王飞^,,
李清华,
林诚,
何春梅
福建省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所 福州 350013
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划子课题2018YFD02003035
闽侯农田生态系统福建省野外科学观测研究站MIN KE JI (2018)17
福建省属公益类科研院所基本科研专项2016R1021-2

详细信息

作者简介:王飞, 主要从事土壤资源评价与持续利用研究。E-mail:fjwangfei@163.com

中图分类号:S158.5;S143.2

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收稿日期:2020-02-02
录用日期:2020-03-19
刊出日期:2020-07-01

Yellow-mud paddy soil productivity and phosphorus fractions under long-term different phosphorus supply levels in southern China

WANG Fei^,,
LI Qinghua,
LIN Cheng,
HE Chunmei
Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2018YFD02003035
the Fund of Minhou Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Farmland Ecosystem in FujianMIN KE JI (2018)17
the Special Fund for Basic-Scientific Research in the Provincial Public Interest of Research Institutes of Fujian2016R1021-2

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Corresponding author:WANG Fei, E-mail:fjwangfei@163.com

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摘要
摘要:红壤性水稻土磷素易受铁、铝等固定而有效性低，过量施用磷肥则产生磷素淋失风险，研究不同供磷水平下黄泥田生产力、磷库平衡及磷组分特征，可为磷素高效管理提供依据。本研究基于福建黄泥田连续30年的供磷定位试验，研究连续30年3个供磷水平下[不施磷肥（CK）、30 kg（P₂O₅）·hm^-2（P1）、60 kg（P₂O₅）·hm^-2（P2）]水稻（1987—2004年为双季稻，2005年始种植单季稻）产量演变规律，并于试验的第31年分析土壤有效磷、全磷、无机磷库与有机磷库组分变化。结果表明，连续30年施用磷肥，与CK相比，早稻、晚稻与单季稻历年平均产量P1处理分别提高64.9%、37.0%与19.9%，P2处理分别提高67.0%、41.2%与20.4%，差异均显著。不同稻作制度下黄泥田磷肥的增产效果为早稻>晚稻>单季稻。与P1处理相比，P2处理第31年土壤有效磷含量提高190.5%，全磷含量提高32.4%，差异均显著；Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P含量与无机磷含量均显著提高，Al-P、Fe-P占无机磷比重分别提高2.12个百分点与4.40个百分点，但O-P比重降低9.45个百分点，差异均显著。施磷肥总体提高了活性有机磷（LOP）与中等活性有机磷（MLOP）含量，降低了高稳定性有机磷（HSOP）含量，P2处理表现尤为明显；增施磷肥，LOP与MLOP占有机磷比重增加，HSOP比重降低。籽粒或秸秆产量与Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P、MLOP、LOP含量呈显著正相关。综上，黄泥田连续30年施磷肥增产效果明显，P1与P2处理的产量无显著差异，但P1处理呈现磷表观亏缺。增施磷肥提高了无机磷Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P比重，有机磷组分呈现由活性较低的形态向活性较高的形态转化趋势。每茬60 kg（P₂O₅）·hm^-2可维持磷素养分表观平衡并保持适宜的有效磷水平。
关键词:长期施磷肥/
黄泥田/
水稻/
土壤磷组分/
磷平衡/
产量
Abstract:Phosphorus (P) in red paddy soil is easily fixed by iron and aluminum, resulting in low P availability. Excessive phosphate fertilizer applications increase the risk of P leaching. The soil productivity, P pool balance, and characteristics of the P fractions at different levels of phosphate supply were studied in order to provide a basis for the efficient management of P in paddy fields across southern China. The study was based on a 30-year experiment in Fujian yellow-mud paddy fields. The experiment consisted of three P supply treatments in each season: control with no phosphate fertilizer (CK), 30 kg·hm^-2 P₂O₅ (P1), and 60 kg·hm^-2 P₂O₅ (P2). Double-cropping rice was planted from 1987 to 2004, and single-cropping rice was planted from 2005 onwards. The rice yields and P fractions changes under different P supply treatments over 30 consecutive years were studied. The results showed that the average grain yields of the early-season rice, late-season rice, and single-cropping rice significantly increased by 64.9%, 37.0%, and 19.9% in P1 treatment, and 67.0%, 41.2%, and 20.4% in P2 treatment, respectively. Early rice showed the highest increase in yield, followed by late rice and single-cropping rice. Under P2 treatments, in the 31^st year, the soil available P and total P contents in P2 treatment significantly increased by 190.5% and 32.4%, respectively, compared to P1 treatment. The Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P, and total inorganic P contents also significantly increased, and the Al-P, and Fe-P fraction proportions significantly improved by 2.12 and 4.40 percentage points, respectively. However, the O-P fraction proportion significantly decreased by 9.45 percent points. Phosphate fertilizer applications generally increased the labile organic P (LOP) and medium labile organic phosphorus (MLOP) contents, but decreased the highly stable organic phosphorus (HSOP) content, especially in P2 treatment. Increasing the phosphate fertilizer application rate led to a rise in the proportion of LOP and MLOP to organic P, but it reduced the proportion of HSOP to organic P. Rice grain or straw yields were significantly positively correlated with Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P, MLOP, and LOP contents. In conclusion, continuous applications of phosphate fertilizer significantly increased the grain yield in yellow-mud paddy soil over 30 consecutive years, but there was no significant difference in the grain yield between P1 and P2 treatments. However, apparent P deficiency was observed in P1 treatment. Increasing phosphate application rate led to a rise in the Al-P, Fe-P, and Ca-P proportions. The results showed that organic P fractions with lower activity changed into fractions with higher activity as the phosphate fertilizer application rate increased. The application of 60 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2 phosphate fertilizer per cropping season achieved the optimum apparent balance among P nutrients and maintained an appropriate level of available P.
Key words:Long-term P fertilization/
Yellow-mud paddy field/
Rice/
Soil phosphorus fraction/
Phosphorus balance/
Yield

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表1长期不同供磷水平的水稻籽粒产量
Table1.The yields of rice grains under different long-term phosphorus supply levels

稻作 Rice farming	供磷水平 Phosphorus level [kg(P2O5)·hm–2]	籽粒产量Grain yield (kg·hm-2)
		1987—1992	1993—1998	1999—2004	2005—2010	2011—2017
早稻 Early season rice	0 (CK)	4 277±1 137b	2 947±578b	2 247±825b	/	/
	30 (P1)	6 100±308a	4 974±664a	4 383±638a	/	/
	60 (P2)	6 232±480a	5 072±696a	4 359±705a	/	/
晚稻 Late season rice	0 (CK)	5 547±855b	3 203±910b	3 066±1 889b	/	/
	30 (P1)	6 223±847ab	5 488±722a	4 613±1 219a	/	/
	60 (P2)	6 638±450a	5 445±599a	4 738±1 234a	/	/
单季稻 Single- cropping rice	0 (CK)	/	/	/	6 282±1268b	6 142±491b
	30 (P1)	/	/	/	7 607±1372a	7 302±679a
	60 (P2)	/	/	/	7 733±1359a	7 253±846a
同一稻作同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同供磷水平在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Values of the same farming followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different at P < 0.05 level.

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表2长期不同供磷水平黄泥田土壤磷含量
Table2.The contents of soil phosphorus of yellow-mud paddy under different long-term phosphorus supply levels

供磷水平 Phosphorus level [kg(P2O5)·hm–2]	2013				2017
	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg–1)	全磷 Total P (g·kg–1)	土壤磷活化系数 P activation coefficient (%)		有效磷 Available P (mg·kg–1)	全磷 Total P (g·kg–1)	土壤磷活化系数 P activation coefficient (%)
0 (CK)	3.9±0.7b	0.28±0.01c	1.37b		5.3±1.0b	0.27±0.01c	1.95b
30 (P1)	6.0±1.5b	0.39±0.01b	1.54b		6.3±0.5b	0.37±0.03b	1.70b
60 (P2)	14.8±1.9a	0.57±0.02a	2.58a		18.3±0.3a	0.49±0.05a	3.75a
同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同供磷水平在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different at P < 0.05 level.

下载: 导出CSV
表3长期不同供磷水平黄泥田土壤无机磷组分含量和比重(2017年)
Table3.The contents and proportions of inorganic phosphorus fractions of yellow-mud paddy under different long-term phosphorus supply levels in 2017

供磷水平 Phosphorus level [kg(P2O5)·hm–2]	Al-P			Fe-P			O-P			Ca-P		无机磷总量 Total inorganic phosphorus (mg·kg–1)
	含量 Content (mg·kg–1)	比重 Proportion (%)		含量 Content (mg·kg–1)	比重 Proportion (%)		含量 Content (mg·kg–1)	比重 Proportion (%)		含量 Content (mg·kg–1)	比重 Proportion (%)
0 (CK)	6.97±1.06c	6.93b		32.08±0.87c	31.97c		41.53±3.05a	41.45a		19.76±4.09c	19.65b	100.34±2.65c
30 (P1)	12.35±2.22b	7.90b		53.74±4.15b	34.47b		39.62±12.24a	25.47b		50.06±10.94b	32.16a	155.77±6.71b
60 (P2)	26.50±4.36a	10.02a		102.37±9.93a	38.87a		42.00±5.48a	16.02c		92.57±11.57a	35.09a	263.44±26.91a
同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同供磷水平在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different at P < 0.05 level.

下载: 导出CSV
表4长期不同供磷水平黄泥田土壤有机磷组分含量(2017年)
Table4.The contents and proportions of organic phosphorus fractions of yellow-mud paddy under different long-term phosphorus supply levels in 2017

供磷水平 Phosphorus level [kg(P2O5)· hm–2]	活性有机磷 Labile organic phosphorus			中等活性有机磷 Medium labile organic phosphorus			中等稳定性有机磷 Medium stable organic phosphorus			高稳定性有机磷 High stable organic phosphorus		有机磷总量 Total organic phosphorus (mg·kg–1)
	含量 Content (mg·kg–1)	比重 Proportion (%)		含量 Content (mg·kg–1)	比重 Proportion (%)		含量 Content (mg·kg–1)	比重 Proportion (%)		含量 Content (mg·kg–1)	比重 Proportion (%)
0 (CK)	5.31±2.00b	3.99b		57.92±17.72b	41.72b		27.32±3.39a	20.27a		46.10±8.72a	34.01a	136.65±14.31b
30 (P1)	7.93±3.19ab	5.16ab		76.35±10.28ab	48.46ab		28.95±3.63a	18.56a		44.02±10.15a	27.82ab	157.25±13.09ab
60 (P2)	12.44±3.31a	7.66a		90.86±19.07a	54.92a		29.48±2.57a	18.05a		31.41±2.12b	19.37b	164.19±21.36a
同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同供磷水平在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different at P < 0.05 level.

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表5土壤磷库组成与有效磷及产量的相关系数(r)
Table5.The correlation coefficients of phosphorus pool fractions with soil available phosphorus content and rice grain and straw yields

	土壤有效磷 Soil available phosphorus	籽粒产量 Grain yield	秸秆产量 Straw yield
有效磷Available phosphorus	—	0.609*	0.749**
全磷Total phosphorus	0.866**	0.775**	0.698**
无机磷总量Total inorganic phosphorus	0.494	0.766**	0.785**
Al-P	0.932**	0.719**	0.750**
Fe-P	0.951**	0.743**	0.785**
O-P	0.094	-0.020	-0.084
Ca-P	0.898**	0.798**	0.807**
有机磷组分总量Total organic phosphorus	0.939**	0.612*	0.229
活性有机磷Labile organic phosphorus	0.719**	0.563	0.759**
中等活性有机磷Medium labile organic phosphorus	0.640*	0.675*	0.361
中等稳定性有机磷Medium stable organic phosphorus	0.243	0.439	0.058
高稳定性有机磷High stable organic phosphorus	-0.717**	-0.556	-0.622*
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

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表6长期不同供磷水平土壤磷素(P₂O₅)表观盈亏
Table6.Apparent balance of phosphorus (P₂O₅) in soils under different long-term phosphorus supply levels

供磷水平 Phosphorus level [kg(P2O5)·hm–2]	磷输出Phosphorus output (kg·hm–2)								磷素表观平衡 Phosphorus apparent balance (kg·hm–2)
	2013				2017			平均 Average
	籽粒 Grain	秸秆 Straw	合计 Sum		籽粒 Grain	秸秆 Straw	合计 Sum
0 (CK)	23.02±1.10b	4.09±0.76c	27.11±1.77c		20.65±0.72b	9.77±0.06b	30.42±0.69b	28.77	-28.77
30 (P1)	42.62±3.58a	9.08±1.17b	51.70±3.97b		48.80±3.10a	19.95±4.50a	68.75±6.05a	60.22	-30.22
60 (P2)	44.37±2.15a	15.72±0.46a	60.09±1.83a		42.64±0.80a	18.18±0.24ab	60.82±0.75a	60.46	-0.46
同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同供磷水平在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different at P < 0.05 level.

下载: 导出CSV

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