高巍^{1, 2,},
张建杰^{3, 4},
张艳舫⁵,
张楠楠¹,
王选¹,
柏兆海¹,
马文奇³,
马林^1,,
1.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/河北省土壤生态学重点实验室/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室 石家庄 050022
2.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
3.河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院 保定 071001
4.山西农业大学资源环境学院 太原 030031
5.河北省畜牧良种工作总站 石家庄 050000
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目31972517
河北省重点研发专项项目20327301D
河北省现代农业产业技术体系奶牛产业创新团队项目HBCT2018120206
中国工程院咨询研究项目2019-XZ-25

详细信息

作者简介:高巍, 研究方向为养分资源管理与农业生态学。E-mail:gaowei18@mails.ucas.edu.cn

通讯作者:马林, 研究方向为农业生态学。E-mail:malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn

中图分类号:S19;S8-1

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-06-19
录用日期:2020-06-30
刊出日期:2020-08-01

Spatiotemporal characteristics of green development indicators in the whole dairy industry chain in China

GAO Wei^{1, 2,},
ZHANG Jianjie^{3, 4},
ZHANG Yanfang⁵,
ZHANG Nannan¹,
WANG Xuan¹,
BAI Zhaohai¹,
MA Wenqi³,
MA Lin^1,,
1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
4. College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
5. Fine Livestock Breeding Workstation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China31972517
the Key R & D Program of Hebei20327301D
Hebei Dairy Cattle Innovation Team of Modern Agro-industry Technology Research SystemHBCT2018120206
the Consulting Research Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering2019-XZ-25

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Corresponding author:E-mail: malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:奶业是关乎国民健康和食品安全的战略性农业产业，本文从社会发展、经济效益、产品生产、资源投入和生态环境5个方面选取28项指标，发展和完善了中国奶业全产业链绿色发展指标体系和分级标准。基于该指标体系，利用NUFER-animal模型，定量分析了1990—2017年中国奶业绿色发展指标的时空分布特征，剖析了产业绿色发展的限制因素，阐明了优化途径。结果表明：中国人均奶制品消费量稳步提高，从2.0 kg·cap.^-1·a^-1增加到12.5 kg·cap.^-1·a^-1；奶牛单产水平不断提高，从2.4 t·head^-1·a^-1增加到7.0 t·head^-1·a^-1，种养系统氮素利用效率由8.4%提升至14.4%；单位牛奶的资源投入和环境代价均呈下降趋势，生产单位牛奶的蓝水足迹由0.5 m³·kg^-1降低到0.2 m³·kg^-1，耕地资源投入量由18.5 m²·kg^-1降低到3.3 m²·kg^-1；养殖系统氨挥发量指标由21.9 g（N）·kg^-1降低到7.0 g（N）·kg^-1，但仍远远高于欧美国家水平；牛奶生产和加工成本逐年增加，利润却低于欧美等先进国家的水平。空间特征分析表明：农牧交错带和东部沿海地区产品生产、资源投入和生态环境绿色发展水平相对较高，北方地区牛奶及奶制品的生产、消费水平均高于南方地区。发展种养一体化产业链融合绿色发展技术与模式、构建产销一体化产业链融合绿色发展利益共享机制和形成全产业链质量追踪服务体系与国民消费信任机制是促进中国奶业振兴和绿色发展的有效途径。
关键词:奶业振兴/
奶业产业链/
农业绿色发展/
指标体系/
NUFER-animal
Abstract:Dairy industry is a key agricultural industry related to public health and food safety. According to the agricultural green development index system in China, 28 indicators were selected from five aspects (i.e. social development, economic benefits, agricultural productivity, resource utilization and ecological environment) in this study to establish the green development indicators and benchmarks of the whole dairy industry chain in China. Based on the index system, this study quantitatively analyzed spatiotemporal variations of green development indicators of the whole dairy industry chain in China during 1990-2017 using NUFER-animal model. The results showed that 1) milchigs consumption per capita in China increased from 2.0 to 12.5 kg·cap.^-1·a^-1 during 1990-2017, 2) milk yield per cow increased from 2.4 to 7.0 t·head^-1·a^-1, 3) nitrogen use efficiency of crop-livestock farming system increased from 8.4% to 14.4%, 4) blue water footprint of milk decreased from 0.5 to 0.2 m³·kg^-1, 5) land use per unit milk product decreased from 18.5 to 3.3 m²·kg^-1, and 6) NH₃ volatilization from farming system reduced from 21.9 g(N)·kg^-1 to 7.0 g(N)·kg^-1. Resource utilization and environmental costs per unit of milk showed a downward trend, while they were higher than that of Europe and America. Moreover, production and processing costs of milk increased in China with lower profits than that of developed countries (e.g. Europe and America). The green development level of production, resource utilization and ecological environment were relatively high in the eastern China and the transition zone between cropping area and nomadic area. Production and consumption of milk in the northern China were higher. It is an effective way to promote the revitalization and green development of China's dairy industry by 1) implementing the green technologies and integrating production systems of crop and animal production; 2) building the benefit sharing mechanism of production, processing and marketing industrial chain; and 3) reestablishing the milk quality tracking system of the whole industry chain and the trust mechanism of publics.
Key words:Dairy industry revitalization/
Dairy industry chain/
Agricultural green development/
Index system/
NUFER-animal

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图1奶业产业链研究边界与指标体系
图中字母含义如表 1所示, 颜色由深到浅分别表示本文中未计算指标、未分级指标和分级指标。
Figure1.Research boundary and indicators of the whole dairy industry chain
The meaning of the letters in the figure is shown in the table 1. Indicators in boxes that color from dark to light are the uncalculated, ungraded and graded indicators, respectively.


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图21990—2017年中国奶业社会发展指标历史变化特征
深灰色表示Ⅲ级, 黑色表示Ⅳ级。
Figure2.Temporal characteristics of social development indicators of dairy industry in China in 1990-2017
The dark grey and black mean levels Ⅲ and Ⅳ, respectively.


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图32017年中国奶业社会发展指标空间分布特征
深灰色表示Ⅲ级, 黑色表示Ⅳ级。各个省、直辖市、自治区划的代码分别为: 11, 北京市; 12, 天津市; 13, 河北省; 14, 山西省; 15, 内蒙古自治区; 21, 辽宁省; 22, 吉林省; 23, 黑龙江省; 31, 上海市; 32, 江苏省; 33, 浙江省; 34, 安徽省; 35, 福建省; 36, 江西省; 37, 山东省; 41, 河南省; 42, 湖北省; 43, 湖南省; 44, 广东省; 45, 广西省; 46, 海南省; 50, 重庆市; 51, 四川省; 52, 贵州省; 53, 云南省; 54, 西藏自治区; 61, 陕西省; 62, 甘肃省; 63, 青海省; 64, 宁夏回族自治区; 65, 新疆维吾尔族自治区。未包含台湾省、香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区数据。
Figure3.Spatial characteristics of social development indicators of dairy industry in China in 2017
The dark grey and black mean levels Ⅲ and Ⅳ, respectively. The province (city, autonomous region) name of each code is: 11, Beijing; 12, Tianjin; 13, Hebei; 14, Shanxi; 15, Inner Mongolia; 21, Liaoning; 22, Jilin; 23, Heilongjiang; 31, Shanghai; 32, Jiangsu; 33, Zhejiang; 34, Anhui; 35, Fujian; 36, Jiangxi; 37, Shandong; 41, Henan; 42, Hubei; 43, Hunan; 44, Guangdong; 45, Guangxi; 46, Hainan; 50, Chongqing; 51, Sichuan; 52, Guizhou; 53, Yunnan; 54, Tibet; 61, Shaanxi; 62, Gansu; 63, Qinghai; 64, Ningxia; 65, Xinjiang. The data of Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao are not included in this paper.


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图42000—2017(2000—2016)年中国奶业经济效益指标历史变化特征
白色表示Ⅰ级, 浅灰色表示Ⅱ级, 深灰色表示Ⅲ级, 黑色表示Ⅳ级, 斜线表示未分级指标。
Figure4.Temporal characteristics of economic benefits indicators of dairy industry in China in 2000-2017 (2000-2016)
The white, light grey, dark grey and black mean levels Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ, respectively; the oblique line means ungraded indicators.


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图51990—2017年中国奶业生产指标历史变化特征
浅灰色表示Ⅱ级, 深灰色表示Ⅲ级, 黑色表示Ⅳ级, 斜线表示未分级指标。
Figure5.Temporal characteristics of production indicators of dairy industry in China in 1990-2017
The light grey, dark grey and black mean levels Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ, respectively; the oblique line means ungraded indicators.


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图62017年中国奶业产品生产指标空间分布特征
白色表示Ⅰ级, 浅灰色表示Ⅱ级, 深灰色表示Ⅲ级, 黑色表示Ⅳ级, 斜线表示未分级指标。各省、直辖市、自治区划的代码见图 3。
Figure6.Spatial characteristics of production indicators of dairy industry in China in 2017
The white, light grey, dark grey and black mean levels Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ, respectively. The oblique line means ungraded indicators. The code of each province (city, autonomous region) is shown in the figure 3.


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图71990—2017年中国奶业绿色发展资源投入指标的历史变化特征
深灰色表示Ⅲ级, 黑色表示Ⅳ级, 斜线表示未分级指标。
Figure7.Temporal characteristics of resource input indicators of dairy industry in China in 1990-2017
The dark grey and black mean levels Ⅲ and Ⅳ, respectively. The oblique line means ungraded indicators.


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图82017年中国奶业资源投入指标空间分布特征
白色表示Ⅰ级, 浅灰色表示Ⅱ级, 深灰色表示Ⅲ级, 黑色表示Ⅳ级, 斜线表示未分级指标。各省、直辖市、自治区划的代码见图 3。
Figure8.Spatial characteristics of resource input indicators of dairy industry in China in 2017
The white, light grey, dark grey and black mean levels Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ, respectively. The oblique line means ungraded indicators. The code of each province (city, autonomous region) is shown in the figure 3.


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图91990—2017年中国奶业生态环境指标历史变化特征
深灰色表示Ⅲ级, 黑色表示Ⅳ级, 斜线表示未分级指标。
Figure9.Temporal characteristics of ecological environment indicators of dairy industry in China in 1990-2017
The dark grey and black mean levels Ⅲ and Ⅳ, respectively. The oblique line means ungraded indicators.


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图102017年中国奶业生态环境指标空间分布特征
深灰色表示Ⅲ级, 黑色表示Ⅳ级, 斜线表示未分级指标。各省、直辖市、自治区划的代码见图 3。
Figure10.Spatial characteristics of ecological environment indicators of dairy industry in China in 2017
The dark grey and black mean levels Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ, respectively. The oblique line means ungraded indicators. The code of each province (city, autonomous region) is shown in the figure 3.


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图11中国奶业产业链绿色发展的特征、影响因素和优化策略
Figure11.Characteristics, influence factors, and optimization strategies of green development of dairy industry chain in China


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图12中国奶业绿色发展驱动因素分析
Figure12.Driving factors of the green development of dairy industry in China


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表1中国奶业绿色发展评价指标体系
Table1.Indexes system of green development of dairy industry chain in China



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