沙之敏1,
顾麦云2,
翁丹龙2,
杜继平3,
曹林奎1,,
1.上海交通大学农业与生物学院 上海 200240
2.上海自在青西农业发展有限公司 上海 201717
3.上海新农科技 股份有限公司 上海 201620
基金项目: 农业农村部环境治理专项13200014
详细信息
作者简介:钟颖, 主要研究方向为农村发展。E-mail: iiirina@sjtu.edu.cn
通讯作者:曹林奎, 主要研究方向为生态农业与面源污染控制。E-mail: clk@sjtu.edu.cn
中图分类号:S-1计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2020-07-05
录用日期:2020-09-27
刊出日期:2021-03-01
Emergy-based benefit analysis of integrated rice-frog farming
ZHONG Ying1,,SHA Zhimin1,
GU Maiyun2,
WENG Danlong2,
DU Jiping3,
CAO Linkui1,,
1. School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2. Shanghai Zizaiqingxi Agricultural Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201717, China
3. Shanghai Xinnong Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201620, China
Funds: the Environmental Control Project of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs13200014
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Corresponding author:CAO Linkui, E-mail: clk@sjtu.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:稻蛙生态种养模式将蛙类引入稻田，提高水稻生产系统的生产效率与可持续发展能力，是我国现代农业发展中重要的生态农业产业之一。为评价稻蛙生态种养模式的经营效益，本研究运用能值分析法，综合分析2015—2019年上海市青浦区稻蛙生态种养模式生产系统的能值投入和能值产出，并选用能值自给率、能值投资率、净能值产出率、环境负载率、可持续发展指数5项指标评价其能值效率。分析结果表明：2015—2019年青浦区稻蛙生态种养模式生产系统中，农田灌溉水、雨水化学能、复合肥、有机肥、基础设施等是主要的能值投入内容；稻谷、秸秆、成蛙以及政策性收入为主要产出能值内容。稻蛙生态种养模式生产系统能值自给率与能值投资率均值分别为0.18和4.86，5年中无明显变化趋势；净能值产出率均值为3.65，呈逐年上升趋势；环境负载率均值为0.46，总体呈下降趋势；可持续发展指数均值为8.52，总体呈上升趋势。由于研究区域与经营模式的差异，与其他系统相比，稻蛙生态种养模式生产系统承受环境压力较小，能值可持续指标表现良好，可持续发展潜力大，是值得拓展推广的绿色生产模式；但系统自我维持力弱，受经济社会影响波动较大，农业生态系统经济发展程度与生产效率仍有提升空间，应充分利用当地资源，适当增加能值投入，开拓多元化产品，提高系统产出率。本研究为稻蛙生态种养模式进一步健康稳定发展和推广提供了参考依据与方法借鉴。
关键词:稻蛙生态种养/
能值/
生产系统/
效益评价/
可持续发展
Abstract:Integrated rice-frog farming (IRFF) is an ecological farming method that can improve production efficiency and promote sustainable development in agriculture. However, few studies have analyzed the benefits of IRFF. This study performed an emergy analysis to evaluate the IRFF system energy input and output in the Qingpu District, Shanghai, China, from 2015 to 2019 and calculated the self-sufficiency, emergy investment ratio, emergy yield ratio, the environmental loading ratio, and the sustainable development index. The results showed that irrigation water, rainfall chemical energy, compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and infrastructure were the primary IRFF system energy inputs; rice, straw, frogs, and policy income were the primary energy outputs. The average emergy self-sufficiency and investment ratios from 2015 to 2019 were 0.18 and 4.86, respectively, with no significant changes over the five years. The average emergy yield ratio was 3.65, which generally increased annually. The average environmental loading ratio was 0.46, trending downwards, and the average sustainable development index was 8.52, trending upwards. Compared with similar farming systems, the IRFF system emergy indices performed better because of the differences in study areas and management modes. In the IRFF system, the natural resource input was less, and the purchasing emergy input and output efficiency were higher than in other systems. These results indicated that the IRFF system had a low dependence on natural resources and placed minimal pressure on the environmental system. The IRFF system had great potential for sustainable development and ecological production, but the results showed that the IRFF system was weak in self-sustainment and fluctuated greatly under the influence of economy and society. The energy value investment and net energy value output rates were also low, and the use of resources was insufficient, but there was development potential. Therefore, to further develop the IRFF system in the Qingpu District, more input emergy should be invested, and diversified commodities should be developed to improve the total output efficiency.
Key words:Integrated rice-frog farming/
Emergy/
Production systems/
Benefit evaluation/
Sustainable development
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图1上海市青浦区稻蛙生态种养模式生产系统能值图
Figure1.Emergy flow of the integrated rice-frog farming system in Qingpu District, Shanghai City
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图22015—2019年上海市青浦区稻蛙生态种养模式生产系统投入能值情况
Figure2.Emergy inputs of the integrated rice-frog farming system in Qingpu District, Shanghai City from 2015 to 2019
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图32015—2019年上海市青浦区稻蛙生态种养模式生产系统产出能值情况
Figure3.Emergy outputs of the rice-frog farming system in Qingpu District, Shanghai City from 2015 to 2019
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1上海市青浦区稻蛙生态种养模式生产系统能值转换率及来源
Table1.Solar transformities and sources of the integrated rice-frog farming system in Qingpu District, Shanghai City
| 项目Item | 能量转换系数 Conversion factor | 能值转换率 Transformity | 来源 Source | |
| 不可更新工业辅助能 Non-renewable industrial auxiliary energy (F) | 基础设施Infrastructure | - | 5.81E+12 sej·$-1 | [17] |
| 农业机械折旧 Depreciation of agricultural machinery | - | 5.81E+12 sej·$-1 | [17] | |
| 塑料薄膜Plastic film | - | 4.83E+08 sej·g-1 | [13] | |
| 柴油Diesel oil | 4.40E+04 J·kg-1 | 8.39E+04 sej·J-1 | [13] | |
| 电力Electricity | 3.60E+06 J·(kWh)-1 | 2.03E+05 sej·J-1 | [13] | |
| 农药Pesticide | - | 2.06E+09 sej·g-1 | [13] | |
| 复合肥(纯氮) Compound fertilizer | - | 5.87E+09 sej·g-1 | [18] | |
| 可更新生物辅助能 Renewable bioassistive energy (T) | 种子Seeds | 2.60E+04 J·g-1 | 2.54E+05 sej·J-1 | [19] |
| 养殖品(蛙) Frogs | 1.71E+04 J·g-1 | 2.54E+05 sej·J-1 | [20] | |
| 农田灌溉水Irrigation water | - | 1.14E+11 sej·t-1 | [13] | |
| 人力与管理Human | 3.50E+09 J·cap.-1 | 4.83E+05 sej·J-1 | [18] | |
| 生物农药Biopesticide | - | 2.06E+09 sej·g-1 | [13] | |
| 有机肥(氮肥) Organic fertilizer | - | 5.87+09 sej·g-1 | [18] | |
| 饲料Fodder | - | 5.81E+12 sej·$-1 | [17] | |
| 产出 Outputs (Y) | 稻谷Rice | 1.51E+07 J·kg-1 | 2.43E+05 sej·J-1 | [18] |
| 秸秆Straw | 1.26E+07 J·kg-1 | 3.43E+04 sej·J-1 | [21] | |
| 成蛙(用作人工繁育) Frogs (for breeding) | 1.71E+04 J·g-1 | 2.54E+05 sej·J-1 | [20] | |
| 政策性收入Policy-based income | - | 5.81E+12 sej·$-1 | [17] | |
| 其中以货币为单位的项目根据参考文献中上海市2003年的生态经济系统能货币比率, 将2015—2019年的当年价换算成可比价后再乘以能货币比率得到各经济量的能值; 政策性收入为经营主体在运作此系统时获得规模化经营补贴、水稻机械化育插秧补贴、秸秆还田补贴、绿色补贴以及其余一般补贴之和。The current prices of related items from 2015 to 2019 is converted into comparable prices after the currency conversion, and then times the monetary rate of the ecological economic system in Shanghai which is based on the reference literature, so as to get the emergy values. The policy-based income is the sum of large-scale operation subsidy, rice mechanical cultivation and transplanting subsidy, straw returning subsidy, green subsidy and other general subsidies for running the system. | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表22015—2019年上海市青浦区稻蛙生态种养模式生产系统能值投入产出表
Table2.Emergy inputs and outputs of the integrated rice-frog farming system in Qingpu District, Shanghai City from 2015 to 2019
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||||||
| 能值 Emergy (sej·hm-2) | 占比 Proportion (%) | 能值 Emergy (sej·hm-2) | 占比 Proportion (%) | 能值 Emergy (sej·hm-2) | 占比 Proportion (%) | 能值 Emergy (sej·hm-2) | 占比 Proportion (%) | 能值 Emergy (sej·hm-2) | 占比 Proportion (%) | |||||
| 投入Inputs | ||||||||||||||
| ??可更新自然资源(R) Renewable natural resources | ||||||||||||||
| ????太阳光能Solar energy | 2.65E+13 | 0.36 | 2.65E+13 | 0.36 | 2.65E+13 | 0.38 | 2.65E+13 | 0.36 | 2.65E+13 | 0.35 | ||||
| ????雨水化学能Rainfall chemical energy | 1.25E+15 | 17.01 | 1.19E+15 | 16.24 | 8.19E+14 | 11.87 | 8.49E+14 | 11.63 | 1.53E+15 | 20.14 | ||||
| ??不可更新自然资源(N) Nonrenewable natural resources | ||||||||||||||
| ????表土损失能Energy loss of surface | 1.38E+14 | 1.89 | 1.38E+14 | 1.89 | 1.38E+14 | 2.00 | 1.38E+14 | 1.89 | 1.38E+14 | 1.81 | ||||
| ??不可更新工业辅助能(F) Industrial auxiliary energy | ||||||||||||||
| ????基础设施Infrastructure | 7.64E+14 | 10.43 | 6.83E+14 | 9.36 | 6.55E+14 | 9.49 | 6.51E+14 | 8.92 | 6.31E+14 | 8.28 | ||||
| ????农业机械折旧 Depreciation of agricultural machinery | 1.91E+14 | 2.61 | 1.71E+14 | 2.34 | 1.64E+14 | 2.37 | 1.63E+14 | 2.23 | 1.58E+14 | 2.07 | ||||
| ????塑料薄膜Plastic film | 7.06E+11 | 0.01 | 7.06E+11 | 0.01 | 7.06E+11 | 0.01 | 7.06E+11 | 0.01 | 7.06E+11 | 0.01 | ||||
| ????柴油Diesel oil | 3.53E+13 | 0.48 | 3.53E+13 | 0.48 | 3.53E+13 | 0.51 | 3.53E+13 | 0.48 | 3.53E+13 | 0.46 | ||||
| ????电力Electricity | 4.93E+14 | 6.73 | 4.93E+14 | 6.75 | 4.93E+14 | 7.15 | 4.93E+14 | 6.76 | 4.93E+14 | 6.47 | ||||
| ????农药Pesticide | 9.89E+12 | 0.13 | 9.27E+12 | 0.13 | 7.42E+12 | 0.11 | 0.00E+00 | 0.00 | 7.73E+12 | 0.10 | ||||
| ????复合肥Compound fertilizer | 1.06E+15 | 14.42 | 8.81E+14 | 12.06 | 7.92E+14 | 11.49 | 1.76E+14 | 2.41 | 7.92E+14 | 10.40 | ||||
| ??可更新生物辅助能(T) Renewable bioassistive energy | ||||||||||||||
| ????种子Seeds | 3.97E+14 | 5.41 | 3.97E+14 | 5.43 | 3.97E+14 | 5.75 | 3.97E+14 | 5.43 | 3.97E+14 | 5.21 | ||||
| ????养殖苗种Frogs | 2.49E+14 | 3.40 | 2.49E+14 | 3.41 | 2.49E+14 | 3.61 | 2.49E+14 | 3.41 | 2.49E+14 | 3.27 | ||||
| ????农田灌溉水Irrigation water | 1.37E+15 | 18.71 | 1.39E+15 | 19.01 | 1.41E+15 | 20.38 | 1.44E+15 | 19.73 | 1.46E+15 | 19.12 | ||||
| ????人力与管理Human | 3.38E+14 | 4.61 | 5.07E+14 | 6.95 | 5.07E+14 | 7.35 | 8.45E+14 | 11.58 | 5.07E+14 | 6.66 | ||||
| ????生物农药Biopesticide | 6.18E+12 | 0.08 | 6.18E+12 | 0.08 | 6.18E+12 | 0.09 | 1.85E+13 | 0.25 | 6.18E+12 | 0.08 | ||||
| ????有机肥Organic fertilizer | 5.28E+14 | 7.21 | 7.04E+14 | 9.65 | 7.92E+14 | 11.49 | 1.41E+15 | 19.31 | 7.92E+14 | 10.40 | ||||
| ????饲料Fodder | 4.78E+14 | 6.52 | 4.27E+14 | 5.85 | 4.09E+14 | 5.93 | 4.07E+14 | 5.58 | 3.94E+14 | 5.17 | ||||
| 总投入(E) Total input | 7.33E+15 | 7.30E+15 | 6.90E+15 | 7.30E+15 | 7.62E+15 | |||||||||
| 产出Outputs | ||||||||||||||
| ????稻谷Rice | 9.00E+15 | 43.90 | 9.36E+15 | 45.99 | 9.84E+15 | 46.92 | 1.02E+16 | 42.04 | 1.08E+16 | 46.17 | ||||
| ????秸秆Straw | 1.94E+15 | 9.45 | 2.02E+15 | 9.90 | 2.12E+15 | 10.10 | 2.20E+15 | 8.49 | 2.33E+15 | 9.94 | ||||
| ????成蛙(用作人工繁育) Frogs (for breeding) | 1.25E+13 | 0.06 | 1.25E+13 | 0.06 | 1.56E+13 | 0.07 | 1.87E+13 | 0.08 | 1.87E+13 | 0.08 | ||||
| ????政策性收入Policy-based income | 9.55E+15 | 46.59 | 8.97E+15 | 44.04 | 9.00E+15 | 42.90 | 1.19E+16 | 48.83 | 1.03E+16 | 43.81 | ||||
| 总产出(Y) Yield | 2.05E+16 | 2.04E+16 | 2.10E+16 | 2.43E+16 | 2.34E+16 | |||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表32015—2019年上海市青浦区稻蛙生态种养模式生产系统能值指标分析表
Table3.Emergy indices of the rice-frog farming system in Qingpu District, Shanghai City from 2015 to 2019
| 指标Index | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| 能值自给率 Emergy self-sufficiency ratio | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.22 |
| 能值投资率 Emergy investment ratio | 4.19 | 4.41 | 6.01 | 6.20 | 3.48 |
| 净能值产出率 Emergy yield ratio | 3.47 | 3.42 | 3.55 | 3.86 | 3.95 |
| 环境负载率 Environmental load ratio | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.29 | 0.42 |
| 能值可持续指数 Sustainable development index | 5.98 | 6.94 | 7.16 | 13.15 | 9.40 |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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