The role of DNA hydroxymethylation in the regulation of atherosclerosis
Yingchu Hu1,2, Haochang Hu1, Shaoyi Lin1, Xiaomin Chen,1,21. Department of Cardiology, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China 2. Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
Abstract As an epigenetic modification, DNA hydroxymethylation plays a significant role in regulating gene expression. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that suggests abnormal changes of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and ten-eleven translocation (TET) family proteins in cardiovascular diseases, indicating cardiovascular diseases are closely connected with DNA hydroxymethylation. The level of DNA hydroxymethylation is affected by some common risk factors of atherosclerosis, such as aging, gender, hypertension and smoking. It is also related to the immune and inflammatory reaction involved in the process of atherosclerosis as well as the function of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. In this review, we summarize the mechanism and research status of DNA hydroxymethylation and TET family proteins towards atherosclerosis, aiming to provide a reference for the development, diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Keywords:DNA hydroxymethylation;atherosclerosis;5hmC;TET;epigenetics
PDF (569KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 胡颖楚, 胡豪畅, 林少沂, 陈晓敏. DNA羟甲基化调控动脉粥样硬化的研究进展. 遗传[J], 2020, 42(7): 632-640 doi:10.16288/j.yczz.20-036 Yingchu Hu. The role of DNA hydroxymethylation in the regulation of atherosclerosis. Hereditas(Beijing)[J], 2020, 42(7): 632-640 doi:10.16288/j.yczz.20-036
TET家族蛋白是一种5mC双加氧酶,包括TET1、TET2和TET3三种类型,它们均在DNA羟甲基化过程中起着关键作用。这3种TET蛋白的C末端都含一个富含半胱氨酸(cysteine-rich)和双链β螺旋(double-stranded beta-helix, DSBH)结构的CD结构域(cysteine-rich and DSBH regions, CD domain),它可与TET蛋白结构中的Fe2+和α-酮戊二酸结合,从而将5mC氧化为5hmC[8,9]。除CD结构域外,TET1和TET3的N末端还有一个CXXC锌指结构域,TET1的CXXC锌指结构域易与CpG岛结合,不仅能识别未修饰的胞嘧啶,还可识别5mC和5hmC[8]。此外,TET家族蛋白还可进一步氧化5hmC,并将其转化为5-甲酰胞嘧啶(5-formylcytosine, 5fC)和5-羧基胞嘧啶(5-carboxylcytosine, 5caC)[10]。
有免疫细胞如巨噬细胞吞噬ox-LDL后所形成的泡沫细胞是As斑块脂质条纹的来源,且巨噬细胞分泌的多种促炎因子和生长因子也能进一步促进As的病变。特异性免疫细胞如T淋巴细胞在As斑块中出现较早,其中Th1细胞可分泌促炎因子如IL-2和TNF-α,这些炎症因子能够激活巨噬细胞和VSMCs,增加斑块的不稳定性[34];调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells, Tregs)可分泌抑炎因子如IL-10和TGF-β,从而减轻As过程中的炎症反应,抑制斑块的形成[35]。
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