王海飞,
刘国香,
王玉霞,
陈玉明,
贾和田,
王丽叶
河北涉县农业技术推广中心 涉县 056400
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作者简介:贺献林, 研究方向为农业技术推广及生态农业。E-mail:shehxl@126.com
中图分类号:Q948.2计量
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收稿日期:2019-11-19
录用日期:2020-04-30
刊出日期:2020-09-01
Protection and utilization of agricultural species diversity and genetic diversity in Shexian Dryland Terrace System
HE Xianlin,,WANG Haifei,
LIU Guoxiang,
WANG Yuxia,
CHEN Yuming,
JIA Hetian,
WANG Liye
Shexian Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Hebei Province, Shexian 056400, China
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Corresponding author:HE Xianlin, E-mail: shehxl@126.com
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摘要:农业生物多样性的研究和保护是全球重要农业文化遗产保护的核心要素。以王金庄为核心的涉县旱作梯田系统2014年被认定为中国重要农业文化遗产，研究其农业生物多样性，可为涉县旱作梯田系统的保护与利用提供依据，为农业文化遗产地农业生物多样性农家就地保护提供参考。本文通过对传统农家品种普查收集与入户访谈、田间调查与种植鉴定，系统研究了涉县旱作梯田系统的农业物种和传统农家品种以及由此形成的保护与利用经验与技术。研究发现涉县旱作梯田系统种植或管理的农业物种26科57属77种，其中粮食作物15种、蔬菜作物31种、油料作物5种、干鲜果14种、药用植物以及纤维烟草等12种。共有包括171个传统农家品种，其中粮食作物62个、蔬菜作物57个、干鲜果品33个、油料作物7个、药用植物和纤维烟草12个。这些农业物种及传统农家品种，通过混合种植、轮作倒茬、间作套种、优中选优等一系列保护与利用技术被活态传承和保护。但随着城镇化和现代农业的快速推进，涉县旱作梯田系统农业生物多样性保护与利用正面临着主体缺失、技术失传、传统农家品种名称混乱、种质退化以及单一化种植造成的品种多样性丧失、单一追求产量造成适应性强的品种资源丧失、农民生计方式多样化造成梯田农业的弱化、传统农家品种生产比较效益低和重要性认识不足等问题，针对这些问题提出了建立动态保护与适应性管理机制、发展特色产业、激发农民内生动力、组织开展资源普查并建立社区种子库与农民自留种相结合的传统农家品种就地活态保护机制等对策与建议。
关键词:涉县旱作梯田系统/
农业物种多样性/
农业遗传多样性/
保护和利用/
中国重要农业文化遗产
Abstract:Research on dynamic conservation strategies and processes in protecting agrobiodiversity is an essential element of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems conservation. Shexian Dryland Terrace System centered in Wangjinzhuang Village, Shexian County, Hebei Province was recognized as a China-NIAHS (Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems) in 2014. This study focused on Wangjinzhuang Village's conservation and utilization of agrobiodiversity, aiming to provide a basis for guiding the in situ conservation and sustainable utilization of the Shexian Dryland Terrace System and to provide a reference for other Important Agricultural Heritage Systems in China and abroad. The field research and baseline data collection were conducted with comprehensive methods, including household surveys, individual interviews, group discussions, and in field experiments in Wangjinzhuang Village in 2019. Systematic research was used to collect abundant agricultural species and traditional farmer varieties, as well as the conservation and utilization experiences and associated technologies in Wangjinzhuang Village. The research identified and registered 77 species, 57 genera, and 26 families, including 171 traditional farmer varieties cultivated or managed in the Shexian Dryland Terrace System. The species included 15 grain crops, 31 vegetable crops, 5 oil crops, 14 fruit crops, and 12 medical, textile, and tobacco plants. The traditional farmer varieties included 62 grain crops, 57 vegetable crops, 7 oil crops, 33 fruit crops, and 12 medical, textile, and tobacco plants. These agricultural species and traditional farmer varieties had been actively passed on by a series of conservation and utilization techniques such as mixed planting, crop rotation, intercropping, and premium seed selection in maintaining agrobiodiversity sustainable for generations. After hundreds of years, local varieties could still meet people's diverse food needs. However, with the rapid development of urbanization and modern agriculture, the conservation and utilization of agrobiodiversity in the Shexian Dryland Terrace System are facing problems such as role conflicts of agricultural institutions, continuous degradation of unique local genetic resources and traditional technologies, confusion over the names of traditional farmer varieties, degradation of germplasm resources, loss of variety diversity due to monoculture, loss of locally adaptive varieties due to the single pursuit of high yield, weakening of terraced agriculture caused by the diversification of farmers' livelihoods, low comparative efficiency of traditional farmer varieties, and lack of awareness of their importance. Given these problems, countermeasures and suggestions are advanced to establish dynamic conservation and adaptive management mechanisms, such as developing featured industries, stimulating farmers' endogenic motivation, organizing and conducting genetic resource surveys, and establishing in situ conservation mechanisms for traditional farmer varieties combined with community seed banks and farmers' self-saved seeds.
Key words:Shexian Dryland Terrace System/
Agricultural species diversity/
Agricultural genetic diversity/
Conservation and utilization/
China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS)
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图1涉县旱作梯田系统王金庄村不同类型作物传统农家品种资源的分布
Figure1.Distribution of crops types of traditional farmer varieties in Wangjinzhuang Village of Shexian Dryland Terrace System
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1涉县旱作梯田系统王金庄村的作物及传统农家品种
Table1.Traditional crops and farmer varieties in Wangjinzhuang Village of Shexian Dryland Terrace System
| 科Family | 属Genus | 种1) Species1) | 传统农家品种2) Traditional farmer variety2) | |
| 数量Number | 名称Name | |||
| 豆科 Leguminosae | 大豆属 Glycine | 大豆G. max (L.) Merr. | 11 | 小白豆、小黑豆、二黑豆、大黑豆、小黑脸青豆、大青豆、二青豆、小青豆、大黄豆、二黄豆、小黄豆 Xiaobaidou, Xiaoheidou, Erheidou, Daheidou, Xiaoheilianqingdou, Daqingdou, Erqingdou, Xiaoqingdou, Dahuangdou, Erhuangdou, Xiaohuangdou |
| 豇豆属 Vigna | 绿豆V. radiata (L.) Wilczek. | 3 | 小绿豆、毛绿豆、大绿豆 Xiaolvdou, Maolvdou, Dalvdou | |
| 赤豆 V. angularis (Willd.) Ohwi et Ohashi | 7 | 绿小豆、大粒红小豆、二红小豆、红小豆、狸猫小豆、白小豆、褐小豆 Lvxiaodou, Dalihongxiaodou, Erhongxiaodou, Hongxiaodou, Limaoxiaodou, Baixiaodou, Hexiaodou | ||
| 赤小豆 V. umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi et Ohashi | 2 | 赤小豆、黄小南豆 Chixiaodou, Huangxiaonandou | ||
| 短豇豆 V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. Cylindrica | 1 | 狸麻小豆 Limaxiaodou | ||
| 长豇豆 V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. Sesquipedalis | 2 | 紫长豆角、青长豆角 Zichangdoujiao, Qingchangdoujiao | ||
| 野豌豆属 Vicia | 蚕豆V. faba L. | 1 | 蚕豆 Candou | |
| 菜豆属 Phaseolus | 菜豆P. vulgaris L. | 9 | 黑没丝、红没丝、黄没丝、菜豆角、紫豆角、花皮豆角、绿豆角、小柴豆角、地豆角 Heimeisi, Hongmeisi, Huangmeisi, Caidoujiao, Zidoujiao, Huapidoujiao, Lvdoujiao, Xiaochaidoujiao, Didoujiao | |
| 扁豆属 Lablab | 扁豆L. purpureus (L.) Sweet | 5 | 紫眉豆角、白花绿眉豆、紫花绿眉豆、小白眉豆、紫荆眉豆 Zimeidou, Baihualvmeidou, Zihualvmeidou, Xiaobaimeidou, Zijingmeidou | |
| 落花生属 Arachis | 落花生A. hypogaea L. | 1 | 花生Huasheng | |
| 皂荚属 Gleditsia. | 野皂荚 G. microphylla Gordon ex Y. T. Lee | 1 | 马棘饼Majibing | |
| 禾本科 Poaceae | 小麦属 Triticum | 普通小麦T. aestivum L. | 1 | 郑州3号 Zhengzhou No. 3 |
| 玉蜀黍属 Zea | 玉蜀黍Z. mays L. | 7 | 白马牙、金皇后、老白玉米、老黄玉米、紫玉米、三糙黄、三糙白 Baimaya, Jinhuanghou, Laobaiyumi, Laohuangyumi, Ziyumi, Sancaohuang, Sancaobai | |
| 狗尾草属 Setaria | 粟S. italica var. germanica (Mill.) Schred. | 19 | 来吾县、三遍丑、漏米青、屁马青、青谷、红苗青谷、马鸡嘴、红苗老来白、老来白、小黄糙、落花黄、山西一尺黄、白苗毛谷、白苗红谷、老谷子、白谷、红谷、毛谷、黄谷 Laiwuxian, Sanbianchou, Loumiqing, Pimaqing, Qinggu, Hongmiaoqinggu, Majizui, Hongmiaolaolaibai, Laolaibai, Xiaohuangcao, Luohuahuang, Shanxiyichihuang, Baimiaomaogu, Baimiaohonggu, Laoguzi, Baigu, Honggu, Maogu, Huanggu | |
| 黍属 Panicum | 稷P. miliaceum L. | 1 | 小黍子Xiaoshuzi | |
| 高粱属 Sorghum | 高粱S. bicolor (L.) Moench | 4 | 高秆红高粱、齐头高粱、扫帚高粱、白高粱 Gaoganhonggaoliang, Qitougaoliang, Saozhougaoliang, Baigaoliang | |
| 葫芦科 Cucurbitaceae | 南瓜属 Cucurbita | 南瓜 C. moschata (Duch. ex Lam.) Duch. ex Poiret | 5 | 老来青、饼瓜、老来红、老来黄、长南瓜 Laolaiqing, Binggua, Laolaihong, Laolaihuang, Changnangua |
| 西葫芦C. pepo L. | 1 | 一窝蜂Yiwofeng | ||
| 黄瓜属 Cucumis | 甜瓜C. melo L. | 1 | 菜瓜Caigua | |
| 葫芦科 Cucurbitaceae | 葫芦属 Lagenaria | 葫芦L. siceraria (Molina) Standl. | 1 | 葫芦Hulu |
| 丝瓜属 Luffa | 丝瓜L. aegyptiaca Miller | 2 | 大丝瓜、小丝瓜Dasigua, Xiaosigua | |
| 伞形科 Umbellifera | 芹属 Apium | 旱芹A. graveolens L. | 1 | 芹菜Qincai |
| 芫荽属 Coriandrum | 芫荽C. sativum L. | 1 | 芫荽Yansui | |
| 胡萝卜属 Daucus | 胡萝卜D. carota L. var. sativa Hoffm. | 3 | 红萝卜、黄萝卜、鞭秆黄萝卜 Hongluobo, Huangluobo, Bianganhuangluobo | |
| 柴胡属 Bupleurum | 北柴胡B. chinense DC. | 1 | 柴胡Chaihu | |
| 茄科 Solanaceae | 茄属 Solanum | 马铃薯S. tuberosum L. | 2 | 紫皮土豆、白土豆Zipitudou, Baitudou |
| 茄子S. melongena L. | 2 | 圆茄、长茄Yuanqie, Changqie | ||
| 番茄属 Lycopersicon | 番茄L. esculentum Mill. | 2 | 老洋柿子、小洋柿子Laoyangshizi, Xiaoyangshizi | |
| 辣椒属 Capsicum | 辣椒(原变种) C. annuum var. Annuum L. | 1 | 小辣椒Xiaolajiao | |
| 菜椒C. annuum var. Grossum (L.) Sendt. | 1 | 菜辣椒Cailajiao | ||
| 朝天椒 C. annuum var. conoides (Mill.) Irish | 1 | 朝天椒Chaotianjiao | ||
| 烟草属 Nicotiana | 烟草N. tabacum L. | 1 | 小烟叶Xiaoyanye | |
| 蔷薇科 Rosacea | 杏属 Armeniaca | 杏A. vulgaris Lam. | 1 | 甜杏Tianxing |
| 山杏A. sibirica (L.) Lam. | 1 | 山杏Shanxing | ||
| 李属Prunus | 李 P. salicina Lindl. | 1 | 李子Lizi | |
| 桃属 Amygdalus. | 桃 A. persica L. | 2 | 毛桃、桃Maotao, Tao | |
| 梨属Pyrus | 白梨P. bretschneideri Rehd. | 1 | 猴头梨(雪花梨) Houtouli (Xuehuali) | |
| 秋子梨 P. ussuriensisa Maxim. | 1 | 小甜梨Xiaotianli | ||
| 苹果属Malus | 苹果M. pumila Mill. | 2 | 国光、元帅Guoguang, Yuanshuai | |
| 唇形科 Labiatae | 紫苏属Perilla | 紫苏P. frutescens (L.) Britt. | 2 | 荏子、紫苏Renzi, Zisu |
| 荆芥属Nepeta | 荆芥N. cataria L. | 1 | 荆芥 Jingjie | |
| 黄芩属 Scutellaria | 黄芩S. baicalensis Georgi | 1 | 黄芩Huangqin | |
| 鼠尾草属 Salvia | 丹参S. miltiorrhiza Bunge. | 1 | 丹参 Danshen | |
| 菊科 Asteraceae | 莴苣属 Lactuca | 莴笋 L. sativa var. angustata Irish ex Bremer | 1 | 莴笋 Wosun |
| 向日葵属 Helianthus | 向日葵 H. annuus L. | 1 | 向日葵Xiangrikui | |
| 十字花科 Cruciferae | 萝卜属 Raphanus | 白萝卜R. sativus L. | 3 | 老白萝卜、紫头白萝卜、绿头白萝卜 Laobailuobo, Zitoubailuobo, Lvtoubailuobo |
| 十字花科 Cruciferae | 芸薹属 Brassica | 白菜B. rapa var. glabra | 1 | 大白菜Dabaicai |
| 芥菜B. juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss. | 1 | 芥菜Jiecai | ||
| 芜青B. rapa L. | 3 | 长菜根、红皮菜根、白皮菜根 Changcaigen, Hongpicaigen, Baipicaigen | ||
| 油菜B. napus L. | 1 | 小菜Xiaocai | ||
| 百合科 Liliaceae | 葱属 Allium | 普通大葱 A. fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makino | 1 | 大葱Dacong |
| 洋葱A. cepa L. | 1 | 红葱Hongcong | ||
| 大蒜A. sativum L. | 1 | 大蒜Dasuan | ||
| 薤白A. macrostemon Bunge. | 1 | 野小蒜Yexiaosuan | ||
| 韭菜A. tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng. | 1 | 韭菜Jiucai | ||
| 冀韭A. chiwui Wang et Tang | 1 | 红根山韭菜Honggenshanjiucai | ||
| 野韭 A. ramosum L. | 1 | 白根山韭菜Baigenshanjiucai | ||
| 知母属 Anemarrhena | 知母A. asphodeloides Bunge | 1 | 知母Zhimu | |
| 锦葵科 Malvaceae | 苘麻属 Abutilon | 苘麻A. theophrasti Medicus | 1 | 苘麻Qingma |
| 秋葵属 Abelmoschus | 黄蜀葵A. manihot (L.) Medicus | 1 | 山榆皮(黄蜀葵) Shanyupi (Huangshukui) | |
| 苋科 Amaranthaceae | 菠菜属 Spinacia | 菠菜S. oleracea L. | 1 | 青菜Qingcai |
| 甜菜属 Beta | 甜菜B. vulgaris L. | 1 | 莙荙菜 Jundacai | |
| 柿科 Ebenaceae | 柿属 Diospyros | 君迁子D. lotus L. | 5 | 公软枣树、多核软枣(十大兄弟)、白节枣、牛奶枣、大白粒 Gongruanzaoshu, Duoheruanzao (Shidaxiongdi), Baijiezao, Niunaizao, Dabaili |
| 柿子D. kaki Thunb. | 9 | 磨盘柿、符山绵柿、满天红、大方柿子、牛角柿、黑柿子、大绵柿子、小绵柿子、小方柿子 Mopanshi, Fushanmianshi, Mantianhong, Dafangshizi, Niujiaoshi, Heishizi, Damianshizi, Xiaomianshizi, Xiaofangshizi | ||
| 芸香科 Rutaceae | 花椒属 Zanthoxylum | 花椒Z. bungeanum Maxim. | 5 | 大红袍、二红袍(大花椒)、小花椒(小红椒)、白沙椒、枸椒(臭椒) Dahongpao, Erhongpao (Dahuajiao), Xiaohuajiao (Xiaohongjiao), Baishajiao, Goujiao (Choujiao) |
| 胡桃科 Juglandaceae | 胡桃属 Juglans | 胡桃J. regia L. | 2 | 绵核桃、夹核桃Mianhetao, Jiahetao |
| 旋花科 Convolvulaceae | 虎掌藤属 Ipomoea | 番薯I. batatas (L.) Lam. | 1 | 红薯Hongshu |
| 大戟科 Euphorbiaceae | 蓖麻属 Ricinus | 蓖麻 R. communis L. | 1 | 大麻子Damazi |
| 胡麻科 Pedaliaceae | 胡麻属 Sesamum | 芝麻 S. indicum L. | 2 | 白芝麻、黑芝麻Baizhima, Heizhima |
| 桑科 Moraceae | 大麻属 Cannabis | 大麻C. sativa L. | 1 | 小麻子(火麻仁) Xiaomazi (huomaren) |
| 漆树科 Anacardiaceae | 黄连木属 Pistacia | 黄连木P. chinensis Bunge | 1 | 木橑 Muliao |
| 石榴科 Punicaceae | 石榴属 Punica | 石榴P. granatum L. | 1 | 石榴 Shiliu |
| 葡萄科 Vitaceae | 葡萄属 Vitis | 葡萄V. vinifera L. | 1 | 葡萄Putao |
| 木犀科 Oleaceae | 连翘属 Forsythia | 连翘F. suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl | 1 | 连翘Lianqiao |
| 鸢尾科 Iridaceae | 鸢尾属 Iris | 野鸢尾I. dichotoma Pall. | 1 | 鬼扇子(白射干) Guishanzi (Baishegan) |
| 鼠李科 Rhamnaceae | 枣属 Ziziphus | 酸枣Z. jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou | 1 | 酸枣Suanzao |
| 榆科 Ulmaceae | 榆属 Ulmus | 榆树U. pumila L. | 1 | 榆皮Yupi |
| 26科 | 57属 | 77种 | 171 | |
| 1)种包括亚种和变种。2)传统农家品种是指当地农户以自留种的方式连续种植20年以上、实现了农家自留种代际传承的作物品种。1) Species include subspecies and variation. 2) The traditional farmer varieties are those that have been continuously planted for more than 20 years through self-reserve seeds. | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表2涉县王金庄118户旱作梯田种植农户种植品种
Table2.Species/varieties planted in dryland terrace system in Wangjinzhuang Village of Shexian County by 118 farmer households
| 作物 Crop | 种植农户 Number of farmer households | 名称 Name | 数量 Number | 面积 Area (hm2) | |
| 现代种/品种 Modern Species / variety | 玉米 Zea mays L. | 98 | 郑单958、浚单20 Zhengdan 958, Xundan 20 | 2 | 5.311 |
| 谷子 Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. | 32 | 冀谷19、冀谷32、衡谷12、衡谷23 Jigu 19, Jigu 32, Henggu 12, Henggu 23 | 4 | 1.119 | |
| 蔬菜 Vegetables | 76 | 翠玉西葫芦、津春4号黄瓜、毛粉802西红柿、黑宝大圆茄、早心白菜、菜花、苦瓜、茴香苗、甘蓝、苤蓝等 C. pepo Cuiyuxihulu, C. sativus Jinchun4hao, L. esculentum Maofen 802, S. melongena Heibaodayuanqie, B. pekinensis Zaoxinbaicai, B. oleracea var. botrytis, Momordica charantia L., F. vulgare Huixiangmiao, B. oleracea, B. oleracea var. caulorapa, etc. | 10 | 0.972 | |
| 其他 Others | 56 | 菊花、射干、小香薯(红薯)、油葵、富士 D. morifolium, B. chinensis, I. batatas Xiaoxiangshu (Hongshu), H. annuus, M. domesica Fuji | 5 | 0.082 | |
| 合计Total | — | 21 | 7.484 | ||
| 传统种/品种 Traditional species/ variety | 玉米 Zea mays L. | 113 | 金皇后、白马牙、紫玉米、老白玉米、老黄玉米 Jinhuanghou, Baimaya, Ziyumi, Laobaiyumi, Laohuangyumi | 5 | 3.096 |
| 谷子 Setaria. italica (L.) Beauv. | 106 | 来吾县、老来白、马鸡嘴、三遍丑、红谷、青谷、黄谷、毛谷、落花黄、露米青等 Laiwuxian, Laolaibai, Majizui, Sanbianchou, Honggu, Qinggu, Huanggu, Maogu, Luohuahuang, Lumiqing, ect. | 16 | 6.449 | |
| 蔬菜 Vegetables | 107 | 老来青、饼瓜、红没丝、黑没丝、紫荆眉豆、红萝卜、紫皮土豆、老洋柿子、紫头白萝卜、莙荙菜、芥菜、长菜根、小菜等 C. moschata Laolaiqing, Binggua; P. vulgaris Hongmeisi, Heimeisi; L. purpureus Zijingmeidou; D. carota var. sativa Hongluobo; S. tuberosum Zipitudou; L. esculentum Laoyangshizi; R. sativus Zitoubailuobo; B. vulgaris Jundacai; B. juncea Jiecai; B. rapa Changcaigen; B. napus Xiaocai; ect. | 43 | 2.135 | |
| 其他 Others | 89 | 黍子、高粱、绿豆、赤豆(小豆)、赤小豆、花生、小麻子、荏子 P. miliaceum, S. bicolor, V. radiate, V. angularis Xiaodou, V. umbellate Chixiaodou, A. hypogaea, C. sativa Xiaomazi, P. frutescens Renzi | 9 | 0.736 | |
| 合计Total | — | — | 73 | 12.416 | |
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