詹天宇^{1, 2, 3,},
孙建^{1, 2,,},
张振超^{1, 2},
刘某承²
1.生态系统研究网络综合研究中心/生态网络观测与模拟重点实验室 北京 100101
2.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 北京 100101
3.北京师范大学地理科学学部陆地表层系统科学与可持续发展研究院 北京 100875
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2017YFC0506402

详细信息

作者简介:詹天宇, 主要从事高原生态学研究。E-mail:zty5327@163.com

通讯作者:孙建, 主要从事高原植被地理研究。E-mail:sunjian@igsnrr.ac.cn

中图分类号:S812.6

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-05-22
录用日期:2020-06-23
刊出日期:2020-12-01

Effects of grazing on temperate grassland ecosystem based on a meta-analysis

ZHAN Tianyu^{1, 2, 3,},
SUN Jian^{1, 2,,},
ZHANG Zhenchao^{1, 2},
LIU Moucheng²
1. Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network/Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Beijing 100101, China
2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
3. Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2017YFC0506402

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Corresponding author:SUN Jian, E-mail:sunjian@igsnrr.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:放牧是最主要的草地利用模式，直接或间接地影响草地物质循环和能量流动，放牧强度对草地的健康状况和演替方向起决定作用。本文基于40篇内蒙古草原放牧相关文献数据，通过meta分析探讨温带草原对放牧强度的响应特征。结果表明，与未放牧草地相比，轻度放牧草地对群落植物地上、地下生物量和土壤全氮和全磷含量无显著影响，而土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳、细菌和真菌数量分别显著上升3.60%、7.80%、11.40%和10.83%(P < 0.05)；中度放牧下群落植物地下生物量和土壤微生物数量无显著变化，而地上生物量和土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和微生物生物量氮含量分别显著降低21.62%、4.44%、2.15%、8.35%和6.76%(P < 0.05)；重度放牧下群落植物地上和地下生物量，土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、微生物生物量碳含量，细菌和放线菌数量分别显著下降39.72%、16.30%、7.62%、6.46%、8.03%、8.76%、12.92%和18.27%(P < 0.05)。以上结果表明轻度放牧有利于土壤肥力和草地生产力的保持和提升，而当放牧干扰超出一定的限度时，草地各项功能均显著下降而发生退化。本研究可为内蒙古温带草原的合理利用和适应性管理提供理论基础。
关键词:meta分析/
温带草原/
放牧强度/
草地生产力/
土壤养分/
土壤微生物
Abstract:The temperate semi-arid grassland in Inner Mongolia is primarily used for grazing, which directly and indirectly affects material circulation and energy flow. Grazing intensity plays a decisive role in the health status and direction of grassland succession. Data from 40 studies about Inner Mongolia grassland grazing intensity were analyzed via a meta-analysis. The results showed that compared to the non-grazing grassland, light grazing did not affect the above- and below-ground biomass, soil total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, but significantly increased (P < 0.05) the soil organic carbon (3.60%), microbial carbon (7.80%), bacteria (11.40%), and fungi (10.83%). Moderate grazing did not affect the below-ground biomass and the number of microorganisms, but significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the above-ground biomass (21.62%), soil organic carbon (4.44%), total nitrogen (2.15%), total phosphorus (8.35%), and microbial biomass nitrogen (6.76%). Heavy grazing significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the above- and below-ground biomass (39.72% and 16.30%, respectively), soil organic carbon (7.62%), total nitrogen (6.46%), total phosphorus (8.03%), microbial biomass carbon (8.76%), bacteria (12.92%), and actinomyces (18.27%). These findings suggest that light grazing benefits soil fertility and grassland productivity; however, the grassland ecosystem's functional capacity weakens once the grazing intensity exceeds a certain threshold. This information is useful for adapting management strategies to prevent grassland degradation.
Key words:Meta-analysis/
Temperate grasslands/
Grazing intensity/
Grassland productivity/
Soil nutrient/
Soil microorganism

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图1放牧强度对内蒙古草原植物群落生物量的影响
AGB:地上生物量; BGB:地下生物量; LG:轻度放牧; MG:中度放牧; HG:重度放牧。当95%置信区间与0不重叠, 则说明效应具有显著性。*表示显著影响。
Figure1.Effects of grazing intensity on vegetation biomass of grassland in Inner Mongolia
AGB: above-ground biomass; BGB: below-ground biomass; LG: light grazing; MG: moderate grazing; HG: heavy grazing. If the 95% confidence interval of the effect size did not overlap with zero, a significant effect was considered; * indicates significant impact.


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片


图2放牧强度对内蒙古草原土壤化学性质的影响
SOC:土壤有机碳; STN:土壤全氮; STP:土壤全磷。LG:轻度放牧; MG:中度放牧; HG:重度放牧。当95%置信区间与0不重叠, 则说明效应具有显著性。*表示显著影响。
Figure2.Effects of grazing intensity on soil chemical properties of grassland in Inner Mongolia
SOC: soil organic carbon; STN: soil total nitrogen; STP: soil total phosphorus. LG: light grazing; MG: moderate grazing; HG: heavy grazing. If the 95% confidence interval of the effect size did not overlap with zero, a significant effect was considered; * indicates significant impact.


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片


图3放牧强度对内蒙古草原土壤微生物的影响
MBC:微生物生物量碳; MBN:微生物生物量氮; Bacteria:细菌; Fungus:真菌; Actinomyces:放线菌。LG:轻度放牧; MG:中度放牧; HG:重度放牧。当95%置信区间与0不重叠, 则说明效应具有显著性。*表示显著影响。
Figure3.Effects of grazing intensity on microorganisms of grassland in Inner Mongolia
MBC: microbial biomass carbon; MBN: microbial biomass nitrogen. LG: light grazing; MG: moderate grazing; HG: heavy grazing. If the 95% confidence interval of the effect size did not overlap with zero, a significant effect was considered; * indicates significant impact.


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片


图4内蒙古草原土壤有机碳效应值与微生物量碳和土壤全氮效应值的关系
LG:轻度放牧; MG:中度放牧; HG:重度放牧。
Figure4.Relationship between soil organic carbon response effect size with response ratios of microbial biomass carbon and soil total nitrogen of grassland in Inner Mongolia
LG: light grazing; MG: moderate grazing; HG: heavy grazing.


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表1文献内相关数据
Table1.Data in the literatures

文献题目 Title of literature	经度 Longitude	纬度 Latitude	海拔 Altitude (m)	年平均温度 Mean annual temperature (℃)	年均降雨 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	年份 Year
不同放牧率对冷篙小禾草草原土壤微生物数量和生物量的影响 Effect of stocking rates on soil microbial number and biomass in steppe	116°42′00″	43°38 ′00″	1 187	0.75	350	1999
放牧和补播对草地土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的影响 Effects of grassland managements on soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon	115°16′00″	43°02′00″	1 225	1.0	350	2014
放牧对冷蒿根际微生物区系及土壤酶活性的影响 Effects of grazing intensity on soil microbial flora and soil enzyme activities in the Artemisia frigida rhizosphere	116°28′56.8″	44°10′02.4″	1 160	2.6	365.6	2017
不同放牧梯度下草甸草原土壤微生物和酶活性研究 Changes in microorganisms and enzyme activities in soil under different grazing intensities in meadow steppe, Inner Mongolia	119°56′521″	49°19′349″	673	-3.5	375	2011
草原土壤生态系统对放牧干扰的响应 Response of grassland soil ecosystem to grazing disturbance	116°33′00″	43°33′00″	—	1.5	375	2011
放牧强度对典型草原大针茅根际土壤的影响 The effort of grazing intensity to nutrition of Stipa grandis rhizosphere which is the mainly built plants of typical steppe	116°35′00″	43°32′00″	—	-0.5	275	2001
放牧对荒漠草原土壤养分及微生物量的影响 Effects of grazing on soil nutrients and microbial biomass in desert steppe	112°01′50″	41°46′35″	1 450	6.3	280	2015
内蒙古草甸草原不同放牧强度下土壤微生物与土壤肥力关系的研究 Study on relationships between soil microorganism and fertilities under different grazing intensities in meadow steppe of Inner Mongolia	116°21′00″	43°57′00″	1 100	1.2	342.4	2007
放牧强度对典型草原土壤微生物特征的影响 Effects of grazing intensity on soil microbial characteristics of typical grassland	116°04′00″	43°26′00″	1 250	0.75	350	2013
不同利用方式对小针茅荒漠草原土壤活性有机碳的影响 Effects of different land-use types on soil active organic carbon in the Stipa klemenaii desert steppe of Inner Mongolia	112°40′00″	42°46′00″	1 079	3.9	181.2	2016
不同利用方式对内蒙古小针茅荒漠草原土壤有机碳库及其结构的影响 Effect of different land use types on storage and structure of soil organic carbon in Stipa klemenaii steppe in Inner Mongolia	112°40′00″	42°46′00″	1 079	3.9	181.2	2016
放牧对内蒙古锡林河流域草原土壤碳组分的影响 Impacts of grazing on soil carbon fractions in the grasslands of Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia	116°37′ 00″	43° 33′ 00″	987	1.0	350	2005
放牧对典型草原土壤中几种生态因子影响的研究 Effect of grazing on several ecological factors of the soil in typical steppe	116°39′00″	43°26′00″	—	1.5	375	2010
不同利用强度下草原土壤微生物的生物量和数量的动态研究 Dynamic of microorganisms and microbial biomass under different use intensity in steppe soil	116°33' 00″	43°32'3 00″	—	1.5	375	2011
利用强度对草原土壤酶活性和养分影响的动态研究 Dynamic research on the effect of grassland soil enzyme activities and nutrient under different use intensities	116°40′11.03″	43°23′11″	—	1.5	375	2011
内蒙古短花针茅草原不同放牧强度下土壤主要微生物类群、酶及养分的动态变化研究 Research on dynamic changes of soil microorganisms, soil enzymes and soil nutrition in different grazing intensities in Stipa breviflora desert steppe of Inner Mongolia	112°05′00″	41°46′00″	1 492	3	280	2005
短期放牧对草甸草原土壤微生物与土壤酶活性的影响 Effect of short-term grazing on soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities in meadow steppe	119°56′521"	49°19′349"	673	-3.5	350	2012
Intermediate grazing intensities by sheep increase soil bacterial diversities in an Inner Mongolian steppe	116°34′00″	43°50′00″	1 100	-0.4	350	2010
Impact of grazing on soil carbon and microbial biomass in typical steppe and desert steppe of Inner Mongolia	111°53′00″	41°47′00″	1 450	3.4	280	2012
	116°42′00″	43°38′00″	1 200	0.7	335
Belowground net primary productivity and biomass allocation of a grassland in Inner Mongolia is affected by grazing intensity	—	—	—	0.7	343	2008
Grassland responses to grazing disturbance: plant diversity changes with grazing intensity in a desert steppe	107°31′00″	37°43′00″	1 312	6.9	262	2014
Vegetation traits and soil properties in response to utilization patterns of grassland in Hulun Buir City, Inner Mongolia, China	116°35′6.1″	48°29′25″	—	—	—	2014
	117°02′32.1″	48°29′25.3″	—	—	—
	118°04′9.4″	48°20′33″	—	—	—
	118°59′25″	48°04′0.2″	—	—	—
	119°30′4.2″	49°26′27.2″	—	—	—
	119°15′17″	49°54′24″	—	—	—
放牧对小针茅荒漠草原枯落物及植被生产力的影响 The influence of grazing intensities on litter storage and vegetation productivity of Stipa klemenzii desert steppe	112°46′00″	42°47′00″	—	4.3	180	2016
不同放牧时间对荒漠草原群落地下生物量的影响 Effect of different grazing time on under-ground biomass of plant communities in desert steppe	112°47′16.9″	42°16′26.2″	1 125	4.3	180	2016
不同放牧强度对短花针茅荒漠草原地上生物量和枯落物量的影响 Effects of different grazing intensity on aboveground biomass and litterfall amount in Inner Mongolia Stipa breviflora desert steppe	111°53′46″	41°47′17″	1 450	—	244.6	2019
不同载畜率和模拟降水对荒漠草原土壤养分的影响 Effects of different stocking rates and simulated precipitation on soil nutrient of desert steppe	111°53′46″	41°47′17″	1 450	—	244.6	2019
短花针茅荒漠草原植物地上地下生物量对载畜率和降水的响应 Responses of plant above and underground productivity of Stipa breviflora desert steppe to stocking rates and precipitation	111°53′46″	41°47′17″	—	—	337	2018
放牧对内蒙古荒漠草原草地植被及土壤养分的影响 Effect of grazing on vegetation and soil nutrients of a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia	111°53′46″	41°47′17″	—	—	280	2018
放牧强度对内蒙古大针茅典型草原地下生物量及其垂直分布的影响 Effects of different grazing intensities on the underground biomass and its vertical distribution of the typical Stipa grandis steppe	116°42′00″	43°38′00″	1 100	-0.4	350	2011
荒漠草原不同放牧强度下土壤酶活性及养分含量的动态研究 Study on dynamics of soil enzyme activity and nutrient of desert steppe under different grazing intensities	112°05′00″	41°46′00″	—	—	—	2007
温带典型草原土壤理化性质及微生物量对放牧强度的响应 Response of soil properties and microbial biomass to different grazing intensities in temperate typical steppe	116°20′00″	44°08′00″	1 100	3	250	2018
不同放牧强度下短花针茅荒漠草原植被-土壤系统有机碳组分储量特征 Organic carbon storage properties in Stipa breviflora desert steppe vegetation soil systems under different grazing intensities	110°21′00″	42°00′00″	—	3.4	281	2016
不同放牧强度下土壤氨氧化和反硝化微生物的变化特征 Responses of soil ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers to different grazing intensities	111°53′46″	41°47′17″	1 450	3.4	180	2018
不同放牧强度对短花针茅荒漠草原地上生物量和枯落物量的 影响 Effects of different grazing intensity on aboveground biomass and litterfall amount in Inner Mongolia Stipa breviflora desert steppe	111°53′46″	41°47′17″	1 450	3.4	220	2019
放牧强度对无芒隐子草小尺度空间分布特征的影响 Effects of grazing intensities on Cleistogenes songorica spatial distribution characteristics at small scales	111°53′46″	41°47′17″	1 450	3.4	280	2018
短花针茅荒漠草原不同载畜率对土壤的影响 Effect of stocking rate on Stipa breviflora desert steppe soil	111°53′46″	41°47′17″	1 450	3.4	280	2016
短期放牧强度对典型草原土壤理化性质的影响 The effects of short term grazing intensities on soil physical and chemical properties in the Inner Monglia typical steppe	115°16′00″	42°09′00″	1 400	1.9	363	2014
放牧强度对荒漠草原地区土壤有机碳及全氮含量的影响 Influences of grazing intensity on carbon and nitrogen contents in desert steppe	115°16′00″	42°09′00″	1 400	1.9	363	2011
乌拉特荒漠草原群落物种多样性和生物量关系对放牧强度的响应 Response of relationship between community species diversity and aboveground biomass to grazing intensity in the Urat desert steppe in North China	106°58′00″	41°25′00″	1 650	5.3	180	2020
重度放牧对欧亚温带草原东缘生态样带土壤氮矿化及其温度敏感性的影响 Effects of heavy grazing on soil nitrogen mineralization and temperature sensitivity along the Eastern Eurasia Steppe Transect	115°02′00″	41°50′00″	1 382	2.6	380	2019
	116°40′00″	43°33′00″	1 249	2.4	346
	116°07′00″	44°55′00″	880	1.4	239

下载: 导出CSV
表2放牧强度划分标准
Table2.Criterion of grazing intensity

放牧强度 Grazing intensity	牧草利用率 Utilization of forage grass (%)	食草动物数 Herbivore number (·hm-2)	水源距离 Distance to water source
				未放牧No grazing	0	0	—
轻度Light	0~30	0~6.25	远Far
中度Moderate	30~60	6.25~12.5	中等Medium
重度Heavy	> 60	> 12.5	近Nearby

下载: 导出CSV

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