太湖地区种植结构及农田氮磷流失负荷变化

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闵炬^1,,
纪荣婷²,
王霞³,
陈可伟⁴,
徐建陶⁵,
潘云枫⁶,
陆志新⁷,
路广⁷,
王远¹,
施卫明^1,,
1.中国科学院南京土壤研究所/土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室南京 210008
2.生态环境部南京环境科学研究所南京 210042
3.江苏省环境监测中心南京 210036
4.宜兴市农业技术推广中心宜兴 214206
5.宜兴市茶果指导站宜兴 214206
6.宜兴市土肥站宜兴 214206
7.宜兴市蔬菜办公室宜兴 214206
基金项目: 江苏省太湖水环境综合治理科研课题TH2018305
江苏省农业科技自主创新资金项目CX(18)1005
山东省重大科技创新工程项目2019JZZY010701

详细信息

作者简介:闵炬, 从事农田养分循环与面源污染防控研究。E-mail:jmin@issas.ac.cn

通讯作者:施卫明, 主要研究方向为土壤-植物营养学等。E-mail:wmshi@issas.ac.cn

中图分类号:X524

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-03-02
录用日期:2020-04-26
刊出日期:2020-08-01

Changes in planting structure and nitrogen and phosphorus loss loads of farmland in Taihu Lake region

MIN Ju^1,,
JI Rongting²,
WANG Xia³,
CHEN Kewei⁴,
XU Jiantao⁵,
PAN Yunfeng⁶,
LU Zhixin⁷,
LU Guang⁷,
WANG Yuan¹,
SHI Weiming^1,,
1. Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing 210008, China
2. Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China
3. Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
4. Agricultural Technology Popularization Center in Yixing, Yixing 214206, China
5. The Tea and Fruit Technical Guidance Station in Yixing, Yixing 214206, China
6. Yixing Soil and Fertilizer Station, Yixing 214206, China
7. Yixing Vegetable Office, Yixing 214206, China
Funds: the Scientific Research on Comprehensive Treatment of Taihu Lake Water Environment in Jiangsu ProvinceTH2018305
the Independent Innovation Fund Project of Agricultural Science and Technology in Jiangsu ProvinceCX(18)1005
Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program2019JZZY010701

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Corresponding author:SHI Weiming, E-mail:wmshi@issas.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:太湖地区是我国农业最发达区域，近年来随着经济利益的驱动，太湖地区稻田改为果园、菜地、茶园现象突出，该地区种植结构的变化趋势和分布特征以及种植结构改变前后的氮（N）、磷（P）肥投入量、径流流失负荷量尚缺乏研究。本研究基于农业统计年鉴和文献调研数据，通过2002—2017年太湖地区主要城市（常州、无锡、苏州、湖州）果菜茶和水稻种植面积、N和P养分投入量、农田N和P流失负荷研究分析，为该地区农业面源污染防治和治理提供科学依据。得出如下结论：2002—2017年太湖地区果菜茶种植面积显著增加，尤其是果园（增加2.852×10⁴ hm²）和茶园（增加1.892×10⁴ hm²），而稻田种植面积下降显著（下降1.985×10⁵ hm²）；2002—2010年间种植结构变化速率远高于2010—2017年，且果菜茶种植面积增加主要集中在武进、南浔、宜兴、苏州市区、长兴等临湖地区。2002—2017年太湖地区N、P肥投入量分别降低25.26%和9.59%，N流失量显著下降34.66%，P流失量仅下降1.84%。现今太湖地区稻田、果园、菜园和茶园的N流失负荷分别为10 200 t、670 t和10 100 t、250 t，P流失负荷估算量分别为290 t、400 t、3 000 t和50 t。随着种植结构的改变，太湖地区稻田种植体系已不是农田N、P流失的最大来源，果菜茶来源的N、P流失总和已排在第一位，成为了目前农田N、P流失的优先控制对象。建议下一阶段太湖地区农业面源污染防治应侧重于优化果菜茶与水稻种植结构，同时强化P污染防治技术研究，最终实现太湖地区种植业的清洁可持续发展。
关键词:太湖地区/
稻田/
果园、菜地和茶园/
种植面积/
氮磷投入量/
径流损失
Abstract:The Taihu Lake region is the most developed agricultural region in China. In recent years, driven by economic interests, the transformation of rice paddy into orchard, vegetable field and tea garden in Taihu Lake region has become prominent. The changes in the trend and distribution characteristics of planting structure, as well as the N and P fertilizer inputs and runoff loads (before and after the change in planting structure) are still not studied. Based on the Agricultural Statistical Yearbook and survey data of literatures, through the analysis on planting areas of rice paddy, orchard, vegetable field, and tea garden in major cities in Taihu region (Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, and Huzhou) from 2002 to 2017, nutrient input and N and P loads in farmland were studied to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution in the area. The main results were summarized as follows: from 2002 to 2017, the planting areas of orchard, vegetable field, and tea garden significantly increased; especially for orchard (increased by 2.852×10⁴ hm²) and tea garden (increased by 1.892×10⁴ hm²). However, the area of rice paddy was decreased by 1.985×10⁵ hm²; the change in rate of planting structure from 2002 to 2010 was much higher than that of 2010 to 2017. The increased planting areas of orchard, vegetable field, and tea garden were mainly concentrated in the lakeside districts, such as Wujin, Nanxun, Yixing, Suzhou urban area, and Changxing. The total N and P fertilizer inputs were decreased by 25.26% and 9.59%, respectively, from 2002 to 2017. The risk of total N runoff reduced significantly by 34.66%, while the total P loss amount remained stable (overall decline by 1.84%). In 2017, the estimated N loss loads from the sources of rice paddy, orchard, vegetable field, and tea garden were 10 200 t, 670 t, 10 100 t and 250 t respectively, and the P loss loads were 290 t, 400 t, 3 000 t and 50 t, respectively, in the Taihu Lake region. With the change in planting structure, rice paddy was no longer the largest source of N and P loss in the farmland, but the total N and P loss from orchard, vegetable field, and tea garden was the largest; these are currently the priority control objects of N and P loss in farmland of the Taihu Lake region. It is suggested that in the next stage, the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution should focus on the optimization of planting structure, and strengthen research on the prevention and control technology of P pollution, in order to achieve clean and sustainable development of the planting industry in the Taihu Lake region.
Key words:Taihu Lake region/
Rice paddy/
Orchard, vegetable field and tea garden/
Planting area/
N, P nutrient input/
Runoff loss

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图12002—2017年太湖地区稻田及果菜茶种植面积变化(a)及果园、菜地和茶园各类型种植面积变化(b)
Figure1.Changes of planting area of rice paddy and total area of orchard-vegetable field-tea garden (a) and planting areas of orchard, vegetable field and tea garden (b) from 2002 to 2017 in Taihu Lake region

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图22002—2017年太湖地区主要城市果菜茶种植面积变化
Figure2.Changes of planting area of orchard-vegetable field-tea garden in major cities of Taihu Lake region from 2002 to 2017

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图32002—2010年(a)和2010—2017年(b)太湖地区主要县市稻田和及果园、菜地和茶园种果菜茶种植面积变化动态度(K值)变化
Figure3.Changes in dynamic degree (K value) of rice paddy, orchard, vegetable field and tea garden planting areas from 2002 to 2010 (a) and from 2010 to 2017 (b) in major counties and cities in Taihu Lake region

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图4不同年份太湖地区稻田及果园、菜地和茶园和果菜茶的N肥(a)和P(b)肥投入量变化
Figure4.Changes of N (a) and P (b) fertilizers inputs of rice paddy, orchard, vegetable field and tea garden in different years in Taihu Lake region

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表1不同年份太湖地区稻田及果园、菜地和茶园和果菜茶的N、P投入量
Table1.N and P input rates of rice paddy, orchard, vegetable field and tea garden in different years in Taihu Lake region ?kg?hm^-2

年份 Year	稻田Rice paddy		果园Orchard		菜地Vegetable field		茶园Tea garden
年份 Year	N	P	N	P	N	P	N	P
2002	461.9	100.2	661.1	325.1	852.5	472.2	319.8	84.091
2010	477.6	101.6	674.8	330.7	881.6	487.4	303.0	137.6
2017	446.5	108.0	647.3	314.3	847.0	458.6	291.0	131.3
表中数据来源于宜兴市农业部门年度统计数据, 调研结果为1年施肥量。稻田施肥量按太湖地区常见水稻-油菜(Brassica napus)轮作模式下年施肥量计算, 菜地种植茬数按太湖地区平均复种指数200%计算。The data in the table are from the annual statistics of Yixing Agricultural Department. The research result is the amount of fertilizer applied in one year. The fertilizer application rate of rice paddy is calculated based on the common rice-oilseed rape (Brassica napus) rotation system, and the vegetable multiple-cropping index is 200% according to the average of Taihu Lake region.

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表2太湖地区稻田及果园、菜地和茶园和果菜茶的N、P径流流失系数
Table2.N and P runoff loss coefficients of rice paddy, orchard, vegetable field and tea garden in Taihu Lake region

	N流失系数 N runoff loss coefficient (%)	P流失系数 P runoff loss coefficient (%)
稻田Rice paddy^{[18, 21-22]}	9.954	1.152
果园Orchard^[23-27]	2.114	2.640
菜地Vegetable field ^[28]	6.243	3.416
茶园Tea garden^{[23, 29]}	2.089	0.860
表中数据通过分析不同文献中N、P径流流失系数计算得出。The data are calculated by analyzing N and P runoff loss coefficients in different references.

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表3不同年份太湖地区稻田及果园、菜地和茶园和果菜茶的N、P径流流失量
Table3.N and P runoff losses of rice paddy, orchard, vegetable field and tea garden in Taihu Lake region

	2002		2010		2017
	氮流失量 N runoff loss (×10³ t)	磷流失量 P runoff loss (×10³ t)	氮流失量 N runoff loss (×10³ t)	磷流失量 P runoff loss (×10³ t)	氮流失量 N runoff loss (×10³ t)	磷流失量 P runoff loss (×10³ t)
稻田Rice paddy	22.10	0.55	15.40	0.38	10.20	0.29
果园Orchard	0.28	0.17	0.61	0.37	0.67	0.40
菜地Vegetable field	10.10	3.06	10.20	3.08	10.10	3.00
茶园Tea garden	0.14	0.02	0.21	0.04	0.25	0.05
合计Total	32.62	3.801	26.3642	3.87	21.322	3.74

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