张建杰3,
刘玲4,
马文奇3,
马林4,
丁尚2,
赵洪伟2,,
1.海南大学林学院 海口 570228
2.海南大学生态与环境学院/海南省农林环境过程与生态调控重点实验室 海口 570228
3.河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院 保定 071001
4.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心 石家庄 050022
基金项目: 海南省重大科技项目ZDKJ2017002
详细信息
作者简介:宋晨阳, 研究方向为区域养分资源管理。E-mail:Cysong1995@163.com
通讯作者:赵洪伟, 研究方向为污染生态学。E-mail:hwzhao@hainu.edu.cn
中图分类号:S19;S158.5计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2020-01-06
录用日期:2020-05-15
刊出日期:2020-08-01
Spatial and temporal characteristics of agricultural green development indica-tors in Hainan Island
SONG Chenyang1, 2,,ZHANG Jianjie3,
LIU Ling4,
MA Wenqi3,
MA Lin4,
DING Shang2,
ZHAO Hongwei2,,
1. College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
2. College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University/Key Laboratory of A&F Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China
3. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
4. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
Funds: the Major Science and Technology Program of Hainan ProvinceZDKJ2017002
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Corresponding author:E-mail: hwzhao@hainu.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:海南自建省以来农业生产规模、结构及生产方式均发生了很大改变，影响了其农业绿色发展程度。本文借助中国农业绿色发展指标体系，利用NUFER模型（NUtrient flows in Food chains，Environment and Resources use），选取并定量计算1988—2017年海南岛20项农业绿色发展指标，研究其时空变化特征，探究制约海南岛农业绿色发展的影响因素。研究表明：30年间海南省农业绿色发展水平总体呈下降趋势，较低级别（Ⅲ、Ⅳ级）指标数量由12个增加至15个，较高级别（Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）指标数量由8个减少至5个。随着蔬菜、水果等经济作物种植比例增加，畜禽养殖规模扩大与集约化程度提高，海南农业产值与社会发展水平不断升高，农业产值和农业机械化投入分别从0.62×104 ￥·hm-2和3 kW·hm-2增加至16.1×104￥·hm-2和13 kW·hm-2。30年来农业资源（氮素、磷素、农药和农膜）过量投入，其中农药和农膜的使用强度增幅最大，分别从8.0 kg·hm-2和0 kg·hm-2增加至41.9 kg·hm-2和34.7 kg·hm-2；由于生产力水平较低，导致养分（农田氮素盈余量、农田氮素径流量、农业源氨挥发等）环境排放量大幅增加，农业源氨挥发和单位播种面积农田氮素盈余增幅最大，分别从61.0 kg·hm-2和152.1 kg·hm-2增加至131.4 kg·hm-2和297.9 kg·hm-2。农业资源投入过量、农牧分离导致的环境污染是制约海南岛农业绿色发展的主要原因。在空间上，由于中部为山地林区，是国家重点生态功能保护区，开发力度较小，因此沿海平原的资源投入增长更快、养分环境损失量更多，经济增长、社会发展和农业生产3类指标提升更为迅速。今后海南岛应合理优化沿海地区种植结构，提高生产管理水平，加强农牧结合减少资源损失，实现海南岛农业绿色发展。
Abstract:Since the establishment of Hainan Province, the scale, structure, and methods of agricultural production have undergone significant changes, which are critical with respect to the progress of agricultural green development (AGD). In this study we adopted China's AGD indicator system with 20 indicators, and using the NUFER (NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resources use) model, we quantitatively calculated the spatial and temporal changes in Hainan Island AGD indicators from 1988 to 2017. Moreover, we discussed the factors restricting AGD in Hainan Island. The results revealed that the overall level of Hainan Island's AGD had shown a declining trend over the past 30 years. The numbers of indicators at lower levels (Ⅲ and Ⅳ) had increased from 12 to 15, whereas those at higher levels (Ⅰ and Ⅱ) had decreased from 8 to 5. With increase in the proportion of economic crops such as vegetables and fruits, the scale of livestock and poultry farming and the degree of intensification, Hainan's agricultural output value and social development level had continued to increase. Furthermore, the agricultural output value per unit cultivated land area and level of agricultural mechanization had increased from 6 200 ￥·hm-2 and 3 kW·hm-2 to 161 000 ￥·hm-2 and 13 kW·hm-2, respectively. Over the past 30 years, there had been an increasingly excessive input of agricultural resources (nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides, and agricultural film), among which, the intensities of pesticide and agricultural film usage had shown the highest increases, rising from 8.0 kg·hm-2 and 0 kg·hm-2 to 41.9 kg·hm-2 and 34.7 kg·hm-2, respectively. As a consequence of the low productivity levels, the environmental emissions of applied nutrients (e.g., nitrogen surplus in farmland, nitrogen runoff in farmland, and NH3 volatilization from agricultural system) had increased significantly, with NH3 volatilization and nitrogen surplus per unit sown area showing the largest increases, rising from 61.0 kg·hm-2 and 152.1 kg·hm-2 to 131.4 kg·hm-2 and 297.9 kg·hm-2, respectively. Environmental pollution caused by an excessive input of agricultural resources and the separation of agriculture and animal husbandry had been the main factors contributing to the restriction of AGD in Hainan Island. Given that the central part of the island is covered in montane forest and has been designated as a national key ecological function protection area, the scale of development in this region had been relatively limited. Consequently, the coastal plains had experience more rapid growth in resource input. Although this had a detrimental impact on the environment, the economy growth, social development, and agricultural productivity indicators for these areas had improved to a greater extent than those for mountain forest area. In the future, Hainan Island should rationally optimize the planting structure in coastal areas, improve the level of production management, and strengthen the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry to reduce resource losses and achieve the island's requisite AGD goals.
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图1海南岛功能分区示意图
Figure1.Schematic diagram of functional division in Hainan Island
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图21988—2017年海南岛经济增长指标时空变化特征(a:经济增长指标时间变化趋势; b: 1988年和2017年单位面积农业产值空间差异)
Figure2.Spatial and temporal characteristics of economy growth indicators in Hainan Island in 1988-2017 (a: temporal characteristics of economy growth indicators; b: spatial characteristics of agricultural output value per unit cultivated land area in 1988 and 2017)
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图31988—2017年海南岛社会发展指标时空变化特征(a:社会发展指标时间变化趋势; b: 1988年和2017年农业灌溉水平空间差异)
Figure3.Spatial and temporal characteristics of social development indicators in Hainan Island in 1988-2017 (a: temporal characteristics of social development indicators; b: spatial characteristics of irrigation level of farmland in 1988 and 2017)
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图41988—2017年海南岛资源投入指标时空变化特征(a、c:资源利用指标时间变化趋势; b: 1988年和2017年氮素使用强度空间差异; d: 1988年和2017年磷素使用强度空间差异)
Figure4.Spatial and temporal characteristics of resource input indicators in Hainan Island in 1988-2017 (a, c: temporal characteristics of resource utilization indicators; b: spatial characteristics of nitrogen use intensity in 1988 and 2017; d: spatial characteristics of phosphorus use intensity in 1988 and 2017)
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图51988—2017年海南岛生态环境指标时空变化特征(a、c:生态环境指标时间变化趋势; b: 1988年和2017年农田氮素盈余量空间差异; d: 1988年和2017年农业系统氨挥发空间差异)
Figure5.Spatial and temporal characteristics of ecological environment indicators in Hainan Island in 1988-2017 (a, c: temporal characteristics of ecological environment indicators; b: spatial characteristics of N surplus in farmland in1988 and 2017; d: spatial characteristics of NH3 volatilization in agricultural system in 1988 and 2017)
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图61988—2017年海南岛农业生产指标时空变化特征(a、c:农业生产指标时间变化趋势; b: 2017年单位面积蔬菜产量和水果产量空间差异; d: 1988年和2017年单位动物蛋白产量空间差异)
Figure6.Spatial and temporal characteristics of agricultural productivity indicators in Hainan Island in 1988-2017 (a, c: temporal characteristics of agricultural productivity indicators; b: spatial characteristics of vegetables and fruits yields in 2017; d: spatial characteristics of protein production per livestock unit in 1988 and 2017)
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图71988—2017年海南岛农业绿色发展指标间的关系(a:单位面积农业产值与播种面积占比之间的关系; b:单位面积农业产值与畜禽承载量之间的关系; c:资源投入及生态环境与播种面积占比之间的关系; d:资源投入及生态环境与畜禽承载量之间的关系)
Figure7.Relationships between agricultural green development indicators of Hainan Island in 1988-2017 (a: relationship between agricultural output value per unit cultivated land area and proportion of planting areas; b: relationship between agricultural output value per unit cultivated land area and livestock capacity per unit cultivated land area; c: relationship between proportion of planting areas and resource inputs or ecological environment; d: relationship between livestock capacity per unit cultivated land area and resources inputs or ecological environment)
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Table1.Changes of agricultural green development indicators of Hainan Island from 1988 to 2017
| 指标类别 Category | 指标 Indicator | 1988 | 2017 | |||
| 值Value | 等级Grade | 值Value | 等级Grade | |||
| 经济增长 Economy growth | 单位面积农业产值 Agricultural output value per unit cultivated land (×104 ￥·hm-2) | 0.6 | Ⅳ | 16.1 | Ⅱ | |
| 人均GDP Per capita GDP (×104 ￥·cap.–1) | 0.1 | Ⅳ | 4.8 | Ⅱ | ||
| 农业产值占GDP比例Percentage of agricultural output value in GDP (%) | 74.8 | Ⅰ | 33.4 | Ⅱ | ||
| 社会发展 Social development | 人均耕地占有水平Per capita cultivated land (hm2·cap.-1) | 0.08 | Ⅳ | 0.11 | Ⅳ | |
| 农田灌溉水平Irrigation level of farmland (%) | 31.1 | Ⅱ | 44.1 | Ⅱ | ||
| 农业机械化水平Agricultural mechanization level (×104 kW·hm-2·a-1) | 3.0 | Ⅲ | 13.0 | Ⅰ | ||
| 资源投入 Resources inputs | 氮素使用强度N use intensity (kg·hm-2) | 217.0 | Ⅱ | 411.7 | Ⅳ | |
| 磷素使用强度P use intensity (kg·hm-2) | 13.9 | Ⅰ | 66.2 | Ⅳ | ||
| 农药使用强度Pesticides use intensity (kg·hm-2) | 8.0 | Ⅳ | 41.9 | Ⅳ | ||
| 农膜使用强度Agricultural film use intensity (kg·hm-2) | 0 | Ⅰ | 34.7 | Ⅳ | ||
| 生态环境 Ecological environment | 农田氮素盈余N surplus in farmland (kg·hm-2) | 152.1 | Ⅱ | 297.9 | Ⅳ | |
| 农田氮素径流N runoff in farmland (kg·hm-2) | 6.5 | Ⅰ | 12.4 | Ⅲ | ||
| 农业系统氨挥发NH3 volatilization in agricultural system (kg·hm-2) | 61.0 | Ⅲ | 131.4 | Ⅳ | ||
| 农业源温室气体排放强度 Greenhouse gases emission intensity per unit cultivated land (kg·hm-2) | 5 327.3 | Ⅳ | 5 061.3 | Ⅳ | ||
| 畜禽承载量Livestock capacity per unit cultivated land (LU·hm-2) | 3.4 | Ⅱ | 7.4 | Ⅳ | ||
| 农业生产 Agricultural production | 农田系统氮素利用效率N use efficiency in crop production (%) | 15.9 | Ⅳ | 20.0 | Ⅳ | |
| 畜牧系统氮素利用效率N use efficiency in animal production (%) | 4.0 | Ⅳ | 8.3 | Ⅳ | ||
| 单位动物蛋白产量Protein production per livestock unit (kg·LU-1) | 11.0 | Ⅳ | 20.6 | Ⅲ | ||
| 蔬菜单产水平Vegetable yield (t·hm-2) | 10.0 | Ⅳ | 22.9 | Ⅲ | ||
| 水果单产水平Fruit yield (t·hm-2) | 9.7 | Ⅳ | 20.5 | Ⅲ | ||
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