1.Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 102200, China 2.Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFF0206105), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61701470, 20161361354), and the National Institute of Metrology China (Grant Nos. AKY1946, AKYZD2012)
Received Date:31 October 2020
Accepted Date:05 February 2021
Available Online:07 June 2021
Published Online:20 June 2021
Abstract:Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) has extremely high magnetic field sensitivity, current sensitivity, and can detect a low-noise weak current signal. The SQUID current sensor has become the only option of the readout of low-noise detector, such as transition-edge sensor (TES). In this paper, a second-order gradiometric cross-coupled SQUID current sensor for TES application is developed. According to the requirements for TES detectors, the structure and various parameters of SQUID current sensor are designed. The SQUID loop, input coil and feedback coil of the SQUID current sensor all use the second-order gradiometric structure. All the couple ways between SQUID loop and input coil or feedback coil adopt cross-coupling mode in different planes, which can effectively weaken the parasitic capacitance. A second-order gradiometric cross-coupled SQUID current sensor based on Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb Josephson junction is successfully fabricated on a silicon wafer by optimizing the process. The properties of the second-order gradiometric cross-coupled SQUID current sensor are measured at liquid helium temperature. The bias current of SQUID is 215 μA when the modulation depth of V-Φ modulation curve is maximum. The maximum modulation peak of SQUID is 31 μV. The flux-to-voltage transfer coefficient of SQUID is 108 μV/Φ0. The input coil current sensitivity is 17 μA/Φ0, the mutual inductance between SQUID loop and input coil is 117 pH. The current sensitivity of feedback coil is 86 μA/Φ0, the mutual inductance between SQUID loop and feedback coil is 23 pH. The second-order gradiometric cross-coupled SQUID current sensor has a white flux noise of 2 μΦ0/$ \sqrt{{\rm{H}}{\rm{z}}} $ and a white current noise of 34 pA/$ \sqrt{{\rm{H}}{\rm{z}}} $ with 1/f corner frequency around 200 Hz. The result of noise level under the condition without magnetic shielding shows that the SQUID current sensor with second-order gradiometric cross-coupled structure has an excellent capability of weakening the environmental electromagnetic interference. In the future, we will further improve the mutual inductance of the second-order gradiometric cross-coupled SQUID current sensor between SQUID loop and input coil, optimize the size and critical current of Josephson junction, in order to improve the input sensitivity of SQUID device, reduce the current noise level and the 1/f corner frequency, and meet more requirements for TES applications. Keywords:superconducting quantum interference device/ transition-edge sensor/ flux noise/ current noise/ current sensitivity
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2.结构设计用于TES信号读出SQUID电流传感器环路主要有两种平面梯度结构[1,12,18,25-27]: 一阶梯度结构和二阶梯度结构, 如图1所示. 图1(a)为SQUID环路等效结构示意图, SQUID环路是由两个约瑟夫森结连接组成的环路非梯度结构; 图1(b)为一阶梯度并联SQUID环路结构, 其中SQUID环路由两个线圈并联形成; 图1(c)为一阶梯度串联SQUID环路结构, 其中SQUID环路由两个线圈串联形成; 图1(d)为二阶梯度并联SQUID环路结构, 其中SQUID环路由四个线圈并联形成. 当外磁场变化时, 一阶梯度SQUID环路的两个线圈中产生的电流方向相反, 引起的SQUID电压输出相反, 从而有效地抵消垂直于SQUID平面的均匀磁场; 二阶梯度SQUID是将两个一阶梯度的结果再次差分, 不仅消除了垂直于SQUID平面的均匀磁场和线性变化磁场, 还可以消除垂直于SQUID平面磁场在SQUID平面内的不均匀分布变化. 图 1 (a) SQUID环路示意图; (b) 一阶梯度并联SQUID环路结构示意图; (c) 一阶梯度串联SQUID环路结构示意图; (d) 二阶梯度并联SQUID环路结构示意图 Figure1. Schematic diagrams of (a) SQUID loop, (b) a first-order gradiometric parallel SQUID loop, (c) a first-order gradiometric series SQUID loop, and (d) a second-order gradiometric parallel SQUID loop.