魏雪馨^{1, 2,},
刘洋^1,,,
刘荣高¹,
闵庆文¹
1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 北京 100101
2.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
基金项目: 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项子课题XDA19080303
农业农村部国际交流合作项目12200020
中国科学院青年创新促进会项目2019056

详细信息

作者简介:魏雪馨, 主要研究方向为遥感地学分析。E-mail:weixx.18s@igsnrr.ac.cn

通讯作者:刘洋, 主要研究方向为遥感产品与分析。E-mail:liuyang@igsnrr.ac.cn

中图分类号:S127

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-12-11
录用日期:2020-03-03
刊出日期:2020-09-01

Landscape characteristics and evolution of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System, Zhejiang Province

WEI Xuexin^{1, 2,},
LIU Yang^1,,,
LIU Ronggao¹,
MIN Qingwen¹
1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Funds: the Special Fund for Strategic Pilot Technology of Chinese Academy of SciencesXDA19080303
the International Cooperation Project of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China12200020
the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences2019056

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Corresponding author:LIU Yang, E-mail:liuyang@igsnrr.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:浙江省庆元县是世界人工栽培香菇的发源地，2014年庆元香菇文化系统入选中国重要农业文化遗产。农业遗产景观是农业文化遗产在现代生活中最直观的表现，研究遗产地的景观特征和演变状况，有助于深入理解区域景观的状况及影响因素，实现遗产的有效保护和发展。本文运用Landsat 1991年、2001年、2010年和2018年的卫星影像结合实地调研，研究庆元香菇文化系统遗产地的景观现状、特征及结构，分析1991—2018年各景观类型演变规律及可能驱动要素。结果表明：1)遗产地景观类型主要包括森林、耕地、居民地和水体4类，其中森林面积达到1 643.23 km²(86.61%)，是优势景观类型。2)区内山高、林密、溪流和菌菇资源丰富，形成了“河流-村落-梯田-森林”的垂直景观结构，并拥有西洋殿、菇寮等独特的香菇文化景观，人类与自然环境和谐共生。3)1991—2018年，遗产地森林面积增加139.28 km²(7.34%)，耕地面积减少154.53 km²(8.15%)，居民地面积增加11.86 km²(0.63%)，水体面积增加3.48 km²(0.18%)。4)景观变化与相关政策密切相关，20世纪后半期，遗产地森林砍伐严重，森林覆盖率由79.27%降低到77.97%；21世纪以来，封山育林和生态林业建设使森林覆盖率从77.97%上升至86.61%，退耕还林和城镇化政策则分别促使了耕地面积减少和居民地面积的微弱扩张。总之，浙江庆元香菇文化系统遗产地景观结构独特，得益于当地居民林-菇共育的传统理念、香菇栽培技术的进步和当地森林保护等政策的施行，遗产地森林面积经历轻微的下降后又迅速增加，为遗产保护和传承提供了保障。
关键词:中国重要农业文化遗产/
庆元香菇文化系统/
景观特征/
景观演变/
遥感
Abstract:As the birthplace of the artificial cultivation of Lentinus edodes, Qingyuan County in Zhejiang Province has been considered a site of China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems. Moreover, Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in Zhejiang Province is applying for the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) site. Agricultural heritage is the crystallization of the ancient people's wisdom paired with the wealth of modern society. Agricultural heritage landscape is the most direct expression of agricultural heritage in modern life. Studying landscape characteristics and evolution helps us understand the regional landscape and its influencing factors, so as to implement effective protection and development strategies for heritage sites. In this paper, satellite images from Landsat in 1991, 2001, 2010 and 2018 were obtained and combined with field research. Firstly, vegetation indices and a random forest classifier were used to study the current status, characteristics and structure of landscape of the heritage site of traditional mushroom cultivation system. Then, a land use transfer matrix was used to analyze the direction of evolution and rules of different landscapes. Finally, the related forestry policies and meteorological factors were chosen to study the possible driving factors of the area changes of landscapes from 1991 to 2018. The results show that: 1) The landscape types of heritage sites include forest, cultivated land, residential land and bodies of water, among which forest is the dominant landscape type, with its area reaching 1 643.23 km² and accounting for 86.61% of the total area. The area of cultivated land, residential land and water is 213.72 km², 33.76 km² and 6.54 km² respectively, accounting for 11.26%, 1.78% and 0.34%, respectively. 2) The traditional cultivation system landscape is rich in high mountains, dense forests, streams and mushroom resources, forming a vertical landscape structure of "river-village-terraced-forest", and has plenty of unique mushroom cultural landscapes such as the Xiyang Temple, Wu Sangong Shrine and ancient mushroom shed. 3) From 1991 to 2018, the forest area in the heritage sites increased by 139.28 km² (7.34%), the cultivated land decreased by 154.53 km² (8.15%), the residential land increased by 11.86 km² (0.63%), and the water bodies increased by 3.48 km² (0.18%). 4) Landscape change is closely related to relevant policies. At the end of the 20th century, deforestation was prevalent in heritage sites and the forest coverage decreased from 79.27% to 77.97%. Since the 21st century, the mountains closure for forestation and ecological forestry construction has achieved remarkable results, with forest coverage rising from 77.97% to 86.61%. The policy of Grain for Green and increased urbanization promoted the decrease in cultivated land and the expansion of residential land, respectively.
Key words:China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems/
Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System/
Landscape pattern/
Landscape evolution/
Remote sensing

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图1庆元香菇文化系统景观结构
Figure1.Landscape structure of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System


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图21991年、2001年、2010年和2018年庆元香菇文化系统遗产地景观格局
Figure2.Landscape patterns in the heritage site of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in 1991, 2001, 2010 and 2018


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图31991-2018年庆元香菇文化系统各类景观面积和森林覆盖率变化
Figure3.Changes in land use and forest coverage in Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System from 1991 to 2018


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表1本研究采用的Landsat影像的传感器、行列号及时相
Table1.Sensors, row, column and acquisition times of Landsat images used in this study

影像编号 Image number	传感器 Sensor	行号 Row	列号 Column	获取时间(年-月-日) Acquisition time (year-month-day)
1	Landsat TM	41	119	1991-10-11
2	Landsat TM	41	119	2001-10-22
3	Landsat TM	41	119	2010-10-31
4	Landsat OLI	41	119	2018-10-05

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表2本研究采用的植被指数及计算公式
Table2.Different vegetation indices and calculation formulas used in this study

植被指数 Vegetation index	计算公式 Calculation formula
NDVI	(NIR-Red)/(NIR+Red)
DVI	NIR-Red
NDWI	(Green-NIR)/(Green+NIR)
RVI	NIR/Red
RSI	SWIR2/NIR
EVI	2.5×(NIR-Red)/(NIR+6×Red-7.5×Blue+1)
LSWI	(NIR-SWIR1)/(NIR+SWIR1)
TCB	0.204 3×Blue+0.415 8×Green+0.552 4×Red+0.574 1×NIR+0.312 4×SWIR1+0.230 3×SWIR2
TCG	-0.160 3×Blue-0.281 9×Green-0.493 4×Red+0.794 0×NIR-0.000 2×SWIR1-0.144 6×SWIR2
TCW	0.031 5×Blue+0.202 1×Green+0.310 2×Red+0.159 4×NIR-0.680 6×SWIR1-0.610 9×SWIR2
Blue、Green、Red、NIR、SWIR1、SWIR2依次为蓝波段、绿波段、红波段、近红外波段、短波红外1波段、短波红外2波段的地表反射率, 分别对应Landsat TM第1、2、3、4、5、7波段, Landsat OLI第2、3、4、5、6、7波段。Blue, Green, Red, NIR, SWIR1, SWIR2 are surface reflectance of blue band, green band, red band, near-infrared band, short-wave infrared band 1 and short-wave infrared band 2, respectively, corresponding to Landsat TM band 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7; Landsat OLI band 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, respectively.

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表32018年和2010年庆元香菇文化系统各景观样本数量统计(单位:像元)
Table3.Statistics typical ROI (Region of Interest, unit: pixel) of different landscape types of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in 2018 and 2010

景观类型 Landscape type	2018				2010
	训练样本 Training ROI	验证样本 Validation ROI	总计 Total		训练样本 Training ROI	验证样本 Validation ROI	总计 Total
森林Forest	10 344	1 330	11 674		8 359	1 380	9 739
耕地Cultivated land	2 589	125	2 714		2 034	464	2 498
居民地Residential land	1 516	123	1 639		1 910	264	2 174
水体Water body	276	182	458		520	114	634
总计Total	14 725	1 760	16 485		12 823	2 222	15 045

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表42018年和2010年庆元香菇文化系统不同景观的遥感分类精度评价
Table4.Classification accuracy of Random Forest of different landscape types of Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System in 2018 and 2010

项目Item	2018					2010
	森林 Forest	耕地 Cultivated land	居民地 Residential land	水体 Water body		森林 Forest	耕地 Cultivated land	居民地 Residential land	水体 Water body
用户精度User accuracy (%)	98.50	94.40	100.00	97.80		98.33	98.28	94.32	89.47
制图精度Producer accuracy (%)	99.62	85.51	96.09	99.44		99.41	90.66	99.60	98.08
总体精度Total accuracy (%)	98.24					97.39
Kappa系数Kappa coefficient	0.957					0.953

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表51991-2018年庆元香菇文化系统各景观类型面积转移矩阵
Table5.Land use transfer matrix of different landscape types in Qingyuan Mushroom Cultural System from 1991 to 2018

年份 Year	景观类型 Landscape type	项目Item	森林 Forest	耕地 Cultivated land	居民地 Residential land	水体 Water body
1991-2001	森林 Forest	面积Area (km2)	1 374.91	97.35	6.08	0.94
		占比Proportion (%)	91.42	26.44	27.74	30.74
	耕地 Cultivated land	面积Area (km2)	123.90	259.94	5.96	0.25
		占比Proportion (%)	8.24	70.59	27.23	8.06
	居民地 Residential land	面积Area (km2)	2.02	9.36	8.89	0.25
		占比Proportion (%)	0.13	2.54	40.59	8.27
	水体 Water body	面积Area (km2)	3.12	1.60	0.97	1.62
		占比Proportion (%)	0.21	0.44	4.44	52.92
2001-2010	森林 Forest	面积Area (km2)	1 432.84	192.20	1.95	3.06
		占比Proportion (%)	96.86	49.28	9.52	41.74
	耕地 Cultivated land	面积Area (km2)	39.31	184.67	6.29	0.99
		占比Proportion (%)	2.66	47.35	30.67	13.46
	居民地 Residential land	面积Area (km2)	3.25	10.83	11.61	0.86
		占比Proportion (%)	0.22	2.78	56.57	11.73
	水体 Water body	面积Area (km2)	3.81	2.29	0.66	2.42
		占比Proportion (%)	0.26	0.59	3.23	33.07
2010-2018	森林 Forest	面积Area (km2)	1 553.78	82.66	3.14	3.65
		占比Proportion (%)	95.32	35.74	11.82	39.73
	耕地 Cultivated land	面积Area (km2)	72.35	133.38	7.15	0.83
		占比Proportion (%)	4.44	57.68	26.94	9.08
	居民地 Residential land	面积Area (km2)	3.27	13.96	15.49	1.04
		占比Proportion (%)	0.20	6.03	58.35	11.33
	水体 Water body	面积Area (km2)	0.86	1.25	0.77	3.67
		占比Proportion (%)	0.05	0.54	2.89	39.89

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表61980年以来庆元县相关林业政策/建设工程
Table6.Relative forestry policy/construction project of Qingyuan County since 1980

林业/香菇种植产业政策 Forestry/mushroom cultivation industry policy	起始时间 Starting time
国乡合作造林Country and Township Cooperation Afforestation	1982年3月March, 1982
代料法栽培香菇Substance Method of Mushroom Cultivation	1987年4月April, 1987
封山育林政策Close Hillsides to Facilitate Afforestation	1997年6月June, 1997
生态公益林建设工程Ecological Public-welfare Forest Construction Project	2000年6月June, 2000
竹林道建设Bamboo Road Construction Project	2002
退耕还林工程Grain for Green Project	2002

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