张建杰1, 2,
崔石磊1,
马林3,
马文奇1,
魏静1,,
1.河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院 保定 071000
2.山西农业大学资源环境学院 太原 030031
3.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心 石家庄 050022
基金项目: “十三五”国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0200403
详细信息
作者简介:李雨濛, 研究方向为资源利用与植物保护。E-mail:919249851@qq.com
通讯作者:魏静, 研究方向为农业环境保护。E-mail:weijing_199@163.com
中图分类号:S19;S158.5计量
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出版历程
收稿日期:2020-06-22
录用日期:2020-07-01
刊出日期:2020-08-01
Temporal and spatial characteristics of agricultural green development indica-tors in counties of Hebei Province
LI Yumeng1,,ZHANG Jianjie1, 2,
CUI Shilei1,
MA Lin3,
MA Wenqi1,
WEI Jing1,,
1. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
2. College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
3. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0200403
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Corresponding author:E-mail: weijing_199@163.com
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摘要
摘要:为剖析河北省县域农业绿色发展的主要问题及限制因素，本文以河北省135个县（区）为研究对象，围绕社会、经济、生产力、资源和生态环境5个维度，选取了26项农业绿色发展指标，基于专家意见和统计资料，参照农业绿色发展程度将入选指标从高到低划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ级，并定量分析了1996年和2016年河北省县域尺度的农业绿色发展指标时空变化特征。结果表明，20年间河北省农业生产条件不断改善，农业机械化水平与农田灌溉水平均有不同程度的提升；农业经济效益大幅增长，单位面积农业产值与人均可支配收入分别增长了1.96倍和3.05倍；农业生产能力持续提升，表现为单位面积热量产量及植物蛋白产量持续上升，氮素利用效率有所回升；资源投入持续增加，表现为氮、磷、农药及农膜的使用强度不断增加；环境风险仍处于较高水平。从空间变化来看，河北省东北部和南部地区社会发展、经济和农业生产的农业绿色发展程度呈提高趋势；而资源和生态环境指标绿色发展程度总体表现为下降趋势，呈现出西北部和东南部地区高的特征。5类指标绿色发展程度等级处于Ⅰ级水平的县域数量占比较高，呈现明显的空间差异。河北省农业绿色发展的主要瓶颈问题来自资源短缺、环境污染和生态破坏，造成以上问题的原因是资源投入过高、种养结构改变和农牧分离严重，下一步需要提高资源利用效率，保持产地环境的清洁和生态系统的稳定，快速推进河北省县域的农业绿色发展。
关键词:农业绿色发展指标/
绿色发展程度/
县域/
河北省
Abstract:In order to analyze the main problems and limiting factors of agricultural green development at county level in Hebei Province, this study took 135 counties (districts) in Hebei Province as the research objects, focusing on five dimensions (society, economy, productivity, resources and ecological environment), selected 26 agricultural green development indicators based on expert opinions and statistical data to analyze the spatio-temporal change characteristics of agricultural green development indicators at county scale in Hebei Province in 1996 and 2016. According to the degree of agricultural green development from high to low, the selected indicators were divided into Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ grades. The results showed that the agricultural production condition in Hebei Province had been improved continuously from 1996 to 2016. The agricultural mechanization level and farmland irrigation level had increased at different degrees. The agricultural economic benefits also improved greatly, in which agricultural output value per unit cultivated land area and rural disposable income per capita increased by 1.96 times and 3.05 times, respectively. The agricultural production capacity continued to increase, as demonstrated by the continuous increases in caloric and protein production per unit cultivated land area and utilization efficiency of nitrogen. The input of resources increased resulting from the use intensity of nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticide and agricultural film increased continuously; and the environmental risk remained at a high level. In terms of spatial variation, the degree of agricultural green development of social development, economy and agricultural production in the northeast and south of Hebei Province showed an increasing trend, while that of resources and eco-environmental indicators showed a decreasing trend. The results showed the characteristics of high degree of agricultural green development in the northwest and southeast of the province. The number of counties with the grade Ⅰ green development of five indexes was relatively high, showing a significant spatial difference. The main bottleneck of agricultural green development in Hebei Province came from resource shortage, environmental pollution and ecological destruction; which caused by the excessive investment of resources, the change of planting and breeding structure and the separation of agriculture and animal husbandry. It is necessary for the agricultural green development in Hebei Province to improve the efficiency of resource utilization, keep the environment clean and the ecosystem stable.
Key words:Agricultural green development indicator/
Degree of green development/
County territory/
Hebei Province
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图11996年和2016年河北省社会发展指标时空变化特征
Figure1.Spatial distribution characteristics of social development indicators in Hebei Province in 1996 and 2016
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图21996年和2016年河北省经济指标时空变化特征
Figure2.Spatial distribution characteristics of economic indicators in Hebei Province in 1996 and 2016
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图31996年和2016年河北省农业生产指标时空变化特征
Figure3.Spatial distribution characteristics of agricultural production indicators in Hebei Province in 1996 and 2016
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图41996年和2016年河北省资源投入指标时空变化特征
Figure4.Spatial distribution characteristics of resource input indicators in Hebei Province in 1996 and 2016
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图51996年和2016年河北省生态环境指标时空变化特征
Figure5.Spatial distribution characteristics of ecological environmental indicators in Hebei Province in 1996 and 2016
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Table1.Indicators of agricultural green development and their values in 1996 and 2016 in Hebei Province
| 分类 Category | 指标 Indicator | 单位 Unit | 分级标准Grading standard | 1996 | 2016 | |||
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | |||||
| 社会发展 Social development | 农业机械化水平 Agricultural mechanization level | ×104 kW·hm–2·a–1 | > 5 | 3~5 | 1~3 | < 1 | 8.6 | 12.3 |
| 动物蛋白消费比例 Proportion of animal protein in protein consumption | % | 30~35 | 25~30, 35~40 | 20~25, 40~45 | < 20 > 40 | 22.3 | 27.8 | |
| 农田灌溉水平 Irrigation level of farmland | % | > 50 | 30~50 | 10~30 | < 10 | 68.0 | 72.4 | |
| 食物自给率 Food self-sufficiency rate | % | > 100 | 75~100 | 50~75 | < 50 | 244.8 | 249.9 | |
| 人均耕地占有水平 Per capita cultivated land | hm2·cap.–1 | > 2.5 | 0.79~2.5 | 0.2~0.79 | < 0.2 | 0.28 | 0.22 | |
| 经济增长 Economic growth | 单位面积农业产值 Agricultural output value per unit cultivated land area | ×104 ￥·hm–2 | > 16.3 | 5.1~16.3 | 1.3~5.1 | < 1.3 | 1.59 | 4.70 |
| 人均GDP Per capita GDP | ×104￥·cap.–1 | > 9 | 3~9 | 0.7~3 | < 0.7 | 0.48 | 2.70 | |
| 农村居民人均可支配收入 Rural disposable income per capita | ×103 ￥·cap.–1 | > 38 | 11.8~38 | 3~11.8 | < 3 | 2.1 | 8.5 | |
| 农业生产 Agricultural production | 单位面积热量产量 Caloric production per unit cultivated land area | ×107 kcal·hm-2 | > 2.827 | 2.262~2.827 | 1.696~2.262 | < 1.696 | 1.29 | 1.75 |
| 单位面积植物蛋白产量 Protein production per unit cultivated land area | kg·hm-2 | > 1 125 | 750~1 125 | 450~750 | < 450 | 255.5 | 273.6 | |
| 农田系统氮素利用效率 N use efficiency in crop production | % | > 70 | 50~70 | 30~50 | < 30 | 30.1 | 37.1 | |
| 畜牧系统氮素利用效率 N use efficiency in animal production | % | > 19 | 15~19 | 10~15 | < 10 | 10.2 | 28.0 | |
| 食物系统氮素利用效率 N use efficiency in food system | % | > 30 | 25~30 | 18~25 | < 18 | 19.5 | 24.3 | |
| 资源投入 Resources input | 氮素使用强度 N use intensity | kg·hm-2 | < 180 | 180~225 | 225~315 | > 315 | 314.4 | 338.5 |
| 农药使用强度 Pesticides use intensity | kg·hm-2 | < 3.5 | 3.5~5.3 | 5.3~7 | > 7 | 8.41 | 9.77 | |
| 农膜使用强度 Agricultural film use intensity | kg·hm-2 | < 9.78 | 9.78~12.70 | 12.70~26.62 | > 26.62 | 2.8 | 7.0 | |
| 秸秆循环利用效率 Straw recycling rate | % | > 80 | 65~80 | 50~65 | < 50 | 58.1 | 85.9 | |
| 粪尿循环利用率 Manure recycling rate | % | > 75 | 55~75 | 35~55 | < 35 | 44.4 | 28 | |
| 磷素使用强度 P use intensity | kg·hm-2 | < 35 | 35~50 | 50~65 | > 65 | 38.4 | 45.9 | |
| 生态环境 Ecological environment | 农田氮素盈余 N surplus in farmland | kg·hm-2 | < 80 | 80~160 | 160~240 | > 240 | 197.2 | 186.9 |
| 农业系统氨挥发 NH3 volatilization in agricultural system | kg·hm-2 | < 60 | 60~90 | 90~120 | > 120 | 113.6 | 103.8 | |
| 农田氮素径流 N runoff in farmland | kg·hm-2 | < 6 | 6~9 | 9~18 | > 18 | 16.8 | 19.6 | |
| 农田氮素淋洗 N leaching in farmland | kg·hm-2 | < 10 | 10~20 | 20~30 | > 30 | 20.1 | 17.5 | |
| 农业源温室气体排放强度 Greenhouse gases emission intensity per unit cultivated land area | kg(CO2 eq)·hm-2 | < 2 000 | 2 000~3 000 | 3 000~4 000 | > 4 000 | 3 403.4 | 3 969.7 | |
| 畜禽承载量 Livestock capacity per unit cultivated land area | LUs·hm-2 | < 2 | 2~4 | 4~6 | > 6 | 3.39 | 5.58 | |
| 生产单位食物氮素环境代价 Reactive N losses per unit food N | kg(N)·kg-1(N) | < 3 | 3~4.5 | 4.5~6 | > 6 | 3.03 | 2.76 | |
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