王博杰^{1, 2,},
何思源¹,
闵庆文^{1, 2,,},
崔峰^3,,,
王斌⁴,
刘显洋^{1, 2},
白云霄^{1, 2}
1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 北京 100101
2.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
3.南京农业大学人文与社会发展学院 南京 210095
4.中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所 杭州 311400
基金项目: 农业农村部国际交流合作项目12200020
农村社会事业发展项目09205006

详细信息

作者简介:王博杰, 主要研究方向为农业文化遗产保护与生态旅游。E-mail:wangbj.19b@igsnrr.ac.cn

通讯作者:闵庆文, 主要研究方向为生态农业与农业文化遗产、国家公园与自然保护地体系, E-mail:minqw@igsnrr.ac.cn
崔峰, 主要研究方向为农业文化遗产保护、旅游资源开发与规划, E-mail:cuifeng@njau.edu.cn

中图分类号:F590

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-02-10
录用日期:2020-05-29
刊出日期:2020-09-01

Framework for evaluating the development suitability of tourism resources in agricultural heritage systems: A case study of Qingyuan County in Zhejiang Province

WANG Bojie^{1, 2,},
HE Siyuan¹,
MIN Qingwen^{1, 2,,},
CUI Feng^3,,,
WANG Bin⁴,
LIU Xianyang^{1, 2},
BAI Yunxiao^{1, 2}
1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. College of Humanities & Social Development, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
4. Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
Funds: the International Cooperation Project12200020
the Rural Social Development Project of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China09205006

More Information

Corresponding author:MIN Qingwen, E-mail:minqw@igsnrr.ac.cn;CUI Feng, E-mail:cuifeng@njau.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:旅游资源评价是农业文化遗产旅游开发与有效保护的前提，评价结果对于遗产地资源管理与可持续利用具有重要影响。文章基于农业文化遗产旅游资源的开发适宜性视角，从资源要素价值、时间适宜性和空间适宜性3个维度，选取历史文化价值、艺术观赏价值、科学研究价值、自然环境、资源规模潜力、游客舒适度和交通可达性7个层面的15个指标，通过层次分析法和熵值法确定组合权重，运用多因子加权评价模型和GIS空间分析方法，并以浙江省庆元县香菇文化系统为例，对农业文化遗产旅游资源进行评价。结果表明：庆元县农业文化遗产旅游资源开发适宜性空间上总体呈“中间高，四周低”的格局。其中，中部地区的松原镇、五大堡乡、四山乡、贤良镇和百山祖乡的旅游资源优势突出，是开发潜力最大的地区；南部地区的安南乡、举水乡、岭头乡和龙溪乡尽管形成了一定规模的自然旅游资源，但由于交通可达性较差，降低了旅游开发适宜度；东部地区的左溪镇、官塘乡和江根乡可供开发的旅游资源较少，因而旅游开发适宜度不高。从时间分布上看，春末(4月和5月)及秋季(10月)是庆元香菇文化资源旅游开发的最佳时期。为增强南部和东部地区旅游资源开发的适宜度，建议进一步加强该区的交通基础设施建设，提高区域之间的交通通达度；同时，采取多种资源组合的开发方式，增加游客的适游时间。基于开发适宜性视角构建农业文化遗产旅游资源评价框架，可为农业文化遗产地旅游资源价值分析、旅游开发实践提供理论支撑和方法指导。
关键词:农业文化遗产/
全球重要农业文化遗产/
中国重要农业文化遗产/
旅游资源评价/
时空适宜性/
庆元香菇文化系统/
浙江省庆元县
Abstract:The tourism resources of agricultural heritage systems (AHS) are abundant mainly owing to their distinct landscape, farming technology, agro-biodiversity, culture and knowledge of traditional agro-system formed during long-term human-nature interactions. However, AHS tourism differs from mass tourism due to these distinct features, especially its high fragility, sensitivity, and comprehensiveness. Therefore, it is critical that such features be considered during tourism resource development and AHS sites management. Tourism resource evaluation and suitable evaluation indices are the premise of sustainable tourism development and effective site protection. Accordingly, the present study aimed to evaluate the temporal and spatial suitability of AHS tourism resources, such as their seasonality and remoteness or distribution. A three-dimensional evaluation framework was developed that considered resource elements values, spatial suitability, and temporal suitability as the dimension level. Seven criterion levels, historical culture value, art value, scientific research value, natural environment, traffic accessibility, resources scale potential and tourist comfort composed the criterion levels, which were further expressed by 15 indexes. Meanwhile, the weights of criterion levels and indexes, in the evaluation framework, were determined using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Entropy Weight Method (EWM), and the development suitability was analyzed using GIS and Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE). Finally, the evaluation framework was applied to Qingyuan County in Zhejiang Province, location of the Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province which was certificated as one of the China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS) sites in 2014. The evaluation results showed that the development suitability of AHS tourism resources in the county was "high in the center and low around the edges". In the central Qingyuan, the towns of Songyuan, Wudabao, Sishan, Xianliang, and Baishanzu were greatest in evaluation scores, which indicated their relatively greater development potential. In southern Quingyuan, the natural tourism resources in the towns of Annan, Jushui, Lingtou, and Longxi were favorable; however, the overall tourism development suitability of the towns was greatly reduced by their poor accessibility. In eastern Qingyuan, the tourism development suitabilities of Zuoxi, Guantang, and Jianggen were limited by the paucity of tourism resources. In terms of temporal distribution, late spring (April and May) and autumn (October) were the most favorable seasons for tourism. The case study confirmed that the evaluation system could be applied to AHS sites. According to the evaluation results, it is possible that suitability of tourism resource development of towns in southern and eastern Qingyaun, which are either difficult to access or insufficient in tourism resources, could be enhanced if local governments intensified the construction of transportation infrastructure and combined agricultural heritage and dispersed tourism resources to promote regional tourism networking and increase the acceptable travel time of tourists. From the perspective of development suitability, the evaluation framework of agricultural heritage tourism resources provides both theoretical support and methodological guidance for the evaluation and development of AHS sites.
Key words:Agricultural heritage systems (AHS)/
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)/
China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS)/
Evaluation of tourism resources/
Temporal and spatial suitability/
Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System/
Qingyuan County in Zhejiang Province

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图1农业文化遗产旅游资源评价体系
Figure1.Evaluation system of agricultural tourism resources in agricultural heritage systems


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图2庆元香菇文化系统旅游资源规模潜力等级空间分布
Figure2.Distribution of ranking of the tourism resource scale potential of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province


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图3庆元香菇文化系统旅游资源的海拔(a)、坡度(b)、道路辐射能力(c)和交通时间(d)的空间适宜性评价结果
Figure3.Spatial suitability of tourism resources of altitude (a), slope (b), road radiation capability (c) and traffic time (d) of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province


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图4庆元香菇文化系统旅游资源开发在春末(a)和秋季(b)的综合适宜性
Figure4.Comprehensive suitability of tourism resources in the late spring (a) and autumn (b) of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province


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图5庆元香菇文化系统旅游资源开发综合评价结果
Figure5.Comprehensive evaluation results of tourism resources of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province


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表1农业文化遗产旅游资源分类
Table1.Classification of tourism resources of agricultural heritage systems

一级类 Class Ⅰ	二级类 Class Ⅱ	三级类 Class Ⅲ
主体资源 Main resources	有形资源 Tangible resources	传统农业工具、农业景观、动植物资源等 Traditional agricultural tools, agricultural landscape, animal and plant resources, etc.
	无形资源 Intangible resources	传统农事经验、知识等 Traditional agricultural experience, knowledge, etc.
辅助资源 Auxiliary resources	有形资源 Tangible resources	山水景观、传统建筑、生物景观等 Landscape, traditional architecture, biological landscape, etc.
	无形资源 Intangible resources	民间习俗、文化节事、传统技艺等 Folk customs, cultural festivals, traditional skills, etc.

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表2农业文化遗产旅游资源评价指标含义及计算方法
Table2.Meanings and calculation methods of evaluation indexes of the tourism resources in agricultural heritage systems

准则层 Criterion level	指标层 Index level	指标含义 Indicator meaning	获取和计算方法 Acquisition and calculation method
历史文化价值指标 Historical and cultural value index	历史影响价值 Historical impact value	对单体遗产资源而言, 具有一定的历史影响 A single heritage resource has a certain historical impact.	采用百分制, 分为1~3级, 级别越低, 价值分数越低, 遗产旅游资源自身的价值也越低, 反之则越高。首先采用专家打分法对研究区内重要的单体资源进行筛选, 之后通过层次分析法对打分进行分析, 并将分数在多因子加权评价模型中进行归一化处理 Percentage score is used and scores classified to three value. Levels from low to high refers to Grade Ⅰ to Ⅲ. First, expert scoring method is used to screen the important single tourism resource in the study area, then the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) is used to analyze the scores, and the scores are normalized with the multi factor weighted evaluation model.
	文化传承价值 Cultural heritage value	遗产资源所蕴含的文化具有突出的传承价值 The culture contained in heritage resources has outstanding inheritance value.
艺术观赏价值指标 Artistic value index	美学价值 Aesthetic value	针对点状的实体遗产旅游资源, 具有可观赏性、技术性和新奇性等美学特征 Physical heritage tourism resources have aesthetic characteristics, such as viewability, technology and novelty.
	民族地域性 Ethnic regionality	遗产旅游资源具有突出的民族性和地域性风格 Heritage tourism resources have prominent ethnic and regional styles.
	珍稀独特性 Rareness and uniqueness	遗产旅游资源是独特的、唯一的和不可再生的 Heritage tourism resources are distinctive, unique and non-renewable.
科学研究价值指标 Scientific research value index	科学考察价值 Scientific investigation value	遗产旅游资源具有科学研究意义, 具有科学价值上的典型性和特殊性 Heritage tourism resources have scientific research significance, typical and special scientific values.
	教育科普价值 Education and scientific popularization value	遗产旅游资源富含传统知识、技术方法, 具有一定的科学文化内涵 Heritage tourism resources are rich in traditional knowledge and technical methods, which have certain scientific and cultural connotations.
自然环境指标 Natural environment index	海拔 Altitude	海拔决定了一些遗产资源的分布状况 The altitude determines the distribution of some heritage resources.	由研究区的DEM数据获得, 通过ArcGIS的海拔处理工具得到 It is obtained from DEM data of the study area and through 3D analyst tool of ArcGIS.
	地表坡度 Surface slope	坡度决定了旅游者出行的适游度, 同时对遗产资源的分布也具有一定影响 The slope determines the travel suitability of tourists, and impacts the distribution of heritage resources.	由研究区的DEM数据获得, 通过ArcGIS的坡度分析工具得到 It is obtained from DEM data of the study area and processed through slope tool of ArcGIS.
资源规模潜力指标 Resource scale potential index	资源优势度 Resource dominance	针对点状遗产旅游资源, 指单位面积内单体遗产旅游资源数量占总体遗产旅游资源数量的比重 For the point-like heritage tourism resources, it refers to the proportion of individual heritage tourism resources in the total heritage tourism resources per unit area.	通过单体资源的统计获得, 以行政区为单位面积。资源优势度=点状单体遗产旅游资源数量/总体遗产旅游资源数量 It is obtained by taking the administrative region as the unit area with the equation. Resource dominance=the numbers of the point-like heritage tourism resources/the total number of the heritage tourism resources.
	资源完整度 Resource integrity	针对面状遗产旅游资源, 指区域内面状遗产旅游资源面积占区域面积的比重 For the plane-shape heritage tourism resources, it refers to the proportion of the areas of all the plane-shape heritage tourism resources to the total area of the heritage site.	通过研究区的面状遗产旅游资源DEM数据获得, 资源规模度=面状遗产旅游资源面积/单位区域总面积 It is obtained from the DEM data of the plane-shape heritage tourism resources in the study area using the equation. Resource integrity=the total area of the plane-shape heritage tourism resources/the total study area.
交通可达性指标 Traffic accessibility index	道路辐射能力 Road radiation capacity	从现有道路到遗产地的便利程度 It refers to the degree of convenience from the existing roads to heritage sites.	由研究区内的道路DEM数据获得, 通过ArcGIS的缓冲区分析, 以距离为单位建立缓冲区 Based on the DEM data of the road in the study area, the buffer area is established in the unit of distance through the buffer analysis of ArcGIS.
	交通时间 Traffic time	从行政单元的几何中心到遗产地区域所需要的平均交通时间 It refers to the average travel time from the geometric center of the administrative unit to the heritage area.	由研究区内的道路DEM数据获得, 通过ArcGIS的缓冲区分析, 以时间为单位建立缓冲区 Based on the DEM data of the road in the study area, the buffer area is established in time unit by analyzing the buffer area of ArcGIS.
游客舒适度指标 Tourist comfort index	温湿指数 Temperature and humidity index (L1)	用于评价人体在不同的温度、湿度作用下的生理舒适度 It is used to evaluate the physiological comfort of the human body under different temperature and humidity.	通过研究区内的气象站点获得气象数据, L1=t-0.55× (1-f)×(t-14.4), 其中t为气温, f为相对湿度 Meteorological data are obtained from meteorological stations in the study area, L1=t-0.55×(1-f)×(t-14.4), t is temperature, f is relative humidity.
	风寒指数 Wind-chill index (L2)	用于评价人体在不同的温度、湿度和风速综合作用下的生理舒适度 It is used to evaluate the physiological comfort of human body under the combined effects of different temperature, humidity and wind speed.	通过研究区内的气象站点获得气象数据, L2=t-(10V+ 10.45-V)×(33-t)+8.55s, 其中V为风速, t为气温, s指日照时数 Meteorological data are obtained from meteorological stations in the study area. L2=t-(10V+10.45-V)×(33-t)+ 8.55s, V is wind speed, t is air temperature, s is hours of sunshine.

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表3庆元香菇文化系统旅游资源分类
Table3.Classification of tourism resources of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province

一级类Class Ⅰ	二级类 Class Ⅱ	三级类 Class Ⅲ
主体资源 Main resources	有形资源 Tangible resources	传统香菇生产系统、香菇 Qingyuan traditional mushroom production system, Qingyuan mushroom
	无形资源 Intangible resources	“剁花法”生产技术、香菇砍花技艺 “Chop-flower (Duohua)” skill, mushroom stimulating skill
辅助资源 Auxiliary resources	有形资源 Tangible resources	百山祖自然保护区、西洋殿、香菇寮、庆元香菇博物馆、庆元香菇市场、香菇文化诗文碑廊、百菇宴、菇民特色食品、菇神庙、菇嫂庙、传统村落民宿、原始森林、富氧空气资源等 Baishanzu Nature Reserve, Xiyang Palace, Mushroom shed, Qingyuan Mushroom Museum, Qingyuan mushroom market, Mushroom Culture and Poetry Gallery, mushroom banquet, mushroom farmer’s characteristic food, Mushroom Temple, traditional village homestay, primeval forest, oxygen rich air resources, etc
	无形资源 Intangible resources	吴三公文化、菇神庙会、庆元香菇节、菇寮白(菇山话)、香菇功夫、菇民戏、菇民文学、菇民防身术、香菇生产与演化过程等 Wusangong culture, mushroom temple fair, Qingyuan mushroom festival, mushroom mountain dialect, mushroom Kungfu, mushroom folk opera, mushroom folk literature, mushroom folk self-defense Kungfu, mushroom production and evolution process, etc.

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表4庆元香菇文化系统旅游资源评价指标数据来源与说明
Table4.Data source and description of evaluation indexes of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province

准则层 Criterion level	数据信息 Data information	数据来源 Data source
历史文化价值指标 Historical and cultural value index	“庆元香菇文化系统”旅游资源普查数据 Survey data on tourism resources of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province	实地问卷调查 Field questionnair
艺术观赏价值指标 Artistic value index
科学研究价值指标 Scientific research value index
资源规模潜力指标 Resource scale potential index	庆元县“剁花法”香菇生产区域空间分布(2018年) Spatial distribution of mushroom production (“Chop-flower” skill) in Qingyuan County (2018)	庆元县食用菌管理局 Mushroom Administration of Qingyuan County
游客舒适度指标 Tourist comfort index	庆元县气温、湿度、日照时间等(2013-2017年) Temperature, humidity, sunshine hours, etc. in Qingyuan County from 2013 to 2017	国家气象信息中心 National Meteorological Information Center (http://www.nmic.cn)
自然环境指标 Natural environment index	庆元县数字高程模型DEM(90 m分辨率) DEM (90 m resolution) of digital elevation model in Qingyuan County	庆元县国土局 Qingyuan Bureau of Land and Resources
交通可达性指标 Traffic accessibility index	庆元县道路布局(2017年) Road layout of Qingyuan County (2017)	全国地理信息资源服务目录 National Geographic Information Resources Service Catalog (http://www.webmap.cn)

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表5Evaluation index weight and grade division of tourism resource suitability of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province
Table5.Evaluation index weight and grade division of tourism resource suitability of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province

准则层 Criterion level (权重Weight)	指标层 Index level (权重Weight)	不同适宜性等级指标值 Index value of different suitability level			数据来源 Data source
		低度适宜(分值=1) Low suitability (score=1)	中度适宜(分值=2) Moderately suitable (score=2)	高度适宜(分值=3) Highly suitable (score=3)
历史文化价值指标 Historical and cultural value index (0.131 5)	历史影响价值 Historical impact value (0.072 1)	< 33.3	33.3~66.6	> 66.6	实地问卷调查 Field questionnair
	文化传承价值 Cultural heritage value (0.059 4)
艺术观赏价值指标 Artistic value index (0.117 6)	美学价值 Aesthetic value (0.037 3)
	民族地域性 Ethnic regionality (0.041 2)
	珍稀独特性 Rareness and uniqueness (0.039 1)
科学研究价值指标 Scientific research value index (0.150 9)	科学考察价值 Scientific investigation value (0.079 1)
	教育科普价值 Education science value (0.071 8)
自然环境指标 Natural environment index (0.143 4)	海拔高度 Altitude (m) (0.053 7)	> 1 800	< 600或or 1 200~1 800	600~1 200	内部资料1) Internal data1)
	地表坡度 Surface slope (°) (0.089 7)	> 40	15~40	0~15	[36-37]
资源规模潜力指标 Resource scale potential index (0.163 1)	资源优势度 Resources superiority (0.092 8)	0.01~0.14	0.15~0.23	0.24~0.33	[30]
	资源完整度 Resource integrity (0.070 3)	0.022 5~0.037 6	0.037 7~0.052 9	0.053 0~0.073 4	[30]
游客舒适度指标 Tourist comfort index (0.135 3)	温湿指数 Temperature and humidity index (0.065 6)风寒指数Wind-chill index (0.069 7)	< 10.0 or > 28.0	10.0~15.9 or 23.0~27.9	16.0~22.9	[38]
		< -400 or > -50	-400~-300 or -100~-50	-300~-50	[38]
交通可达性指标 Traffic accessibility index (0.158 2)	道路辐射能力 Road radiation capacity (km) (0.085 3)	> 2	0.5~2	< 0.5	[39]
	交通时间 Traffic time (h) (0.072 9)	> 0.5	0.25~0.5	< 0.25	[40]
1)数据来源于庆元县食用菌管理局内部资料。1) The data is from the internal data of the Mushroom Administration of Qingyuan County.

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表6庆元香菇文化系统旅游资源开发价值等级表
Table6.Ranking of agricultural heritage resources in tourism development value of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province

级别 Ranking	资源名称 Name of tourism resource
三级 Level Ⅲ	庆元香菇、传统香菇生产系统、百山祖自然保护区、庆元廊桥、百山祖冷杉、西洋殿(6项) Qingyuan mushroom, traditional mushroom production system, Baishanzu Nature Reserve, Qingyuan lounge bridge, Baishanzu Abies fabri, Xiyang Palace (6 items)
二级 Level Ⅱ	香菇寮、巾子峰、兰溪桥、黄皮古村落、斋郎古村落、龙岩古村落、庆元香菇博物馆、香菇文化诗文碑廊、富氧空气资源、吴三公文化、菇神庙会、百山祖紫茎林、庆元二都戏、双苗尖湿地、百山祖生态博物馆、吴三公旧宅遗址、百瀑沟(17项) Mushroom shed, Jinzi Mountain, Lanxi Bridge, Huangpi historic village, Zhailang historic village, Longyan historic village, Qingyuan Mushroom Museum, Mushroom Culture and Poetry Gallery, oxygen-rich air resources, Wusangong culture, mushroom temple fair, Qingyuan Stewartia sinensis forest, Qingyuan Erdu traditional opera, Shuangmiaojian wetland, Baishanzu Ecological Museum, Old Residency of Wusangong, Baipu stream (17 items)
一级 Level Ⅰ	南门-大济古驿道、五社亭、石龙山等187项 Nanmen-Daji ancient post road, Wushe Pavilion, Shilong Mountain, etc. (187 items)

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表7庆元香菇文化系统旅游资源开发时间适宜性的体感舒适度月分布
Table7.Suitable months for tourism of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province

月份Month	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
温湿指数Temperature and humidity index	9.3	10.6	13.3	17.6	21.1	23.7	25.2	25.2	23.3	19.6	15.2	9.9
适宜度Suitability	低Low	中Mid.	中Mid.	高High	高High	中Mid.	中Mid.	中Mid.	中Mid.	高High	中Mid.	低Low
风寒指数Wind-chill index	-280	-263	-222	-155	-108	-77	-15	-19	-56	-110	-196	-267
适宜度Suitability	高High	高High	高High	高High	高High	中Mid.	低Low	低Low	中Mid.	高High	高High	高High

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