生物炭和AM真菌配施对连作辣椒生长和土壤养分的影响

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王岩^1,,
周鹏¹,
白立伟¹,
吴康云¹,
邢丹^1,,,
郭涛²,
张成铭³
1.贵州省农业科学院辣椒研究所贵阳 550006
2.西南大学资源环境学院重庆 400716
3.北海道大学农学研究院札幌市 060-0808
基金项目: 现代农业产业技术体系专项资金CARS-24-G-19
贵州省科技计划项目[2017]5709
贵州省科技计划项目[2018]2329

详细信息

作者简介:王岩, 主要从事植物养分资源管理研究。E-mail:270237985@qq.com

通讯作者:邢丹, 主要研究方向为辣椒栽培管理。E-mail:2004xingdan@163.com

中图分类号:S641.3;S156.2

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-03-17
录用日期:2020-05-25
刊出日期:2020-10-01

Effects of biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of continuous cropping pepper and soil nutrient status

WANG Yan^1,,
ZHOU Peng¹,
BAI Liwei¹,
WU Kangyun¹,
XING Dan^1,,,
GUO Tao²,
ZHANG Chengming³
1. Pepper Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
2. College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
3. Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan
Funds: This study was supported by the Special Fund for Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System of ChinaCARS-24-G-19
The Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province[2017]5709
The Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province[2018]2329

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Corresponding author:XING Dan, E-mail:2004xingdan@163.com

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摘要
摘要:研究生物炭和丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal，AM）真菌对连作辣椒生长和土壤养分的影响，可为辣椒连作土壤改良和新型肥料的开发提供理论依据。采用温室盆栽试验，设置4个生物炭添加水平（0、1%、2%、3%），2个接菌水平[接菌（+AM）和不接菌（-AM）]。辣椒生长60 d后收获并测定其生理指标、土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量。结果表明，施加生物炭和接种AM真菌处理促进了连作辣椒的生长，提高了辣椒叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量。接种AM真菌对辣椒的促生效果弱于生物炭，而生物炭和AM真菌配施的促生效果最佳。接种AM真菌促进辣椒对P吸收的效果优于生物炭；但对于K吸收来说，施加生物炭的效果优于接菌。生物炭（3%）和AM真菌配施条件下，辣椒根部N、P、K含量分别较对照（0生物炭和-AM处理）显著提高74.04%、106.42%和78.82%。生物炭（3%）与AM真菌配施处理菌根侵染效果最佳，侵染率高达58.96%，较0生物炭+AM处理提高41.59%。土壤pH随生物炭添加量的增加呈增加趋势，但差异不显著。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随生物炭添加量的增加呈增加趋势，且差异显著，接种AM真菌处理对其影响不显著。土壤速效钾、有效磷、有机质含量随生物炭添加量的增加而增加，接种AM真菌对土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量（CEC）无显著影响。土壤速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮含量均在生物炭（3%）和AM真菌配施条件下达最大。与单一处理相比，生物炭和AM真菌配施在促进连作辣椒生长、改善连作土壤养分方面具有显著的协同增效作用，尤其是3%生物炭与AM真菌配施条件下效果最佳。
关键词:辣椒/
生物炭/
AM真菌/
土壤养分/
连作障碍/
协同效应
Abstract:In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the synergistic effects of biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the alleviation of the continuous cropping obstacles of pepper, improve soil nutrient status, and further provide theoretical foundations for continuous cropping soil improvement and new fertilizer development. A total of eight treatments were set as growth conditions of pepper consisting of four biochar addition levels (0, 1%, 2%, and 3%) with or without AM fungal inoculations (+AM and -AM), each treatment was replicated four times. Peppers were harvested after 60 days, and the physiological index, soil enzyme activity, and soil nutrient content were analyzed. Results showed that the biochar+AM treatments significantly promoted the growth of successive cropping pepper and increased the net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), stomata conductance (G_s), and chlorophyll content in pepper leaves. The treatments of only AM fungi inoculation also showed an increase in the growth and yield of peppers; however, biochar+AM had the best combined treatment effect. The effect of only AM fungal inoculation on P absorption in pepper plants and fruits showed a better result compared with that of only biochar, while the effect was opposite on K absorption. Moreover, the contents of N, P, and K in the root of pepper treated with 3% biochar+AM fungi increased by 74.04%, 106.42%, and 78.82%, compared with 0 biochar without AM fungi (control), respectively. The mycorrhizal infection rate under the treatment of 3% biochar+AM was 58.96%, which was 41.59% higher than that of the control. Soil pH and activities of urease and sucrase increased with an increase in biochar application; although, there was no significant difference in pH. AM inoculation showed not significant effects on soil enzyme activity. In addition, the available contents of K, P, and organic matter in the soil also increased with an increase in biochar application. The most significant improvement was achieved under the 3% biochar+AM treatment, while the treatment of only AM fungal inoculation showed no marked effect on these indexes. In conclusion, biochar, especially the treatment of 3% biochar+AM, had a significant synergistic effect on the growth and soil nutrient improvement of the continuous cropping pepper.
Key words:Pepper/
Biochar/
AM fungi/
Soil nutrients/
Continuous cropping obstacle/
Synergistic

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表1不同生物炭和AM真菌处理对辣椒生长的影响
Table1.Effects of different treatments of biochar and AM fungus on pepper growth

生物炭施用量 Biochar rate (%)	接菌 AM inoculation	株高 Plant height (cm)	茎粗 Stem diameter (mm)	生物量 Biomass [g(DW)·pot^-1]		单株果重 Fruit weight (g·pot^-1)	侵染率 Inoculation rate (%)
生物炭施用量 Biochar rate (%)	接菌 AM inoculation	株高 Plant height (cm)	茎粗 Stem diameter (mm)	地上部 Shoot	根部 Root	单株果重 Fruit weight (g·pot^-1)	侵染率 Inoculation rate (%)
0	-AM	26.97±0.34e	3.04±0.11d	7.50±0.35e	7.28±1.84e	6.18±0.33f
1	-AM	42.07±0.57b	4.06±0.38bc	16.93±0.87b	12.18±2.01cd	10.23±0.37d
2	-AM	40.17±0.61bc	3.92±0.08bc	15.78±0.73bc	15.03±0.74bc	13.55±0.74c
3	-AM	39.57±1.70c	4.20±0.31ab	16.87±0.94b	11.70±0.48d	15.41±0.93b
0	+AM	29.01±0.69e	3.48±0.49cd	10.47±3.07de	6.52±1.37e	7.83±0.65e	41.64±1.42d
1	+AM	36.47±1.26d	3.58±0.15bcd	12.87±1.29cd	10.52±1.14d	11.34±1.06d	45.99±1.22c
2	+AM	41.12±1.23bc	3.99±0.08bc	16.85±0.51b	17.53±0.90b	16.47±0.78b	52.55±1.22b
3	+AM	49.73±1.09a	4.68±0.22a	25.72±1.76a	21.83±1.90a	19.74±0.80a	58.96±1.27a
显著性Significance
接菌Inoculation (m)		**	ns	**	**	***	***
生物炭Biochar (b)		***	***	***	***	***	***
m×b		***	ns	***	***	*	***
+M: AM真菌接种处理; -M:未接种处理。同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。: P < 0.05; : P < 0.01; *: P < 0.001; ns:影响不显著。+M: inoculation of AM fungus; -M: no AM fungus inoculation. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant difference among different treatments at 5% level. : P < 0.05; : P < 0.01; *: P < 0.001; ns: no significant effect.

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表2不同生物炭和AM真菌处理对辣椒叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)的影响
Table2.Effects of different treatments of biochar and AM fungus on leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s) and transpiration rate (T_r) of pepper

生物炭施用量 Biochar rate (%)	接菌 AM inoculation	P_n (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	G_s (mol·m^-2·s^-1)	T_r (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	LAI	叶绿素 Chlorophyll content (g·kg^-1)
0	-AM	4.11±0.05d	0.22±0.01g	2.17±0.02g	0.20±0.03f	2.44±0.05f
1	-AM	4.00±0.09d	0.23±0.14f	3.19±0.07f	0.91±0.04c	2.62±0.05e
2	-AM	5.05±0.10d	0.59±0.16bc	5.04±0.01bc	1.07±0.09b	2.81±0.07d
3	-AM	7.11±0.52c	0.67±0.20b	5.54±0.05b	0.43±0.08e	3.06±0.07b
0	+AM	5.04±0.41d	0.48±0.61de	4.20±0.29e	0.50±0.07de	2.67±0.05e
1	+AM	6.66±0.40c	0.31±0.09ef	3.79±0.08ef	0.62±0.02d	2.88±0.07cd
2	+AM	8.28±0.06b	0.62±0.33cd	4.69±0.14cd	0.82±0.05c	2.98±0.06bc
3	+AM	10.14±1.22a	0.82±0.28a	6.91±0.11a	1.44±0.05a	3.23±0.03a
显著性Significance
接菌Inoculation (m)		***	***	***	***	***
生物炭Biochar (b)		***	***	***	***	***
m×b		*	*	***	***	ns
+M:接种处理; -M:未接种处理。同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。: P < 0.05; : P < 0.01; *: P < 0.001; ns:影响不显著。+M: inoculation of AM fungus; -M: no AM fungus inoculation. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant difference among different treatments at 5% level. : P < 0.05; : P < 0.01; *: P < 0.001; ns: no significant effect.

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表3不同生物炭和AM真菌处理对辣椒植株养分含量的影响
Table3.Effects of different treatments of biochar and AM fungus on plant nutrients contents of pepper

生物炭施用量 Biochar rate (%)	接菌 AM inoculation	根部养分含量 Root nutrient content (g·kg^-1)			地上部养分含量 Shoot nutrient content (g·kg^-1)
生物炭施用量 Biochar rate (%)	接菌 AM inoculation	全氮Total N	全磷Total P	全钾Total K	全氮Total N	全磷Total P	全钾Total K
0	-AM	10.41±0.31cd	1.09±0.26d	13.93±12.05e	13.08±2.49e	1.52±0.68e	25.11±5.02e
1	-AM	14.25±1.52b	1.17±1.53d	15.68±0.75de	23.65±0.69bc	2.17±0.25bc	25.17±5.11e
2	-AM	11.60±0.33c	1.41±0.29c	18.23±5.01c	19.72±0.32d	1.93±0.41d	29.41±12.68c
3	-AM	17.48±0.71a	1.85±0.68b	21.37±7.182b	24.54±2.41b	2.21±1.08bc	33.84±8.64a
0	+AM	8.68±0.44d	1.46±0.37c	17.07±2.09cd	13.89±0.35e	2.03±0.17bc	25.09±3.25e
1	+AM	11.92±2.34c	2.12±0.25a	17.72±2.17cd	23.02±1.04bcd	2.22±0.46bc	27.51±8.77d
2	+AM	16.74±1.29a	2.12±0.31a	24.31±0.11a	25.54±2.47b	2.38±1.28b	29.63±6.46c
3	+AM	18.06±0.58a	2.25±0.64a	24.85±8.22a	30.06±1.36a	2.51±0.72a	31.72±0.77b
显著性Significance
接菌Inoculation (m)		ns	***	***	***	***	ns
生物炭Biochar (b)		***	***	***	***	***	***
m×b		**	***	ns	*	**	**
+M:接种处理; -M:未接种处理。同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。: P < 0.05; : P < 0.01; *: P < 0.001; ns:影响不显著。+M: inoculation of AM fungus; -M: no AM fungus inoculation. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant difference among different treatments at 5% level. : P < 0.05; : P < 0.01; *: P < 0.001; ns: no significant effect.

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表4不同生物炭和AM真菌处理对连作辣椒土壤酶活性和根际pH的影响
Table4.Effects of different treatments of biochar and AM fungus on soil enzymes activities and soil pH of continuous cropping pepper

生物炭施用量 Biochar rate (%)	接菌 Inoculation	脲酶活性 Urease activity (mg·g^-1·d^-1)	蔗糖酶活性 Sucrase activity (mg·g^-1·d^-1)	磷酸酶活性 Phosphatase activity (mg·g^-1·d^-1)	土壤pH Soil pH
0	-AM	0.14±0.003f	8.60±0.08e	1.68±0.13e	6.21±0.07e
1	-AM	0.29±0.009d	10.60±0.33de	2.37±0.09d	7.64±0.05c
2	-AM	0.35±0.009c	12.27±0.62bcd	2.69±0.07bcd	7.91±0.12b
3	-AM	0.40±0.02b	14.60±2.24b	2.81±0.08ab	7.93±0.12b
0	+AM	0.24±0.01e	8.73±0.45e	3.05±0.2a	6.81±0.01d
1	+AM	0.36±0.03c	11.43±0.77cd	2.43±0.14cd	7.84±0.11b
2	+AM	0.42±0.02ab	13.37±0.95bcd	2.61±0.06bc	7.8±0.03bc
3	+AM	0.46±0.03b	18.23±1.78a	2.79±0.18ab	8.72±0.04a
显著性Significance
接菌Inoculation (m)		***	***	***	***
生物炭Biochar (b)		***	***	***	***
m×b		*	*	***	***
+M:接种处理; -M:未接种处理。同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。: P < 0.05; : P < 0.01; *: P < 0.001; ns:影响不显著。+M: inoculation of AM fungus; -M: no AM fungus inoculation. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant difference among different treatments at 5% level. : P < 0.05; : P < 0.01; *: P < 0.001; ns: no significant effect.

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表5不同生物炭和AM真菌处理对连作辣椒土壤速效钾、碱解氮、有机质、有效磷和阳离子交换量(CEC)的影响
Table5.Effects of different treatments of biochar and AM fungus on soil available K, hydrolyzed N, organic matter, available P contents and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of continuous cropping pepper

生物炭施用量 Biochar rate (%)	接菌 AM inoculation	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Hydrolyzable nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	阳离子交换量 CEC (cmol·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)
0	-AM	61.92±6.15e	85.69±2.87f	10.58±0.82f	4.75±1.02d	6.53±0.67f
1	-AM	74.91±2.83d	109.46±0.58d	16.02±0.69d	5.61±0.38cd	11.40±0.69e
2	-AM	96.24±2.03b	113.53±1.25d	18.53±1.17bc	6.41±0.28bc	13.90±0.68cd
3	-AM	114.56±0.93a	136.65±3.40b	21.79±0.37a	7.76±0.44ab	16.40±0.68b
0	+AM	71.91±1.64d	93.86±2.54e	13.47±0.77e	4.45±1.05d	13.14±0.50d
1	+AM	88.94±2.12c	114.18±1.36d	16.80±0.68d	5.84±0.62cd	13.40±0.80d
2	+AM	98.61±3.40b	126.97±1.56c	19.34±0.85b	6.75±0.52abc	15.07±0.55bc
3	+AM	115.23±3.44a	146.29±3.91a	23.46±1.06a	8.11±0.56a	18.40±0.72a
显著性Significance
接菌Inoculation (m)		**	***	ns	ns	***
生物炭Biochar (b)		***	***	***	***	***
m×b		*	ns	ns	ns	***
+M:接种处理; -M:未接种处理。同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。: P < 0.05; : P < 0.01; *: P < 0.001; ns:影响不显著。+M: inoculation of AM fungus; -M: no AM fungus inoculation. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant difference among different treatments at 5% level. : P < 0.05; : P < 0.01; *: P < 0.001; ns: no significant effect.

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