![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/images/email.png)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/images/email.png)
1 甘肃省行为与心理健康重点实验室, 西北师范大学, 兰州 730070
2 西北师范大学心理学院, 兰州 730070
3 兰州城市学院教育学院, 兰州 730070
收稿日期:
2019-08-19出版日期:
2020-04-25发布日期:
2020-02-25通讯作者:
金戈,周爱保E-mail:jinge0702@163.com;zhouab@nwnu.edu.cn基金资助:
* 国家自然科学基金(31560283)Effects of phonological memory and central executive function on decoding, language comprehension of children in different grades
ZHAO Xin1,2, LI Hongli2, JIN Ge3(![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/images/email.png)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/images/email.png)
1 Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2 School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
3 College of Education, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China
Received:
2019-08-19Online:
2020-04-25Published:
2020-02-25Contact:
JIN Ge,ZHOU Aibao E-mail:jinge0702@163.com;zhouab@nwnu.edu.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要: 选取256名三~六年级儿童, 采用相关分析、结构方程模型等方法考察了语音记忆和中央执行功能在不同年级儿童的解码和语言理解中的作用。结果显示, 在低年级阶段, 语音记忆和刷新对解码存在显著预测作用, 转换和刷新对语言理解存在显著预测作用; 在高年级阶段, 只有刷新对解码保持着稳定的预测作用。这表明, 语音记忆和中央执行功能对儿童的解码和语言理解存在不同的影响, 并且这种影响会随着年级的增长发生变化。
图/表 10
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-4/Images/0439-755X-52-4-469/img_1.png)
图1语音记忆和中央执行功能与解码和语言理解关系的假设理论模型 注:单箭头直线表示预测关系, 双箭头曲线表示相关关系
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-4/Images/0439-755X-52-4-469/img_1.png)
表1被试人口学变量
年级 | 总计 | 男 | 女 | 年龄(M ± SD, 岁) |
---|---|---|---|---|
三年级 | 77 | 45 | 32 | 8.73 ± 0.68 |
四年级 | 81 | 39 | 42 | 9.85 ± 0.70 |
五年级 | 51 | 22 | 29 | 10.79 ± 0.46 |
六年级 | 46 | 25 | 21 | 11.87 ± 0.53 |
总计 | 255 | 131 | 124 | 10.06 ± 1.28 |
表1被试人口学变量
年级 | 总计 | 男 | 女 | 年龄(M ± SD, 岁) |
---|---|---|---|---|
三年级 | 77 | 45 | 32 | 8.73 ± 0.68 |
四年级 | 81 | 39 | 42 | 9.85 ± 0.70 |
五年级 | 51 | 22 | 29 | 10.79 ± 0.46 |
六年级 | 46 | 25 | 21 | 11.87 ± 0.53 |
总计 | 255 | 131 | 124 | 10.06 ± 1.28 |
表2不同年级解码、语言理解、语音记忆和中央执行功能各任务的平均值和标准差以及方差分析的结果
测验 | 三年级 (n = 77) | 四年级 (n = 81) | 五年级 (n = 51) | 六年级 (n = 46) | F (3, 251) | ηp2 | 事后比较 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
一般认知能力 | 36.32 | 8.02 | 37.02 | 6.94 | 38.33 | 7.17 | 40.35 | 7.68 | 3.15* | 0.04 | 三年级 = 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
解码 | |||||||||||
汉字认读测验 | 78.88 | 24.27 | 88.75 | 18.63 | 114.43 | 12.60 | 121.76 | 9.54 | 73.69*** | 0.47 | 三年级 < 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
词语阅读测验 | 74.92 | 29.72 | 94.52 | 23.63 | 123.08 | 13.20 | 135.28 | 9.60 | 90.34*** | 0.52 | 三年级 < 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
非词阅读测验 | 23.47 | 8.43 | 25.43 | 6.98 | 33.96 | 5.52 | 36.24 | 4.15 | 50.39*** | 0.38 | 三年级 = 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
语言理解 | |||||||||||
听力理解测验 | 26.53 | 4.95 | 27.65 | 5.27 | 31.71 | 3.80 | 32.28 | 3.39 | 23.34*** | 0.22 | 三年级 = 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
语音记忆 | |||||||||||
数字广度 | 5.88 | 0.90 | 5.99 | 0.87 | 6.22 | 0.89 | 6.48 | 1.04 | 4.78** | 0.05 | 三年级 = 四年级 < 五年级 < 六年级 |
非词广度 | 2.77 | 0.69 | 2.72 | 0.67 | 3.02 | 0.59 | 3.23 | 0.62 | 7.49*** | 0.08 | 三年级 = 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
Stroop | |||||||||||
干扰效应(ms) | 36.09 | 68.43 | 24.75 | 59.03 | 40.41 | 79.34 | 31.36 | 55.39 | 0.70 | 0.01 | n.s. |
GO/NOGO | |||||||||||
NOGO正确率 | 0.87 | 0.12 | 0.89 | 0.08 | 0.89 | 0.12 | 0.92 | 0.08 | 2.89* | 0.03 | 三年级 < 六年级 |
刷新 | |||||||||||
简单刷新正确率 | 0.56 | 0.22 | 0.64 | 0.21 | 0.75 | 0.17 | 0.76 | 0.15 | 14.65*** | 0.15 | 三年级 = 四年级 = 五年级 < 六年级 |
困难刷新正确率 | 0.58 | 0.25 | 0.65 | 0.23 | 0.73 | 0.22 | 0.76 | 0.17 | 7.79*** | 0.09 | 三年级 = 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
转换 | |||||||||||
转换代价(ms) | 170.02 | 174.07 | 190.67 | 169.76 | 213.76 | 174.61 | 250.67 | 211.57 | 2.10 | 0.03 | n.s. |
表2不同年级解码、语言理解、语音记忆和中央执行功能各任务的平均值和标准差以及方差分析的结果
测验 | 三年级 (n = 77) | 四年级 (n = 81) | 五年级 (n = 51) | 六年级 (n = 46) | F (3, 251) | ηp2 | 事后比较 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
一般认知能力 | 36.32 | 8.02 | 37.02 | 6.94 | 38.33 | 7.17 | 40.35 | 7.68 | 3.15* | 0.04 | 三年级 = 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
解码 | |||||||||||
汉字认读测验 | 78.88 | 24.27 | 88.75 | 18.63 | 114.43 | 12.60 | 121.76 | 9.54 | 73.69*** | 0.47 | 三年级 < 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
词语阅读测验 | 74.92 | 29.72 | 94.52 | 23.63 | 123.08 | 13.20 | 135.28 | 9.60 | 90.34*** | 0.52 | 三年级 < 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
非词阅读测验 | 23.47 | 8.43 | 25.43 | 6.98 | 33.96 | 5.52 | 36.24 | 4.15 | 50.39*** | 0.38 | 三年级 = 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
语言理解 | |||||||||||
听力理解测验 | 26.53 | 4.95 | 27.65 | 5.27 | 31.71 | 3.80 | 32.28 | 3.39 | 23.34*** | 0.22 | 三年级 = 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
语音记忆 | |||||||||||
数字广度 | 5.88 | 0.90 | 5.99 | 0.87 | 6.22 | 0.89 | 6.48 | 1.04 | 4.78** | 0.05 | 三年级 = 四年级 < 五年级 < 六年级 |
非词广度 | 2.77 | 0.69 | 2.72 | 0.67 | 3.02 | 0.59 | 3.23 | 0.62 | 7.49*** | 0.08 | 三年级 = 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
Stroop | |||||||||||
干扰效应(ms) | 36.09 | 68.43 | 24.75 | 59.03 | 40.41 | 79.34 | 31.36 | 55.39 | 0.70 | 0.01 | n.s. |
GO/NOGO | |||||||||||
NOGO正确率 | 0.87 | 0.12 | 0.89 | 0.08 | 0.89 | 0.12 | 0.92 | 0.08 | 2.89* | 0.03 | 三年级 < 六年级 |
刷新 | |||||||||||
简单刷新正确率 | 0.56 | 0.22 | 0.64 | 0.21 | 0.75 | 0.17 | 0.76 | 0.15 | 14.65*** | 0.15 | 三年级 = 四年级 = 五年级 < 六年级 |
困难刷新正确率 | 0.58 | 0.25 | 0.65 | 0.23 | 0.73 | 0.22 | 0.76 | 0.17 | 7.79*** | 0.09 | 三年级 = 四年级 < 五年级 = 六年级 |
转换 | |||||||||||
转换代价(ms) | 170.02 | 174.07 | 190.67 | 169.76 | 213.76 | 174.61 | 250.67 | 211.57 | 2.10 | 0.03 | n.s. |
表3解码、语言理解、语音记忆和中央执行功能各任务之间的相关矩阵(n = 255)
变量 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 年龄 | 1 | ||||||||
2 一般认知能力 | 0.12* | 1 | |||||||
3 解码成绩 | 0.58** | 0.31** | 1 | ||||||
4 语言理解成绩 | 0.35** | 0.35** | 0.65** | 1 | |||||
5 语音记忆 | 0.23** | 0.19** | 0.36** | 0.30** | 1 | ||||
6 干扰效应(ms) | -0.02 | -0.11 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 1 | |||
7 NOGO正确率 | 0.16** | 0.15* | 0.15* | 0.20** | 0.14* | -0.03 | 1 | ||
8 刷新成绩 | 0.29** | 0.38** | 0.48** | 0.47** | 0.37** | -0.02 | 0.39** | 1 | |
9 转换代价(ms) | 0.10 | 0.16* | 0.18** | 0.29** | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.23** | 0.26** | 1 |
表3解码、语言理解、语音记忆和中央执行功能各任务之间的相关矩阵(n = 255)
变量 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 年龄 | 1 | ||||||||
2 一般认知能力 | 0.12* | 1 | |||||||
3 解码成绩 | 0.58** | 0.31** | 1 | ||||||
4 语言理解成绩 | 0.35** | 0.35** | 0.65** | 1 | |||||
5 语音记忆 | 0.23** | 0.19** | 0.36** | 0.30** | 1 | ||||
6 干扰效应(ms) | -0.02 | -0.11 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 1 | |||
7 NOGO正确率 | 0.16** | 0.15* | 0.15* | 0.20** | 0.14* | -0.03 | 1 | ||
8 刷新成绩 | 0.29** | 0.38** | 0.48** | 0.47** | 0.37** | -0.02 | 0.39** | 1 | |
9 转换代价(ms) | 0.10 | 0.16* | 0.18** | 0.29** | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.23** | 0.26** | 1 |
表4语音加工和中央执行功能与解码和语言理解结构方程模型的拟合指标
年级阶段 | 模型 | c2 | df | c2/df | GFI | CFI | AGFI | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
三~六年级阶段 | Model 1:各中央执行功能任务指标合并为潜变量进入模型(竞争模型) | |||||||
初始模型 | 51.875 | 42 | 1.235 | 0.994 | 0.966 | 0.937 | 0.030 | |
修正模型 | 36.089 | 40 | 0.902 | 0.977 | 1.000 | 0.955 | 0.000 | |
Model 2:各中央执行功能任务指标作为独立变量进入模型(假设模型) | ||||||||
初始模型 | 26.886 | 25 | 1.075 | 0.983 | 0.999 | 0.947 | 0.017 | |
修正模型 | 18.404 | 24 | 0.767 | 0.988 | 1.000 | 0.962 | 0.000 | |
三、四年级阶段 | Model 3:各中央执行功能任务指标合并为潜变量进入模型(竞争模型) | |||||||
初始模型 | 57.262 | 42 | 1.363 | 0.943 | 0.980 | 0.895 | 0.048 | |
修正模型 | 45.066 | 41 | 1.099 | 0.956 | 0.995 | 0.915 | 0.025 | |
Model 4:各中央执行功能任务指标作为独立变量进入模型(假设模型) | ||||||||
初始模型 | 35.953 | 25 | 1.438 | 0.964 | 0.986 | 0.889 | 0.053 | |
修正模型 | 25.179 | 24 | 1.049 | 0.974 | 0.998 | 0.917 | 0.018 | |
五、六年级阶段 | Model 5:各中央执行功能任务指标合并为潜变量进入模型(竞争模型) | |||||||
初始模型 | 47.600 | 42 | 1.133 | 0.926 | 0.982 | 0.862 | 0.037 | |
修正模型 | 43.304 | 41 | 1.056 | 0.934 | 0.992 | 0.874 | 0.024 | |
Model 6:各中央执行功能任务指标作为独立变量进入模型(假设模型) | ||||||||
初始模型 | 13.736 | 25 | 0.549 | 0.977 | 1.000 | 0.927 | 0.000 |
表4语音加工和中央执行功能与解码和语言理解结构方程模型的拟合指标
年级阶段 | 模型 | c2 | df | c2/df | GFI | CFI | AGFI | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
三~六年级阶段 | Model 1:各中央执行功能任务指标合并为潜变量进入模型(竞争模型) | |||||||
初始模型 | 51.875 | 42 | 1.235 | 0.994 | 0.966 | 0.937 | 0.030 | |
修正模型 | 36.089 | 40 | 0.902 | 0.977 | 1.000 | 0.955 | 0.000 | |
Model 2:各中央执行功能任务指标作为独立变量进入模型(假设模型) | ||||||||
初始模型 | 26.886 | 25 | 1.075 | 0.983 | 0.999 | 0.947 | 0.017 | |
修正模型 | 18.404 | 24 | 0.767 | 0.988 | 1.000 | 0.962 | 0.000 | |
三、四年级阶段 | Model 3:各中央执行功能任务指标合并为潜变量进入模型(竞争模型) | |||||||
初始模型 | 57.262 | 42 | 1.363 | 0.943 | 0.980 | 0.895 | 0.048 | |
修正模型 | 45.066 | 41 | 1.099 | 0.956 | 0.995 | 0.915 | 0.025 | |
Model 4:各中央执行功能任务指标作为独立变量进入模型(假设模型) | ||||||||
初始模型 | 35.953 | 25 | 1.438 | 0.964 | 0.986 | 0.889 | 0.053 | |
修正模型 | 25.179 | 24 | 1.049 | 0.974 | 0.998 | 0.917 | 0.018 | |
五、六年级阶段 | Model 5:各中央执行功能任务指标合并为潜变量进入模型(竞争模型) | |||||||
初始模型 | 47.600 | 42 | 1.133 | 0.926 | 0.982 | 0.862 | 0.037 | |
修正模型 | 43.304 | 41 | 1.056 | 0.934 | 0.992 | 0.874 | 0.024 | |
Model 6:各中央执行功能任务指标作为独立变量进入模型(假设模型) | ||||||||
初始模型 | 13.736 | 25 | 0.549 | 0.977 | 1.000 | 0.927 | 0.000 |
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-4/Images/0439-755X-52-4-469/img_2.png)
图2三~六年级阶段语音记忆和中央执行功能与解码和语言理解关系的修正后的模型 注:所有路径系数为标准化系数, 单箭头直线表示预测关系, 双箭头曲线表示相关关系。实线表示显著的回归路径, 虚线表示不显著的回归路径, 图中只呈现了相关系数达到显著水平的路径。下同。
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-4/Images/0439-755X-52-4-469/img_2.png)
表5三年级和四年级被试各任务之间的相关矩阵(n = 158)
变量 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 年龄 | 1 | ||||||||
2 一般认知能力 | -0.07 | 1 | |||||||
3 解码成绩 | 0.12 | 0.25** | 1 | ||||||
4 语言理解成绩 | -0.02 | 0.29** | 0.55** | 1 | |||||
5 语音记忆 | -0.03 | 0.21** | 0.25** | 0.22** | 1 | ||||
6 干扰效应(ms) | -0.09 | -0.09 | 0.02 | -0.04 | 0.07 | 1 | |||
7 NOGO正确率 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.17* | 0.09 | 1 | ||
8 刷新成绩 | 0.06 | 0.33** | 0.36** | 0.41** | 0.30** | -0.01 | 0.37** | 1 | |
9 转换代价(ms) | -0.11 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.27** | 0.16* | -0.08 | 0.25** | 0.29** | 1 |
表5三年级和四年级被试各任务之间的相关矩阵(n = 158)
变量 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 年龄 | 1 | ||||||||
2 一般认知能力 | -0.07 | 1 | |||||||
3 解码成绩 | 0.12 | 0.25** | 1 | ||||||
4 语言理解成绩 | -0.02 | 0.29** | 0.55** | 1 | |||||
5 语音记忆 | -0.03 | 0.21** | 0.25** | 0.22** | 1 | ||||
6 干扰效应(ms) | -0.09 | -0.09 | 0.02 | -0.04 | 0.07 | 1 | |||
7 NOGO正确率 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.17* | 0.09 | 1 | ||
8 刷新成绩 | 0.06 | 0.33** | 0.36** | 0.41** | 0.30** | -0.01 | 0.37** | 1 | |
9 转换代价(ms) | -0.11 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.27** | 0.16* | -0.08 | 0.25** | 0.29** | 1 |
表6五年级和六年级被试各任务之间的相关矩阵(n = 97)
变量 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 年龄 | 1 | ||||||||
2 一般认知能力 | 0.12 | 1 | |||||||
3 解码成绩 | 0.24* | 0.35** | 1 | ||||||
4 语言理解成绩 | 0.03 | 0.39** | 0.40** | 1 | |||||
5 语音记忆 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.30** | 0.19 | 1 | ||||
6 干扰效应(ms) | -0.08 | -0.16 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 1 | |||
7 NOGO正确率 | 0.13 | 0.22* | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.03 | -0.21* | 1 | ||
8 刷新成绩 | 0.04 | 0.37** | 0.41** | 0.31** | 0.33** | -0.08 | 0.40** | 1 | |
9 转换代价(ms) | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.24* | -0.05 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 1 |
表6五年级和六年级被试各任务之间的相关矩阵(n = 97)
变量 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 年龄 | 1 | ||||||||
2 一般认知能力 | 0.12 | 1 | |||||||
3 解码成绩 | 0.24* | 0.35** | 1 | ||||||
4 语言理解成绩 | 0.03 | 0.39** | 0.40** | 1 | |||||
5 语音记忆 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.30** | 0.19 | 1 | ||||
6 干扰效应(ms) | -0.08 | -0.16 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 1 | |||
7 NOGO正确率 | 0.13 | 0.22* | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.03 | -0.21* | 1 | ||
8 刷新成绩 | 0.04 | 0.37** | 0.41** | 0.31** | 0.33** | -0.08 | 0.40** | 1 | |
9 转换代价(ms) | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.24* | -0.05 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 1 |
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-4/Images/0439-755X-52-4-469/img_3.png)
图3三年级和四年级阶段语音记忆和中央执行功能与解码和语言理解关系的修正后的模型
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-4/Images/0439-755X-52-4-469/img_3.png)
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-4/Images/0439-755X-52-4-469/img_4.png)
图4五年级和六年级阶段语音记忆和中央执行功能与解码和语言理解关系的初始模型
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-4/Images/0439-755X-52-4-469/img_4.png)
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