肖强^1,,
李鸿雁¹,
衣文平¹,
邹国元¹,
魏丹¹,
孙世友^2,,,
李丽霞^1,,
1.北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所/北京市缓控释肥料工程技术研究中心 北京 100097
2.河北省农林科学院农业资源环境研究所 石家庄 050051
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题2017YFD0800604
国家重点研发计划课题2018YFD0200608
北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设专项KJCX20200418
河北省重点研发计划项目20323601D
河北省农林科学院创新工程项目2019-1-03
国家玉米产业技术体系任务委托协议CARS-02-88

详细信息

作者简介:肖强, 主要从事新型肥料研究。E-mail:xqiang1978@163.com

通讯作者:孙世友, 主要从事施肥与环境研究, E-mail:sunshiyou@126.com
李丽霞, 主要从事施肥与环境研究, E-mail:ashleyllx@163.com

中图分类号:S145.6

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-02-21
录用日期:2020-05-06
刊出日期:2020-10-01

Effects of controlled-release and stable urea application on soil nitrogen transport and yields of winter wheat and summer maize

XIAO Qiang^1,,
LI Hongyan¹,
YI Wenping¹,
ZOU Guoyuan¹,
WEI Dan¹,
SUN Shiyou^2,,,
LI Lixia^1,,
1. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center for Slow/Controlled-release Fertilizer, Beijing 100097, China
2. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
Funds: The study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China2017YFD0800604
The study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China2018YFD0200608
The Science and Technology Innovation Capacity Building Project of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry SciencesKJCX20200418
The Key Research and Development Project of Hebei Province20323601D
The Innovation Project of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences2019-1-03
The Task Entrustment Agreement of National Corn Industry Technology SystemCARS-02-88

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Corresponding author:SUN Shiyou, E-mail:sunshiyou@126.com;LI Lixia, E-mail:ashleyllx@163.com

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摘要
摘要:控释与稳定尿素配施，可通过双重调控作用增强对氮素的高效管理。本文以聚氨酯包膜控释尿素和新型复合型抑制剂涂覆尿素为试材，研究了二者配施条件下，调控冬小麦-夏玉米季施肥后氮素的动态迁移转化的效果，为开发高效专用肥和农业面源污染治理提供新的思路和技术手段。试验设置不施氮肥（CK）、农民习惯施用尿素[CV，冬小麦和夏玉米习惯施氮量分别为285 kg（N）·hm^-2和225 kg（N）·hm^-2]、优化施用尿素（OPT，冬小麦和夏玉米优化施氮量分别为199.50 kg（N）·hm^-2和157.50 kg（N）·hm^-2）、优化施氮量下控释尿素+普通尿素（CRF1，冬小麦和夏玉米控释氮分别占40%和30%）和2个优化施氮量下控释尿素+抑制剂涂覆尿素（CRF2，冬小麦季和夏玉米季控释氮分别占30%和20%；CRF3，冬小麦季和夏玉米季控释氮分别占50%和30%）。试验测定了氨挥发和土壤硝态氮及作物产量。结果表明：在同等施氮量条件下，与OPT相比，CRF1、CRF2和CRF3在夏玉米、冬小麦季分别显著降低累积氨挥发量24.90%~57.00%和10.20%~27.80%，CRF2、CRF3比CRF1分别显著降低33.30%~42.80%和12.20%~19.60%。施肥后土壤表层硝态氮含量升高和降低速率由快至慢依次为CV、OPT、CRF1、CRF2和CRF3。夏玉米收获期土壤剖面残留硝态氮淋失风险由大到小依次是CV、OPT、CRF1、CRF2和CRF3，而冬小麦则为CV、OPT、CRF2、CRF1和CRF3。与CV和OPT处理相比，一次性优化施氮CRF1、CRF2和CRF3处理冬小麦、夏玉米产量没有显著差异。CRF2和CRF3净收入与其他施氮处理相比略有增加，与CRF1相比在夏玉米季增加639元·hm^-2和859元·hm^-2，在冬小麦季降低1 196元·hm^-2和增加61元·hm^-2。控释氮和稳定氮为5：5（冬小麦）和3：7（夏玉米）表现效果最佳。
关键词:复合抑制剂/
涂覆工艺/
控释尿素/
氨挥发/
淋溶/
冬小麦-夏玉米/
产量
Abstract:The combined application of controlled-release and stable urea can enhance the efficiency of nitrogen management. In the present study, a combination of polyurethane-coated controlled-release urea and inhibitor-coated urea were used to study the effect of nitrogen transformation in winter wheat and summer maize. The results will provide new ideas and technical means for the development of high-efficiency fertilizer and limited non-point source pollution. The study included six treatments: no nitrogen application (control), traditional nitrogen application [CV, 285 and 225 kg(N)·hm^-2 in wheat and maize, respectively], optimized nitrogen application [OPT, 199.50 and 157.50 kg(N)·hm^-2 in wheat and maize, respectively], controlled-release urea + traditional urea application (CRF1, 40% and 30% controlled released nitrogen for wheat and maize, respectively), controlled-release urea + inhibitor-coated urea (CRF2, 30% and 20% controlled released nitrogen for wheat and maize, respectively), and controlled-release urea + inhibitor-coated urea (CRF3, 50% and 30% controlled released nitrogen for wheat and maize, respectively). CRF1, CRF2 and CRF3 were all the optimized nitrogen application, which significantly reduced cumulative ammonia volatilization during the summer maize and winter wheat seasons by 24.90%-57.00% and 10.20%-27.80%, respectively, compared with OPT treatment. At the same nitrogen application rate, the cumulative ammonia volatilization of CRF2 and CRF3 treatments were significantly lower than that of CRF1 treatment by 33.30%-42.80% and 12.20%-19.60% during the summer maize and winter wheat seasons, respectively. After fertilization, the rate of soil nitrate increase or decrease was greatest in CV treatment, followed by OPT, CRF1, CRF2, and CRF3 treatments. During the summer maize harvest period, the risk of residual nitrate leaching was highest in CV treatment, followed by OPT, CRF1, CRF2, and CRF3 treatments; whereas during the winter wheat season, leaching rate decreased as follows: CV, OPT, CRF2, CRF1, and CRF3. The yields of both winter wheat and summer maize under CRF1, CRF2, or CRF3 treatments were not significantly different from those of CV or OPT treatments. However, the net incomes of CRF2 and CRF3 treatments were 639 ￥·hm^-2 and 859 ￥·hm^-2 greater than that of CRF1 treatment during the summer maize season, whereas they were 1 196 ￥·hm^-2 less and 61 ￥·hm^-2 greater than that of CRF1 treatment during the winter wheat season. The favorable ratios of controlled-release nitrogen to stable nitrogen were 5:5 and 3:7 for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, in the study area.
Key words:Composite inhibitor/
Coating process/
Controlled release urea/
Ammonia volatilization/
Leaching/
Winter wheat-summer maize/
Yield

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图1不同施肥处理夏玉米和冬小麦的累积氨挥发动态
CK:不施氮肥; CV:习惯施氮; OPT:优化施氮量; CRF1:控释尿素和普通尿素配施, 控释氮:速效氮为4:6(冬小麦)和3:7(夏玉米); CRF2:控释尿素和抑制剂涂覆尿素配施, 控释氮:稳定抑制氮为3:7(冬小麦)和2:8(夏玉米); CRF3:控释尿素和抑制剂涂覆尿素配施, 控释氮:稳定抑制氮为5:5(冬小麦)和3:7(夏玉米)。
Figure1.Accumulative NH₃ volatilization of summer maize and winterwheat under different fertilization treatments
CK: no nitrogenapplication; CV: conventional urea application; OPT: optimized urea application; CRF1: controlled-release urea + common urea, controlled released nitrogen accountingfor 40% and 30%, respectively for winter wheat and summer maize; CRF2:controlled-release urea + inhibitor coated urea, controlled released nitrogen accountingfor 30% and 20%, respectively for winter wheat and summer maize; CRF3:controlled-release urea + inhibitor coated urea, controlled-release nitrogenaccounting for 50% and 30%, respectively for winter wheat and summer maize.


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图2不同施肥处理夏玉米和冬小麦0~20 cm土壤的硝态氮含量
CK:不施氮肥; CV:习惯施氮; OPT:优化施氮量; CRF1:控释尿素和普通尿素配施, 控释氮:速效氮为4:6(冬小麦)和3:7(夏玉米); CRF2:控释尿素和抑制剂涂覆尿素配施, 控释氮:稳定抑制氮为3:7(冬小麦)和2:8(夏玉米); CRF3:控释尿素和抑制剂涂覆尿素配施, 控释氮:稳定抑制氮为5:5(冬小麦)和3:7(夏玉米)。不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。
Figure2.NO₃^--N contents in 0-20 cm soil layer under different fertilization treatments in summer maize and winter wheat seasons
CK: no nitrogen application; CV: conventional urea application; OPT: optimized urea application; CRF1: controlled-release urea + common urea, controlled released nitrogen accounting for 40% and 30%, respectively for winter wheat and summer maize; CRF2: controlled-release urea + inhibitor coated urea, controlled released nitrogen accounting for 30% and 20%, respectively for winter wheat and summer maize; CRF3: controlled-release urea + inhibitor coated urea, controlled-release nitrogen accounting for 50% and 30%, respectively for winter wheat and summer maize. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at 0.05 level.


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图3不同施肥处理夏玉米和冬小麦收获期土壤剖面硝态氮含量
CK:不施氮肥; CV:习惯施氮; OPT:优化施氮量; CRF1:控释尿素和普通尿素配施, 控释氮:速效氮为4:6(冬小麦)和3:7(夏玉米); CRF2:控释尿素和抑制剂涂覆尿素配施, 控释氮:稳定抑制氮为3:7(冬小麦)和2:8(夏玉米); CRF3:控释尿素和抑制剂涂覆尿素配施, 控释氮:稳定抑制氮为5:5(冬小麦)和3:7(夏玉米)。不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。
Figure3.NO₃^--N content of soil under different fertilization treatments in harvest period of summer maize and winter wheat
CK: no nitrogen application; CV: conventional urea application; OPT: optimized urea application; CRF1: controlled-release urea + common urea, controlled released nitrogen accounting for 40% and 30%, respectively for winter wheat and summer maize; CRF2: controlled-release urea + inhibitor coated urea, controlled released nitrogen accounting for 30% and 20%, respectively for winter wheat and summer maize; CRF3: controlled-release urea + inhibitor coated urea, controlled-release nitrogen accounting for 50% and 30%, respectively for winter wheat and summer maize. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at 0.05 level.


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表1不同施肥处理夏玉米和冬小麦的氮素利用率及经济效益
Table1.Yields and economic benefits ofsummer maize and winter wheat under different fertilization treatments

作物 Crop	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)	产值 Production value (￥ ·hm-2)	氮肥用量 N rate (kg·hm-2)		氮肥成本 Cost of N fertilizer (￥ ·hm-2)	追肥劳动力投入 Labor input for topdressing (￥ ·hm-2)	净收入 Net income (￥ ·hm-2)
				基肥 Basal	追肥 Topdressing
夏玉米 Summer maize	CK	7 450±1 046a	16 390	0			0	16 390
	CV	8 232±751a	18 110	112.50	112.50	1 076	300	16 734
	OPT	8 195±785a	18 029	78.75	78.75	753	300	16 976
	CRF1	8 003±606a	17 607	157.50	0	864	0	16 743
	CRF2	8 315±902a	18 293	157.50	0	911	0	17 382
	CRF3	8 427±614a	18 539	157.50	0	937	0	17 602
冬小麦 Winter wheat	CK	6 031±466b	13 268	0			0	13 268
	CV	7 155±813ab	15 741	142.50	142.50	1 363	300	14 078
	OPT	6 536±557b	14 379	99.75	99.75	954	300	13 125
	CRF1	7 726±405a	16 997	199.50	0	1 141	0	15 856
	CRF2	7 203±904ab	15 847	199.50	0	1 187	0	14 660
	CRF3	7 805±242a	17 171	199.50	0	1 254	0	15 917
CK:不施氮肥; CV:习惯施氮; OPT:优化施氮量; CRF1:控释尿素和普通尿素配施, 控释氮:速效氮为4:6(冬小麦)和3:7(夏玉米); CRF2:控释尿素和抑制剂涂覆尿素配施, 控释氮:稳定抑制氮为3:7(冬小麦)和2:8(夏玉米); CRF3:控释尿素和抑制剂涂覆尿素配施, 控释氮:稳定抑制氮为5:5(冬小麦)和3:7(夏玉米)。表内数据以2018年的市场价计:普通尿素2 200元·t-1, 控释尿素3 100元·t-1, 新型复合抑制剂涂覆尿素2 361元·t-1, 玉米1 500元·t-1, 玉米追肥劳动力投入300元·hm-2, 冬小麦2 200元·t-1, 小麦追肥劳动力投入300元·hm-2。不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。CK: no nitrogen application; CV: conventional urea application; OPT: optimized urea application; CRF1: controlled-release urea + common urea, controlled released nitrogen accounting for 40% and 30%, respectively for winter wheat and summer maize; CRF2: controlled-release urea + inhibitor coated urea, controlled released nitrogen accounting for 30% and 20%, respectively for winter wheat and summer maize; CRF3: controlled-release urea + inhibitor coated urea, controlled-release nitrogen accounting for 50% and 30%, respectively for winter wheat and summer maize. Data in the table were calculated based on average market price in 2018. With conventional urea 2 200 ￥ ·t-1, controlled release urea and urea coated with a new compound inhibitor were 3 100 ￥ ·t-1 and 2 361 ￥ ·t-1, respectively. The prices of maize and wheat were 1 500 ￥ ·t-1 and 2 200 ￥ ·t-1. Labor input for topdressing of wheat and maize was 300 ￥ ·hm-2, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at 0.05 level.

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