江西红壤旱地玉米||大豆间作模式对作物产量及种间关系的影响

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封亮^1,,
黄国勤¹,
杨文亭¹,
黄天宝²,
唐海鹰¹,
麻巧迎¹,
王淑彬^1,,
1.江西农业大学作物生理生态与遗传育种教育部重点实验室/江西农业大学生态科学研究中心南昌 330045
2.江西省红壤研究所南昌 331700
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD030020906
江西省重点研发计划项目20171BBF60035

详细信息

作者简介:封亮, 主要从事旱地农业与生态研究。E-mail: 996597837@qq.com

通讯作者:王淑彬, 主要从事旱地农业与生态研究。E-mail: 290598920@qq.com

中图分类号:S344.2

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-10-30
录用日期:2021-04-18
刊出日期:2021-07-01

Yields and interspecific relationship of the maize-soybean intercropping system in the upland red soil of Jiangxi Province

FENG Liang^1,,
HUANG Guoqin¹,
YANG Wenting¹,
HUANG Tianbao²,
TANG Haiying¹,
MA Qiaoying¹,
WANG Shubin^1,,
1. Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding/Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
2. Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil, Nanchang 331700, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD030020906
the Key Research and Development Project of Jiangxi Province20171BBF60035

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Corresponding author:WANG Shubin, E-mail: 290598920@qq.com

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摘要
摘要:江西红壤旱地光热水资源充沛，为农业发展提供了优越的自然条件。为筛选江西红壤旱地间作优势明显、群体产量与经济效益较优的玉米||大豆的种植模式，于2018-2019年设置7个处理：玉米||大豆间作带宽2 m、行比2：2，带宽2.4 m、行比2：3，带宽2.4 m、行比2：4，带宽2.8 m、行比2：3，带宽2.8 m、行比2：4，及玉米单作和大豆单作，分析了两年间不同玉米||大豆间作模式下带宽行比变化对作物产量及种间关系的影响。结果表明：1）玉米大豆单作产量显著高于各自间作产量；间作处理中，带宽2.4 m、行比2：4模式下作物群体平均产量为6801.88 kg·hm^-2，较带宽2.4 m、行比2：3模式增产7.56%，说明适宜带宽模式下增植1行大豆有利于作物增产；带宽2.4 m、行比2：4模式两年平均经济效益为15 822.96元·hm^-2，较玉米、大豆单作平均经济效益增加9.90%、209.48%，说明间作种植模式相比于单作有利于提高农民经济效益。2）2019年试验中，带宽2.4 m、行比2：4模式下土地当量比（LER）最高，为1.77，与其他间作处理呈显著性差异，该模式下两年平均LER为1.59，相较于带宽2.0 m、行比2：2（1.55），带宽2.4 m、行比2：3（1.44），带宽2.8 m、行比2：3（1.35），带宽2.8 m、行比2：4（1.44）间作模式表现出较好的土地生产能力。3）带宽为2.4 m或2.8 m时，增植1行大豆，LER分别提高10.42%、7.41%，玉米实际产量损失指数（AYL_M）分别提高77.01%、59.02%，玉米侵占力（A_M）分别提高91.89%、82.22%，玉米竞争比率（CR_M）分别提高38.69%、24.11%，经济效益（EB）分别提高8.38%、4.80%，玉米收获指数（HI）分别提高6.12%、6.25%，说明适宜带宽模式下增加大豆行可以提高间作玉米的竞争优势，以此来提高作物产量与经济效益。行比为2：3或2：4时，带宽由2.4 m增至2.8 m，LER分别减小6.67%、9.66%，AYL_M分别减小42.62%、59.79%，A_M分别减小64.44%、73.17%，CR_M分别减小19.15%、33.14%，EB分别减小10.23%、13.99%，玉米（HI）分别减小2.08%、0.51%，说明不同行比配置模式下增加带宽均会削弱间作玉米的竞争优势，使得群体产量和经济效益降低。综上，带宽2.4 m、行比2：4种植模式能较好地协调作物种间关系，土地产出率较高，经济效益较优，可作为江西红壤旱地适宜的玉米||大豆间作模式。
关键词:红壤旱地/
间作/
玉米/
大豆/
种间关系/
群体产量
Abstract:The upland red soil in Jiangxi Province is rich in light, heat, and water resources and provides superior natural conditions for agricultural development. To screen the maize-soybean intercropping system with obvious advantages, better group yield, and economic benefits in the upland red soil of Jiangxi Province, seven treatments were set up in 2018 and 2019, of which five were maize-soybean intercropping systems with 1) 2 m bandwidth and 2-2 rows ratio, 2) 2.4 m bandwidth and 2-3 rows ratio, 2.4 m bandwidth and 2-4 rows ratio, 2.8 m bandwidth and 2-3 rows ratio, and 2.8 m bandwidth and 2-4 rows ratio; other two were sole maize and sole soybean. The effects of different intercropping patterns of maize and soybean were analyzed for crop yield and the interspecific relationships. The results showed that 1) the yield of sole maize and soybean was significantly higher than that of the intercropped ones. In the 2-year experiment, the average yield was 6801.88 kg·hm^-2 under the intercropping treatment of 2.4 m bandwidth and 2-4 rows ratio, which was 7.56% higher than that under the intercropping treatment of 2.4 m bandwidth and 2-3 rows ratio, indicating that increasing one row soybean of the intercropping system with suitable bandwidth benefited yield increase. The average economic benefit of intercropping system with a 2.4 m bandwidth and 2-4 rows ratio was 15 822.96 ￥·hm^-2 for the 2 years, 9.90% and 209.48% higher than that of sole maize and sole soybean, respectively. This indicated that intercropping improved the farmers' economic benefit. 2) In 2019, the land equivalent ratio (LER) of the intercropping treatment with 2.4 m bandwidth and 2-4 rows ratio was 1.77, significantly higher than the other intercropping treatments. The 2-year average LER in this intercropping system was 1.59, compared with 1.55 for the 2.0 m bandwidth and 2-2 rows ratio, 1.44 for the 2.4 m bandwidth and 2-3 rows ratio, 1.35 for the 2.8 m bandwidth and 2-3 rows ratio, and 1.44 for the 2.8 m bandwidth and 2-4 row ratio, which showed better land productivity. 3) When the bandwidth was 2.4 m or 2.8 m, adding one more row of soybean increased the LER by 10.42% and 7.41%, the maize actual yield loss (AYL_M) by 77.01% and 59.02%, the maize invasion (A_M) by 91.89% and 82.22%, the maize competition ratio (CR_M) by 38.69% and 24.11%, the economic benefit (EB) by 8.38% and 4.80%, and the maize harvest index (HI) by 6.12% and 6.25%, respectively. These results showed that increasing the row ratio of soybean could enhance the competitive advantage of intercropped maize with a suitable bandwidth, which improved crop yield and economic benefits. When the bandwidth increased from 2.4 m to 2.8 m with the rows ratios of 2-3 and 2-4, LER decreased by 6.67% and 9.66%, AYL_M decreased by 42.62% and 59.79%, A_M decreased by 64.44% and 73.17%, CR_M decreased by 19.15% and 33.14%, EB decreased by 10.23% and 13.99%, and HI decreased by 2.08% and 0.51%, respectively. These results showed that increased bandwidth weakens the competitive advantage of intercropped maize with different rows ratios and reduced the group yield and economic benefit. In conclusion, the maize-soybean intercropping system of 2.4 m bandwidth with a 2-4 rows ratio better coordinated the crop interspecific relationships and resulted in higher crop yield and better economic benefits. This study provides a reference for the maize-soybean intercropping system in the upland red soil of Jiangxi Province.
Key words:Upland red soil/
Intercropping/
Maize/
Soybean/
Interspecific relationship/
Group yield

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图12018—2019年试验期间作物生育期降水量与平均温度
Figure1.Precipitation and average temperature during crop growth periods in 2018 and 2019

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图2不同处理的带宽、行比田间配置试验设计图
Figure2.Design of field experiment of different treatments with different bandwidths and row ratios

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图3玉米||大豆间作系统不同种植模式对作物收获指数的影响
各处理的详细介绍见图 1; 不同小写字母分别表示不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure3.Effects of different intercropping treatments on crop harvest index in maize||soybean intercropping system
Detail information of each treatment is shown in the figure 1. Different lowercase letters mean significant difference among treatments at P < 0.05 level.

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表1供试土壤的基础肥力与光合有效辐射状况
Table1.Agro-chemical properties of the test soils

年份 Year	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g?kg^–1)	碱解氮 Available nitrogen (mg?kg^–1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg?kg^–1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg?kg^–1)	有效辐射 Effective radiation (MJ?m^–2)
2018	5.74	19.79	105.00	257.01	14.22	679.05
2019	5.72	19.70	102.76	174.08	12.80	641.79

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表2玉米||大豆间作系统不同种植模式对作物产量与农学指标的影响
Table2.Effects of planting patterns of maize||soybean intercropping system on yields and agronomic indicators of crops

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	玉米Maize						大豆Soybean
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg?hm^–2)	穗长 Spike length (cm)	千粒重 1000-seed weight (g)	每行粒数 Grains per row	每穗行数 Rows per ear	每穗粒数 Grains per panicle	单株有效荚数 Effective pods per plant	单株粒数 Seeds number per plant	百粒重 100-seed weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg?hm^–2)
2018	B_2.0R_2:2	6029.6b	16.55a	256.13ab	12.89c	34.45c	414.44d	26.89b	51.41a	23.43a	612.33e
	B_2.4R_2:3	4797.00d	18.26a	265.53a	14.89a	36.56abc	536.33a	26.20b	47.43b	22.56a	673.20d
	B_2.4R_2:4	5146.50c	19.39a	244.43b	13.78bc	39.56ab	532.64a	26.21b	38.93d	23.61a	743.07bc
	B_2.8R_2:3	4355.73e	18.33a	254.13ab	14.00ab	36.11bc	504.44b	29.00a	47.40b	23.00a	705.60cd
	B_2.8R_2:4	4450.00e	18.11a	252.03ab	13.78bc	35.22c	478.00c	24.40c	39.21d	23.91a	759.53b
	SM/SS	6404.75a	19.56a	243.10b	14.00ab	39.89a	525.10a	23.89c	40.88c	23.07a	1222.00a
2019	B_2.0R_2:2	6666.67b	18.52ab	294.56a	13.80a	36.50a	501.30a	24.22a	41.41ab	15.52d	672.22c
	B_2.4R_2:3	6550.00b	18.63a	298.59a	13.07a	36.80a	481.01ab	18.65bc	36.31bc	17.50ab	627.85d
	B_2.4R_2:4	6977.78b	17.43abc	294.49a	12.80a	35.07a	449.04ab	24.05a	46.00a	17.91a	736.40b
	B_2.8R_2:3	5595.24c	16.90bc	291.36a	13.07a	32.93a	430.45b	22.78ab	42.17ab	17.32abc	611.91d
	B_2.8R_2:4	5780.95c	16.50c	292.65a	13.20a	32.67a	431.07b	22.11ab	44.33ab	16.38bcd	700.27c
	SM/SS	7992.38a	18.23ab	296.51a	13.20a	34.80a	459.01ab	16.09c	29.50c	16.04cd	823.11a
年份Year (Y)		**	ns	**	**	ns	**	**	*	**	**
处理 Treatment (T)		**	*	ns	ns	*	**	**	**	ns	**
Y×T		**	**	ns	**	ns	**	ns	**	ns	**
各处理的详细介绍见图 1; 不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。*和分别表示在P < 0.01和P < 0.05水平有显著影响; ns代表影响不显著。Detail information of each treatment is shown in the figure 1. Different lowercase letters mean significant difference among treatments in the same year at P < 0.05 level. ** and * indicate significant effects at P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 levels, respectively. “ns” means no significant effect.

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表3玉米||大豆间作系统不同种植模式对玉米(M)和大豆(S)土地当量比(LER)、相对拥挤系数(K)、作物侵占力(A)与侵占比率(CR)的影响
Table3.Effects of intercropping treatments on land equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (K), crop invasiveness (A) and invasiveness ratio (CR) of maize (M) and soybean (S) in maize||soybean intercropping system

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	LER			K			A		CR
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	LER_M	LER_S	LER	K_M	K_S	K	A_M	A_S	CR_M	CR_S
2018	B_2.0R_2:2	0.94a	0.50d	1.44a	16.34a	1.00a	16.33a	0.88bc	–0.88bc	1.88b	0.53b
	B_2.4R_2:3	0.75c	0.55c	1.30bc	4.13c	0.89ab	3.67c	0.83c	–0.83b	1.88b	0.53b
	B_2.4R_2:4	0.80b	0.61ab	1.41a	8.32b	0.77b	6.38b	1.53a	–1.53d	2.68a	0.37c
	B_2.8R_2:3	0.68d	0.58bc	1.26c	2.84c	1.03a	2.94c	0.57d	–0.57a	1.56c	0.64a
	B_2.8R_2:4	0.70d	0.62a	1.31b	4.05c	0.93a	3.75c	0.96b	–0.96c	1.99b	0.50b
2019	B_2.0R_2:2	0.84ab	0.82b	1.65b	5.12b	4.47a	22.69b	0.03d	–0.03a	1.02d	0.98a
	B_2.4R_2:3	0.82b	0.76c	1.58c	6.39b	2.34b	14.92bc	0.64b	–0.64c	1.48b	0.67c
	B_2.4R_2:4	0.87a	0.89a	1.77a	14.51a	4.47a	61.86a	1.31a	–1.31d	1.98a	0.51d
	B_2.8R_2:3	0.70c	0.74c	1.44d	3.13b	2.23b	6.92c	0.32c	–0.32b	1.25c	0.80b
	B_2.8R_2:4	0.73c	0.85ab	1.58c	4.70b	3.25ab	15.12bc	0.68b	–0.68c	1.51b	0.66c
各处理的详细介绍见图 1; 不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Detail information of each treatment is shown in the figure 1. Different lowercase letters mean significant difference among treatments in the same year at P < 0.05 level.

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表4玉米||大豆间作系统不同种植模式对玉米(M)和大豆(S)实际产量损失(AYL)的影响
Table4.Effects of intercropping patterns on actual yield loss (AYL) of maize (M) and soybean (S) in maize||soybean intercropping system

处理 Treatment	2018			2019
处理 Treatment	AYL_M	AYL_S	AYL	AYL_M	AYLs	AYL
B_2.0R_2:2	0.88 bc	0.00a	0.89 b	0.67 c	0.63 a	1.30 b
B_2.4R_2:3	0.78 c	–0.05ab	0.73 c	0.95 b	0.32 b	1.27 b
B_2.4R_2:4	1.44 a	–0.09b	1.34 a	1.65 a	0.34 b
B_2.8R_2:3	0.58 d	0.01a	0.60 d	0.63 c	0.30 b	0.93 c
B_2.8R_2:4	0.93 b	–0.03ab	0.90 b	1.01 b	0.33 b	1.34 b
各处理的详细介绍见图 1; 不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Detail information of each treatment is shown in the figure 1. Different lowercase letters mean significant difference among treatments in the same year at P < 0.05 level.

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表5玉米||大豆间作系统不同种植模式对玉米(M)和大豆(S)经济效益(EB)与间作优势指数(IA)的影响
Table5.Effects of intercropping patterns on economic benefit (EB) and intercrop dominance index (IA) of maize (M) and soybean (S) in maize||soybean intercropping system

处理 Treatment	2018			2019			EB
处理 Treatment	IA_M	IA_S	IA	IA_M	IA_S	IA	2018	2019
B_2.0R_2:2	1.77bc	0.01a	1.78b	1.34c	3.17a	4.51b	15 120.87a	16 694.44b
B_2.4R_2:3	1.57c	–0.25ab	1.32c	1.91b	1.58b	3.48c	12 960.00c	16 239.26b
B_2.4R_2:4	2.87a	–0.46b	2.41a	3.30a	1.68b	4.98a	14 008.33b	17 637.59a
B_2.8R_2:3	1.17d	0.07a	1.23c	1.26c	1.52b	2.78d	12 239.47d	14 250.00d
B_2.8R_2:4	1.86b	–0.15ab	1.71b	2.02b	1.65b	3.66c	12 697.67c	15 063.24c
SM	—	—	—	—	—	—	12 809.50	15 984.80
SS	—	—	—	—	—	—	6110.00	4115.55
各处理的详细介绍见图 1; 玉米大豆的经济产值以2019年市场价格计算, 玉米价格2.0元?kg^–1, 大豆价格5.0元?kg^–1。Detail information of each treatment is shown in the figure 1. The economic values of maize and soybean calculated by market price in 2019, the price of maize was 2.0 ￥?kg^–1, the price of soybean was 5.0 ￥?kg^–1.

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