.15 | 0.83 | 0.01 | 87.24*** | 0.81~ 0.85 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 9.31*** | 0.10~ 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 4.04*** | 0.09~ 0.26 |
| 组别×学习阶段 | -0.10 | 0.03 | -2.93** | -0.16~ -0.03 | -0.10 | 0.03 | -2.93** | -0.16~-0.03 | -0.13 | 0.07 | -1.94 | -0.26~0.00 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 1.50 | -0.07~0.52 |
| 比较1：DD | 0.03 | 0.02 | 1.10 | -0.02~ 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 1.00 | -0.04~0.12 | -0.13 | 0.05 | -2.72** | -0.22~-0.04 | ||||
| 比较2：CA | -0.07 | 0.02 | -2.95** | -0.12~ -0.02 | -0.04 | 0.04 | -1.10 | -0.13~0.04 | -0.28 | 0.05 | -5.85*** | -0.37~-0.18 | ||||
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