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秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬春季稻虾田水质、土壤养分及酶活性的影响

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李威1,,
成永旭1,
孙颖1,
刘小飞1,
刘明明1,
陈焕根2,
李嘉尧1,,
1.上海海洋大学水产科学国家级实验教学示范中心/上海海洋大学上海水产养殖工程技术研究中心/上海海洋大学农业部淡水水产种质资源重点实验室 上海 201306
2.江苏省渔业技术推广中心 南京 210036
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题2019YFD0900304
安徽省中央引导地方科技发展专项资金201907d06020008
农业农村部和国家发改委产业强镇项目2019-245
上海市高水平大学建设研究项目A1-2801-18-1003
上海市水产高效生态养殖研究与支撑平台能力提升A1-3201-19-3003

详细信息
作者简介:李威, 主要从事稻虾综合种养模式中秸秆还田技术的研究。E-mail:leewei1226@163.com
通讯作者:李嘉尧, 主要从事稻渔种养模式和虾蟹类营养饲料研究。E-mail:jy-li@shou.edu.cn
中图分类号:S365

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收稿日期:2020-02-01
录用日期:2020-03-06
刊出日期:2020-07-01

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and returning straw on aquaculture water, soil nutrients, and enzyme activity in rice-crayfish fields during winter and spring

LI Wei1,,
CHENG Yongxu1,
SUN Ying1,
LIU Xiaofei1,
LIU Mingming1,
CHEN Huangen2,
LI Jiayao1,,
1. National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University/Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
2. Fisheries Technology Extension Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210036, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2019YFD0900304
the Special Fund for Centrally-guided Local Science and Technology Development in Anhui Province201907d06020008
the Industrial Strong Town Project of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the National Development and Reform Commission of China2019-245
Shanghai High-level University Construction Research ProjectA1-2801-18-1003
the Research on Efficient Ecological Aquaculture of Aquatic Products and Improvement of Supporting Platform Capacity in ShanghaiA1-3201-19-3003

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Corresponding author:LI Jiayao, E-mail: jy-li@shou.edu.cn


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摘要
摘要:为探究稻虾种养模式冬春季节合理的秸秆还田方式，本研究以秸秆还田配施氮肥调节C/N为切入点，在2017年12月—2018年5月通过田间试验，设秸秆不还田不施氮肥（对照，CK）、秸秆还田C/N为35（S）、秸秆还田配施氮肥C/N为25（SN1）、秸秆还田配施氮肥C/N为15（SN2）以及单施氮肥处理（N1）。探讨秸秆还田不同C/N对冬春季稻虾田养殖水体、土壤养分及酶活性的影响。结果表明：1）CK处理后期的水体总磷含量最低，各处理水体总氮含量在还田前期变化幅度不大；不同处理水体铵态氮含量低于克氏原螯虾安全耐受限度。2）秸秆还田后，SN2处理显著增加了土壤有机质含量，同时土壤硝态氮含量较还田前增加240%；秸秆还田降低了土壤容重，SN2处理组容重最低。3）N1和SN2处理提高了土壤多酚氧化酶活性，其中SN2处理组酶活性最高。在3种秸秆还田处理中，SN2处理土壤脲酶活性高于其他处理，N1处理前期表现出较高酶活性，后期开始降低。综上，秸秆还田配施氮肥调节C/N为15在稻虾田土壤养分含量、酶活性等方面优于其他处理。
Abstract:The integrated rice-crayfish breeding model is an ecological agriculture model that combines paddy field plantation and crayfish (Procambarus clakii) cultivation. This model both guarantees food production and increases economic benefits. At present, research relating to this model is focused on the efficiency of crayfish culture technology, while information regarding straw resource utilization under this model has not been reported. Rice straw is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. However, if improperly handled and directly immersed in water, its degradation process will cause deterioration of water quality and pollution of soil. Therefore, returning straw to the field not only effectively uses resources, but also avoids the risks caused by random straw disposal. In order to explore the optimal model for returning straw during winter and spring (when crayfish are breeding), we carried out a field experiment to study the effects of different C/N ratios of straw returning on cultured water, soil nutrients, and enzyme activity in Dec. 2017 to May 2018. The experiment consisted of five treatments: straw removal without fertilizer (CK), straw returned without N fertilizer (C/N ratio of 35:1, S), straw returned with N fertilizer (adjusted C/N ratio of 25:1, SN1), straw returned with N fertilizer (adjusted C/N ratio of 15:1, SN2), and N fertilizer without straw returned (N1). The results showed that total phosphorus (TP) content was the lowest in the CK treatment at the later stage of straw returning period. The total N content in each period was the lowest in CK treatment, followed by SN2 treatment. The ammonia nitrogen (NH4-) content in the treated water was lower than the safe tolerance limit of the crayfish. Additionally, the soil organic matter content increased under straw returning; the most significant result was obtained in SN2 treatment, with an increase of 56.1% compared to before the field experiment. Soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3-) content in SN2 treatment increased by 240% compared to that before straw returning. Returning straw reduced bulk density of soil. The SN2 treatment recorded the lowest bulk density overall. Finally, we found that N1 and SN2 treatments could increase soil polyphenol oxidase activity; activity was highest in SN2 treatment group. Among three straw returning treatments, soil urease activity in SN2 treatment was lower than that in other treatments only in the first month after returning to the field. N1 treatment showed higher enzyme activity in the early experimental stage and began to decrease in the later stage. Overall, the results suggest that an optimal C/N ratio for returning straw with N fertilizer was 15:1, in terms of soil nutrient content and enzyme activity.

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图1试验地2017—2018年逐月气温、水温、降雨量
Figure1.Monthly air temperature, water temperature, and precipitation in the test site from 2017 to 2018


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图2秸秆还田期间不同C/N比处理下的稻虾田水体${\rm{NH_4}}^ + {\rm{ - N}}$(A)、总氮(B)和总磷(C)浓度
Figure2.Concentrations of${\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{ + }}{\rm{ - N}}$ (A), total nitrogen (TN, B) and total phosphorus (TP, C) in water of rice-crayfish fields under different treatments during the straw returning period


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图3秸秆还田配施氮肥调整C/N对稻虾田土壤养分的影响
不同小写字母表示不同处理在P < 0.05水平差异显著。
Figure3.Effects of straw returning with different C/N ratios on soil nutrients contents of rice-crayfish fields
Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05.


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图4秸秆还田配施氮肥调节C/N对稻虾田土壤容重的影响
Figure4.Effects of straw returning with different C/N ratios on soil bulk density of rice-crayfish fields


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表1各试验处理的秸秆和氮肥施用量及C/N
Table1.Application rates of rice straw and urea, and C/N ratios of the experimental treatments
处理
Treatment		代码
Code		秸秆
Straw (kg?hm-2)		氮
Nitrogen (kg?hm-2)		折合成尿素
Converted to urea (kg?hm-2)		碳氮比
C/N ratio
对照ControlCK————
单施氮Single N fertilizerN1—1328—
单施秸秆Single strawS1 500——35
秸秆还田配施氮肥1
Straw return with N fertilizer 1		SN11 500132825
秸秆还田配施氮肥2
Straw return with N fertilizer 2		SN21 500224715


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表2秸秆还田配施氮肥调节C/N对土壤酶活性的影响
Table2.Effects of straw returning with different C/N ratiosreturning straw to field and applying nitrogen fertilizer to adjust C/N on soil enzymes activities of rice-crayfish fields
土壤酶
Soil enzyme		处理
Treatment		取样日期(月-日) Sampling date (month-day)
01-2102-2503-3004-1605-20
脲酶活性
Urease activity
(μg?d-1?g-1)		N113.94±1.57a9.71±1.03bc7.86±0.59c2.53±0.24d3.72±0.43c
S15.80±0.52a7.60±0.53c11.97±0.46ab13.67±0.38a9.59±0.26a
SN19.35±0.39b12.70±1.10b9.29±0.87bc11.50±0.38b8.59±0.36a
SN27.53±0.51b18.88±1.86a13.72±1.15a14.38±0.99a6.78±0.42b
CK15.47±1.41a6.22±0.66c8.86±1.14c7.36±0.72c9.35±0.57a
酸性蛋白酶活性
Acidic protease activity
(mg?d-1?g-1)		N10.92±0.01c0.91±0.05b3.82±0.18b3.01±0.11a1.26±0.09bc
S1.46±0.07a0.76±0.05b1.40±0.09c1.57±0.09cd1.11±0.08c
SN11.20±0.07b1.23±0.01a1.10±0.08c1.23±0.08d1.26±0.06bc
SN21.59±0.08a1.19±0.08a5.15±0.20a2.03±0.15b2.69±0.16a
CK0.45±0.02d0.94±0.07b1.17±0.07c1.88±0.12bc1.53±0.12b
纤维素酶活性
Cellulase activity
(mg?d-1?g-1)		N110.10±0.72ab9.30±0.61a9.10±0.20a8.70±0.41b9.30±0.57b
S7.56±0.63c9.23±0.59a9.83±0.58a9.02±0.26b11.30±0.69a
SN18.90±0.41bc9.36±0.48a13.70±0.08a7.15±0.43c9.18±0.64ab
SN211.10±0.80a9.90±0.46a9.83±0.81b11.80±0.41a10.25±0.41ab
CK8.83±0.46bc9.03±0.13a8.83±0.17b8.60±0.35b9.80±0.61ab
多酚氧化酶活性
Polyphenol oxidase activity
(mg?d-1?g-1)		N124.14±0.99a32.82±0.58b27.52±0.38a23.16±0.99ab26.26±0.41b
S20.12±0.42b23.80±0.32d24.06±0.28b20.45±0.58c24.82±0.30b
SN121.62±0.81b28.22±0.82c24.02±0.75b23.62±0.94a26.45±1.00b
SN225.12±0.96a35.68±0.96a27.90±0.29a20.76±0.69bc34.16±1.98a
CK21.26±0.22b25.78±0.91d25.06±0.66b20.38±0.32c23.88±0.91b
同列不同小写字母表示处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05.


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