赵杨3,
郭立君1,
程凯凯1,
唐海明1,
黄敏2,
汤文光1,
文丽1,
汪柯1,
崔婷4,
肖小平1,,
1.湖南省土壤肥料研究所 长沙 410125
2.湖南农业大学作物环境研究中心 长沙 410128
3.湖南省水稻研究所 长沙 410125
4.南县农业局 南县 413200
基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(41807008)、湖南省自然科学基金项目(2018JJ3305)和国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300906)资助
详细信息
作者简介:李超, 主要从事稻田培肥与耕作生态研究。E-mail: hnchaoli0419@163.com
通讯作者:肖小平, 主要从事稻田培肥及农作制研究。E-mail: hntfsxxping@163.com
中图分类号:S154.5计量
文章访问数:67
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2020-10-25
录用日期:2021-02-22
网络出版日期:2021-07-12
刊出日期:2021-09-06
Effects of winter crops on the earthworm yield and earthworm cast in paddy fields
LI Chao1,,ZHAO Yang3,
GUO Lijun1,
CHENG Kaikai1,
TANG Haiming1,
HUANG Min2,
TANG Wenguang1,
WEN Li1,
WANG Ke1,
CUI Ting4,
XIAO Xiaoping1,,
1. Hunan Province Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Changsha 410125, China
2. Crop and Environment Research Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
3. Hunan Province Rice Research Institute, Changsha 410125, China
4. Nanxian Agricultural Bureau, Nanxian 413200, China
Funds:This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41807008), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2018JJ3305), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300906)
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Corresponding author:E-mail: hntfsxxping@163.com
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摘要
摘要:基于大田调查, 结合2017—2020年的降雨量及积温数据, 研究了稻田种植不同冬季作物(T1, 冬闲; T2, 冬种紫云英; T3, 冬种油菜)对威廉环毛蚓(Pheretima guillelmi)产量及蚯蚓粪产量的影响, 以期为稻田蚯蚓增效提供理论及技术支撑。结果表明: 蚯蚓产量、蚯蚓粪产量及冬季作物产量在不同年度间的波动幅度均较大, 不同年度间的蚯蚓产量变异系数(CV)与冬季作物产量CV值极显著(P<0.01)正相关; 2018—2019年10—12月的持续降雨及12—2月的低温导致冬季作物及蚯蚓产量大幅下降。蚯蚓产量、蚯蚓粪产量与土壤有机质含量显著正相关(P<0.05), 与冬季作物产量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。冬闲、冬种紫云英和冬种油菜的蚯蚓密度分别为8.4~12.8条·m?2、11.2~30.8条·m?2和20.4~49.1条·m?2, 蚯蚓平均密度分别为10.8条·m?2、20.7条·m?2和36.3条·m?2; 蚯蚓产量分别为290~428 kg·hm?2、368~1054 kg·hm?2和763~1845 kg·hm?2, 蚯蚓平均产量分别为373 kg·hm?2、695 kg·hm?2和1364 kg·hm?2; 蚯蚓粪产量分别为1921~3126 kg·hm?2、3023~10 116 kg·hm?2和6034~18 958 kg·hm?2, 蚯蚓粪平均产量分别为2652 kg·hm?2、6438 kg·hm?2和12 545 kg·hm?2; 平均值均表现为油菜>紫云英>冬闲。粪蚓比伴随冬季作物产量的增加而增加, 平均为8.8。油菜不同产量水平间的蚯蚓产量及蚯蚓粪产量的变幅均小于紫云英。综上, 蚯蚓产量及蚯蚓粪产量受年际间气候干扰较大, 冬季作物高产田块的土壤有机质含量较高, 有利于提高蚯蚓产量、蚯蚓粪产量及其产量稳定性, 且冬种油菜的效果更好。
关键词:蚯蚓/
蚯蚓粪/
土壤有机质/
产量/
稻田/
冬季作物/
油菜/
紫云英
Abstract:There is a large market demand for earthworms; thus, earthworm breeding will increase in the future. However, artificial earthworm breeding faces many problems, such as large labor input, high breeding costs, and difficulty in large-scale breeding. Increased earthworm production by planting winter crops may be an effective way to solve these problems. This study incorporated a field investigation and rainfall and accumulated temperature data from 2017 to 2020 to investigate the effects of different winter crops, including fallow (T1), milk vetch (T2), and rapeseed (T3), on the yield and cast of Pheretima guillelmi to provide theoretical and technical support for earthworm production in paddy fields. The results showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) of earthworm yield in different years was positively correlated with the CV of winter crops yield (P<0.01). Continuous rainfall from October to December and low temperatures from December to February from 2018 to 2019 led to a significant decrease in the yields of winter crops and earthworms. The soil organic matter content (average value under three yield levels) was in the order of rapeseed > milk vetch > fallow, and the earthworm yield and earthworm manure yield were significantly positively correlated with the soil organic matter content (P<0.05) and with winter crop yield. The earthworm individuals number per m2 of fallow, milk vetch, and rapeseed was 8.4?12.8, 11.2?30.8, and 20.4?49.1, respectively, the average earthworm individuals number per m2 was 10.8, 20.7 and 36.3, respectively. The earthworm yield was 290?428 kg·hm?2, 368?1054 kg·hm?2, and 763?1845 kg·hm?2, respectively, and the average earthworm yield were 373 kg·hm?2, 695 kg·hm?2, and 1364 kg·hm?2, respectively. The earthworm cast yield was 1921?3126 kg·hm?2, 3023?10 116 kg·hm?2, and 6034?18 958 kg·hm?2, respectively, and with the averages of 2652 kg·hm?2, 6438 kg·hm?2, and 12 545 kg·hm?2, respectively. The averages were in the order of rapeseed > milk vetch > fallow. The ratio of cast weight to fresh earthworm weight increased with increasing winter crop yield, with an average value of 8.8; the average values for fallow, milk vetch, and rapeseed were 7.1, 9.1, and 9.0, respectively. Variation in earthworm yield and earthworm cast yield between different yield levels of rapeseed was less than that of milk vetch, indicating that rapeseed was beneficial for higher yield stability for earthworms and earthworm casts. In summary, the yield of earthworms and casts was greatly disturbed by rainfall and accumulated temperature, and the high-yield fields of winter crops had high soil organic matter content, which was conducive to increasing the yields of earthworms and earthworm casts and increasing their stability. Planting rapeseed also had a beneficial effect.
Key words:Earthworm/
Earthworm cast/
Soil organic matter/
Yield/
Paddy field/
Winter crop/
Rapeseed/
Milk vetch
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图1不同冬季作物条件下的土壤有机质含量
不同小写字母代表P<0.05水平不同处理间差异显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level.
Figure1.Effects of different winter crops and their yield levels on the content of soil organic matter
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2不同冬季作物对粪蚓比的影响
不同小写字母代表P<0.05水平不同处理间差异显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level.
Figure2.Effects of different winter crops and their yield levels on the ratio of cast weight to earthworm weight
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3蚯蚓产量(a, b, c)及蚯蚓粪产量(d, e, f)与土壤有机质和冬季作物紫云英、油菜产量的相关系
*和**分别表示在P<0.05及P<0.01水平显著相关及极显著相关, * and ** indicate significant and highly significant correlations at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively.
Figure3.Correlations of earthworm yield (a, b, c) and earthworm cast yield (d, e, f) with soil organic matter content and yields of winter crop of milk vetch and oilseed rape
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4冬季作物产量变异系数(CV)与蚯蚓产量及蚯蚓粪产量变异系数(CV)间的相关性
Figure4.Correlations of coefficients of variation (CV) of earthworm yield, earthworm cast yield with winter crop yield
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表12017—2020年试验区冬季作物生育期内的降雨量
Table1.Rainfall during the growing season of winter crops in 2017?2020 in the study area
| 月份 Month | 降雨量 Rainfall (mm) | CV (%) | |||
| 2017—2018 | 2018—2019 | 2019—2020 | 平均 Mean | ||
| 10 | 48.7 | 90.1 | 48.3 | 62.4 | 38.5 |
| 11 | 52.4 | 96.8 | 41.8 | 63.7 | 45.8 |
| 12 | 9.3 | 84.0 | 26.9 | 40.1 | 97.5 |
| 1 | 101.6 | 51.4 | 104.6 | 85.9 | 34.8 |
| 2 | 43.5 | 85.9 | 77.8 | 69.1 | 32.6 |
| 3 | 129.1 | 130.8 | 115.9 | 125.3 | 6.5 |
| 4 | 124.0 | 89.5 | 134.7 | 116.1 | 20.4 |
| 累计 Accumulation | 508.6 | 628.5 | 550.0 | 562.4 | 10.8 |
下载: 导出CSV表22017—2020年研究区冬季作物生育期内的积温
Table2.Accumulated temperature during the growing season of winter crops in 2017?2020 in the study area
| 月份 Month | ≤5 ℃天数 Days with ≤5 ℃ (d) | 活动积温 Active accumulated temperature (℃) | 有效积温 Effective accumulated temperature (℃) | ||||||||||||||
| 2017— 2018 | 2018— 2019 | 2019— 2020 | 平均 Mean | CV (%) | 2017— 2018 | 2018— 2019 | 2019— 2020 | 平均 Mean | CV (%) | 2017— 2018 | 2018— 2019 | 2019— 2020 | 平均 Mean | CV (%) | |||
| 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 542.5 | 580.5 | 604.5 | 575.8 | 5.4 | 387.5 | 425.5 | 449.5 | 420.8 | 7.4 | ||
| 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 391.5 | 399.5 | 420 | 403.7 | 3.6 | 241.5 | 249.5 | 270 | 253.7 | 5.8 | ||
| 12 | 2(0) | 14(5) | 1(0) | 5.7(1.7) | 127.7 | 249 | 163 | 265 | 225.7 | 24.3 | 109 | 78 | 115 | 100.7 | 19.7 | ||
| 1 | 14(10) | 17(2) | 11(0) | 14(4) | 21.4 | 123.5 | 92.5 | 133 | 116.3 | 18.2 | 38.5 | 22.5 | 33 | 31.3 | 25.9 | ||
| 2 | 5(0) | 16(2) | 2(0) | 7.7(0.7) | 96.1 | 215 | 98 | 279.5 | 197.5 | 46.6 | 100 | 38 | 144.5 | 94.2 | 56.8 | ||
| 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 448 | 410 | 429.5 | 429.2 | 4.4 | 293 | 255 | 274.5 | 274.2 | 6.9 | ||
| 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 598 | 562 | 530 | 563.3 | 6.0 | 448 | 412 | 380 | 413.3 | 8.2 | ||
| 12—2 | 2(10) | 47(9) | 14(0) | 27.3(6.4) | 63.6 | 587.5 | 353.5 | 677.5 | 539.5 | 31.0 | 82.5 | 46.2 | 97.5 | 75.4 | 35.0 | ||
| 10—4 | 21(10) | 47(9) | 14(0) | 27.3(6.4) | 63.6 | 2567.5 | 2305.5 | 2661.5 | 2511.5 | 7.3 | 1617.5 | 1480.5 | 1666.5 | 1588.2 | 6.1 | ||
| 括号内的数据代表日平均气温≤0 ℃的霜冻天数。The data in brackets represents the number of days with an average daily temperature ≤0 ℃. | |||||||||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表32018—2020年冬季作物产量
Table3.Yields of winter crops in 2018?2020
| 冬季作物 Winter crop | 产量水平 Yield level | 处理 Treatment | 产量 Yield (kg?hm?2) | CV (%) | |||
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 平均 Mean | ||||
| 紫云英 Milk vetch | 低 Low | T2-L | 6288c | 4281c | 8284c | 6284c | 24.5b |
| 中 Middle | T2-M | 21 020b | 11 651b | 20 964b | 17 878b | 30.2a | |
| 高 High | T2-G | 36 489a | 26 464a | 38 406a | 33 786a | 19.0c | |
| 平均 Mean | 21 266 | 14 132 | 22 551 | 19 316 | 24.6 | ||
| 变幅 Variation (%) | 142 | 157 | 133.6 | 142.4 | |||
| 油菜 Oilseed rape | 低 Low | T3-L | 830c | 606c | 1280c | 905c | 37.9 a |
| 中 Middle | T3-M | 1409b | 1167b | 1738b | 1438b | 19.9b | |
| 高 High | T3-G | 2102a | 1687a | 2427a | 2072a | 17.9b | |
| 平均 Mean | 1447 | 1153 | 1815 | 1472 | 25.2 | ||
| 变幅 Variation (%) | 87.9 | 93.7 | 63.2 | 79.3 | |||
| 不同小写字母代表在P<0.05水平同种作物不同产量水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different yield levels of the same crop at P<0.05 level. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表4不同冬季作物条件对蚯蚓密度、产量及个体生物量的影响
Table4.Effects of different winter crops and their yield levels on earthworm density, yield, and individual biomass
| 年份 Year | 指标 Index | T1 | T2 | T3 | |||||||
| L | M | G | 平均 Mean | L | M | G | 平均 Mean | ||||
| 2018 | 密度 Density (×104 individuals?hm?2) | 11.3±0.4f | 16.1±0.6e | 22.3±0.8d | 28.4±1.1cd | 22.3 | 32.9±1.1c | 40.2±1.4b | 49.1±1.8a | 40.7 | |
| 产量 Yield (kg?hm?2) | 402±15g | 553±18f | 724±22e | 935±41d | 737 | 1224±38c | 1476±49b | 1842±68a | 1514 | ||
| 个体生物量 Individual biomass (g) | 3.6±0.1b | 3.4±0.1bc | 3.3±0.0c | 3.3±0.1c | 3.3 | 3.7±0.1a | 3.7±0.1a | 3.8±0.2a | 3.7 | ||
| 2019 | 密度 Density (×104 individuals?hm?2) | 8.4±0.2e | 11.2±0.3de | 14.6±0.5d | 20.2±0.7c | 15.3 | 20.4±0.6c | 26.7±0.9b | 33.6±1.2a | 26.9 | |
| 产量 Yield (kg?hm?2) | 290±10e | 368±13de | 480±16d | 681±21c | 510 | 763±23c | 983±31b | 1247±42a | 998 | ||
| 个体生物量 Individual biomass (g) | 3.5±0.1b | 3.3±0.0c | 3.3±0.1c | 3.4±0.1bc | 3.3 | 3.7±0.1a | 3.7±0.2a | 3.7±0.1a | 3.7 | ||
| 2020 | 密度 Density (×104 individuals?hm?2) | 12.8±0.4g | 17.6±0.5f | 25.3±1.1e | 30.8±1.2d | 24.6 | 35.6±1.3c | 40.2±1.5b | 48.4±1.5a | 41.4 | |
| 产量 Yield (kg?hm?2) | 428±11g | 592±15f | 871±34e | 1054±40d | 839 | 1371±44c | 1520±51b | 1845±56a | 1579 | ||
| 个体生物量 Individual biomass (g) | 3.3±0.0b | 3.4±0.1b | 3.4±0.1b | 3.4±0.1b | 3.4 | 3.9±0.2a | 3.8±0.2a | 3.8±0.1a | 3.8 | ||
| 平均 Mean | 密度 Density (×104 individuals?hm?2) | 10.8 | 15.0 | 20.7 | 26.5 | 29.6 | 35.7 | 43.7 | |||
| 产量 Yield (kg?hm?2) | 373 | 504 | 692 | 890 | 1120 | 1327 | 1645 | ||||
| 个体生物量 Biomass per individual (g) | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.8 | ||||
| CV (%) | 密度 Density | 20.6 | 22.4 | 26.2 | 21.0 | 27.4 | 21.8 | 20.0 | |||
| 产量 Yield | 19.7 | 23.8 | 28.5 | 21.3 | 28.3 | 22.5 | 20.9 | ||||
| 个体生物量 Individual biomass | 3.2 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.3 | ||||
| 不同小写字母代表P<0.05水平不同处理间差异显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level. | |||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表5不同冬季作物对蚯蚓粪产量及个体产量的影响
Table5.Effects of different winter crops and their yield levels on yield of earthworm cast
| 年份 Year | 指标 Index | T1 | T2 | T3 | |||||||
| L | M | G | 平均 Mean | L | M | G | 平均 Mean | ||||
| 2018 | 蚯蚓粪产量 Earthworm cast yield (kg?hm?2) | 2910±113f | 4913±218e | 6902±297d | 9587±349c | 7134 | 10 534±372c | 13 836±523b | 18 043±741a | 14 138 | |
| 个体蚯蚓粪产量 Cast yield per earthworm (g) | 25.8±1.1c | 30.5±1.3b | 31.0±1.5b | 33.8±1.2ab | 31.7 | 32.0±1.2b | 34.4±1.3ab | 36.7±1.4a | 34.4 | ||
| 2019 | 蚯蚓粪产量 Earthworm cast yield (kg?hm?2) | 1921±87e | 3023±119de | 4102±178d | 6117±268c | 4414 | 6034±232c | 8193±311b | 10 736±345a | 8321 | |
| 个体蚯蚓粪产量 Cast yield per earthworm (g) | 22.9±1.1d | 27.0±1.2c | 28.1±1.4bc | 30.3±1.4ab | 28.5 | 29.6±1.2b | 30.7±1.3ab | 32.0±1.4a | 30.7 | ||
| 2020 | 蚯蚓粪产量 Earthworm cast yield (kg?hm?2) | 3126±121f | 5134±214e | 8045±322d | 10 116±366cd | 7765 | 11 836±412c | 14 736±527b | 18 958±702a | 15 177 | |
| 个体蚯蚓粪产量 Cast yield per earthworm (g) | 24.4±1.0e | 29.2±1.2d | 31.8±1.2cd | 32.8±1.3c | 31.3 | 33.2±1.3c | 36.7±1.4b | 39.2±1.6a | 36.4 | ||
| 平均 | 蚯蚓粪产量 Earthworm cast yield (kg?hm?2) | 2652 | 4357 | 6350 | 8607 | 9468 | 12 255 | 15 912 | |||
| 个体蚯蚓粪产量 Cast yield per earthworm (g) | 24.3 | 28.9 | 30.3 | 32.3 | 31.6 | 33.9 | 36.0 | ||||
| CV(%) | 蚯蚓粪产量 Earthworm cast yield | 24.2 | 26.6 | 31.9 | 25.2 | 32.2 | 28.9 | 28.3 | |||
| 个体蚯蚓粪产量 Cast yield per earthworm | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 8.9 | 10.2 | ||||
| 不同小写字母代表P<0.05水平不同处理间差异显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level. | |||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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