闵庆文1, 2,,,
李禾尧1, 2,
刘某承1,
焦雯珺1,
白艳莹1
1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 北京 100101
2.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0506404)、农业农村部国际交流合作项目(12200020)和农村社会事业发展项目(09205006)资助
详细信息
作者简介:何思源, 主要研究方向为社会-生态系统动态与保护地社区协同发展。E-mail:hesy@igsnrr.ac.cn
通讯作者:闵庆文, 主要研究方向为生态农业与农业文化遗产、国家公园与自然保护地体系。E-mail:minqw@igsnrr.ac.cn
中图分类号:S-1;[S-9]计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2019-12-15
录用日期:2020-01-28
刊出日期:2020-09-01
Value typology and evaluation of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems
HE Siyuan1,,MIN Qingwen1, 2,,,
LI Heyao1, 2,
LIU Moucheng1,
JIAO Wenjun1,
BAI Yanying1
1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Funds:This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0506404), the International Cooperation Project (12200020) and the Rural Social Development Project (09205006) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China
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Corresponding author:MIN Qingwen, E-mail: minqw@igsnrr.ac.cn
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摘要
摘要:重要农业文化遗产是一类典型的资源可持续利用保护地,其水土管理方式、知识体系、文化内涵等对于协调社区生计与生态保护具有积极作用。这类传统生计区域往往与自然保护地毗邻或在其范围内,对其蕴含的价值进行识别与保护,不仅是提升农业文化遗产管理的诉求,也能够支持自然保护地体系优化与功能区划管理。本研究对重要农业文化遗产价值进行系统识别,基于农业文化遗产的广义概念与全球重要农业文化遗产的狭义概念,借鉴多类型自然保护地与世界遗产、生态系统服务功能、自然资源资产等价值体系,从农业文化遗产的复合性、活态性与战略性特点出发,把握其核心价值,构建重要农业文化遗产的价值体系。在充分吸收生态系统服务价值评估、自然资源资产价值核算、自然文化遗产价值评估、品牌价值评估等定量或定性评价方法的基础上,提出一套完整的重要农业文化遗产货币价值评价方法。以系统科学和可持续发展理论为基础,重要农业文化遗产价值主要包括存在价值和潜在价值,其中存在价值以载体价值和服务价值为核心,服务价值则可细分为产品价值、生态价值、社会价值等9类,25个具体指标。研究进一步提出存在价值的评价方法与潜在指标可能测算路径。构建的重要农业文化遗产价值体系以及所提出的评价方法,可为以价值保护为基础进行农业文化遗产管理提供理论依据,为管理决策者在区域保护与发展协调决策中提供科学基础。
关键词:重要农业文化遗产/
全球重要农业文化遗产/
价值体系/
价值评估/
自然保护地/
国家公园
Abstract:Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) is regarded as a typical reserve for the sustainable utilization of natural resources. It is comprised of unique land-use systems and agricultural landscapes formed by long-term co-evolution and dynamic adaptation of rural communities and their environment. IAHS sites are rich in biodiversity and support of local socio-economic and cultural development. They also play a positive role in coordinating community livelihoods and ecological protection through their soil and water management strategies, knowledge systems, and cultural connotations. Therefore, it is of great significance to assess the value of IAHS for adaptive IAHS management per se, as well as optimizing the protected area system and its zoning-based management according to human-environment interactions. Our study first reviewed the value systems of related concepts, focusing on natural resource assets, ecosystem functions and services, and various types of natural and cultural heritage to generalize the value typology and assessment methods for heritage systems and their key elements. We then examined the uniqueness of IAHS based on our understanding of the general agricultural heritage systems (AHS) and the more specific Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) to ensure that characteristics such as complexity, vitality, and strategy were fully reflected in the value system. IAHS is comprised of both material and non-material parts. Its' complexity indicates the assimilation of values from natural and cultural heritage, as well as cultural landscapes. Vitality implies the system's dynamics based on its historical and current value as an adaptive system. Strategy defines the positive externality of IAHS towards people beyond its local area, determining its contribution to regional and global sustainable development strategies. Afterwards, the value typology of IAHS was proposed. The value system was firstly divided into existence and potential values to reflect the impact of IAHS on the current and future generation. The existence value was further separated into carrier and service values. The carrier value is the intrinsic value based on the physical formation of agricultural land as an asset stock during its historical period. The service value is the measure of flow from the stock. It is composed of nine values, namely the product value, ecological value, sci-tech value, social value, aesthetic value, cultural value, historical value, spiritual value, and brand value, and is further divided to 25 value elements at the lowest level. We also proposed possible evaluation methods and statistical approaches targeting at potential indicators of the existence value to obtain the monetary value of certain IAHS to better implement this multi-layered value system in policy making and conservation management. Key methods were selected from practices that evaluated ecosystem services, farmland, and natural resources, including the direct marketing method, substitutable marketing method, and simulated market method. Non-material value elements, which usually were only valued quantitatively, were discussed to determine the difficulty and possibility of quantitative accounting. As a result, the value typology can help managers identify IAHS conservation focal points according to the value connotation. The existence value must be well preserved. The potential value should be further studied. The conservation of the carrier value is mainly dependent on local farmland protection. Some service values benefiting large areas are better protected via regional cooperation. As a result, this research revealed the values embedded in human-environment interactions in the IAHS and interpreted their importance in maintaining a harmony between human and environment; thus providing a theoretical basis for spatial integration and management optimization of protected areas, as well as coordinative decision-making for regional conservation and development. It also provided a whole set of value systems and evaluation methods for the monetary value of IAHS; synthesized from quantitative or qualitative methods used in ecosystem services, natural resources assets, natural and cultural heritages, and brands.
Key words:Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS)/
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)/
Value system/
Value evaluation/
Natural reserve/
National park
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图1重要农业文化遗产价值体系
Figure1.Value typology of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS)
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表1耕地资源价值体系分类和价值评价方法
Table1.Classification and assessment methods of arable land resources value
第1层 First level | 第2层 Second level | 第3层 Third level | 含义 Meanings | 测算方法 Accounting method | 测算思路 Accounting approach |
经济价值[9] Economic value | 耕地肥力产出粮食或经济作物形成的价值 Values of grain or cash crops produced from land with certain fertility | 收益还原法 Income capitalization method | 测算正常市场条件下农业所得的纯收益 Measuring the net agriculture income under normal market conditions | ||
社会价值[9] (分类1) Social value (Category 1) | 社会保障价值 Social security value | 作为资源对农户具有保障价值 Security value for peasant households as resource | 市场替代法 Market replacement method | 用养老保险价值、就业保险价值或基本生活保障替代社会保障价值 Replacing social security value by endowment insurance value, employment insurance value or basic life security | |
社会稳定价值 Social stability value | 对国家具有保障粮食安全的价值 Food security value for state | 成本法/影子工程法 Cost method/shadow engineering method | 国家对占用耕地征收的费用和保护耕地投入的费用 Cost imposed on farmland occupation and spent on farmland protection by state | ||
发展权价值 Development rights value | 耕地资源自身发展价值 Self-development value of land resource | 市场替代法 Market replacement method | 耕地转为建设用地的增值 Added value of farmland converted into construction land | ||
社会价值[10] (分类2) Social value (Category 2) | 社会保障价值 Social security value | 基本生活保障价值 Basic life security value | 保障农民基本生活水平的价值 Security value of basic living standard of farmers | 市场替代法 Market replacement method | 养老保险价值 Endowment insurance value |
就业保障价值 Employment security value | 单位耕地面积就业保障价值 Employment security value per unit area of farmland | ||||
粮食安全价值 Food security value | 对国家具有保障粮食安全的价值 Food security value for state | 最低生活保障金额 Minimum living security amount | |||
生态价值[9] Ecological value | 耕地生态系统具有的生态价值 Ecological value for land ecosystem | 多种方法 Multiple methods | 与生态服务功能价值评估一致 Consistent with the assessment of ecological service function value |
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表2自然资源资产价值体系分类和价值评价方法
Table2.Value system classification and assessment methods of natural resource assets
1级指标 First-grade index | 2级指标 Second-grade index | 核算内容 Accounting contents | 核算方法 Accounting methods | |
自然资源资产总价值 Total value of natural resource assets | 实物资产 Physical assets | 植物性产品Plant products | 产品价值 Product value | 实物量价格核算:市场法、成本法、收益法、专家咨询法、综合法 Physical quantity price accounting: market method, cost method, income method, expert consultation method, integrated method |
动物性产品Animal products | ||||
矿产品Mineral products | ||||
已开发利用产能 Developed and utilized capacity | ||||
生态系统服务 Ecosystem services | 土壤保持 Soil conservation | 保持土壤肥力价值和减轻泥沙淤积价值 Value of soil fertility maintenance and sediment deposition reduction | 生态系统服务价格核算:市场价值法、费用支出法、替代工程法(影子工程法)、机会成本法、恢复费用法、支付意愿法 Ecosystem service price accounting: market price method, expenditure method, replacement engineering method (shadow engineering method), opportunity cost method, recovery cost method, willingness to pay method | |
涵养水源 Water conservation | 涵养水源价值 Value of water conservation | |||
净化水质 Water purification | 净化水质价值 Value of water purification | |||
固碳释氧 Carbon fixation and oxygen release | 生态系统固碳和产氧价值 Value of carbon fixation and oxygen production of ecosystem | |||
净化大气 Air purification | 生产负离子价值、吸收污染物价值和滞尘价值 Value of anion generation, pollutant absorption and dust absorption | |||
降低噪音 Noise reduction | 生态系统降低噪音价值 Value of noise reduction of ecosystem | |||
调节气候 Climate regulation | 植物蒸腾和水面蒸发价值 Value of plant transpiration and water surface evaporation | |||
洪水调蓄 Flood regulation | 湖泊调蓄和水库调蓄价值 Value of regulation and storage of lake and reservoir | |||
维持生物多样性 Biodiversity maintenance | 维持生物多样性价值 Value of biodiversity maintenance |
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表3Daily[18]和Costanza等[19]提出的生态系统服务功能
Table3.Ecosystem service functions proposed by Daily[18] and Costanza et al.[19]
Daily分类Classification of G. C. Daily | Costanza分类Classification of R. Costanza | ||||||
1级分类 First-grade classification | 2级分类 Second-grade classification | 3级分类 Third-grade classification | 生态系统服务 Ecosystem service | 生态系统功能 Ecosystem function | |||
产品生产 Production of goods | 食物Food | 大气调节 Gas regulation | 大气化学成分调节 Regulation of atmospheric chemical composition | ||||
药物Pharmaceuticals | — | ||||||
耐用材料Durable materials | — | 气候调节 Climate regulation | 全球或区域尺度温度、降水和其他生物介导气候过程的调节 Regulation of global temperature, precipitation, and other biologically mediated climatic processes at global or local levels | ||||
能源Energy | — | ||||||
耐用材料Durable materials | — | ||||||
工业产品Industrial products | — | 干扰调节 Disturbance regulation | 生态系统应对环境波动的容量、抗阻与完整性 Capacitance, damping and integrity of ecosystem response to environmental fluctuations | ||||
遗传资源Genetic resources | — | 水文调节 Water regulation | 水文流量调节 Regulation of hydrological ?ows | ||||
再生过程 Regeneration processes | 循环与过滤过程 Cycling and ?ltration processes | 垃圾分解与解毒作用 Detoxi?cation and decomposition of wastes | 水资源供给 Water supply | 水资源的储存与保持 Storage and retention of water | |||
土壤肥力的产生与更新 Generation and renewal of soil fertility | 控制水土流失与拦蓄泥沙 Erosion control and sediment retention | 生态系统中土壤的保持 Retention of soil within an ecosystem | |||||
水与空气的净化 Purification of water and air | 土壤形成 Soil formation | 成土过程 Soil formation process | |||||
运转过程 Translocation processes | 散播种子与恢复植被 Dispersal of seeds necessary for revegetation | 营养循环 Nutrient cycling | 营养素的储存、内部循环、加工与获取 Storage, internal cycling, processing and acquisition of nutrients | ||||
谷物与自然植被的传粉 Pollination of crops and natural vegetation | 废物处理 Waste reatment | 营养素的回收、去除或分解 Recovery of nutrients and removal or breakdown of excess or xenic nutrients and compounds | |||||
稳定过程 Stabilizing processes | 海岸与河道的稳定性 Coastal and river channel stability | — | 传粉 Pollination | 花配子的运动 Movement of floral gametes | |||
不同条件下的物种补偿 Compensation of one species for another under varying conditions | — | 生物控制 Biological control | 种群营养的动态规律 Trophic-dynamic regulations of populations | ||||
避难所 Refugia | 为居留与流动种群提供栖息地 Habitat for resident and transient populations | ||||||
对大多数潜在的农业害虫的控制 Control of the majority of potential pest species | — | ||||||
食物生产 Food production | 食物的初级生产总值 Gross primary production of food | ||||||
对极端天气的调节 Moderation of extreme weather | — | ||||||
原材料 Raw materials | 原材料的初级生产总值 Gross primary production of raw materials | ||||||
局域气候的稳定 Partial stabilization of climate | — | ||||||
遗传资源 Genetic resources | 独特生物材料与产品来源 Sources of unique biological materials and products | ||||||
水文循环调节 Regulation of hydrological cycle | — | ||||||
游憩Recreation | 为游憩活动提供机遇 Providing opportunities for recreational activities | ||||||
生命充盈功能 Life-ful?lling functions | 审美Aesthetic beauty | — | |||||
对文化、智慧与精神的启发 Cultural, intellectual, and spiritual inspiration | — | ||||||
文化Cultural | 为非商业用途提供机遇 Providing opportunities for non-commercial uses | ||||||
存在价值Existence value | — | ||||||
科学探索Scientific discovery | — | ||||||
平静Serenity | — |
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表4生态服务价值评价主要方法及其含义
Table4.Main methods and implications of ecosystem service value assessment
评价类型 Assessment type | 评价方法 Assessment method | 含义 Meanings | 举例 Example | 优势或不足 Advantage or disadvantage |
直接市场法 Direct marketing method | 费用支出法 Expenditure method | 人们对某种生态服务功能的支出费用 Payment for some ecological services | 旅游者支出费用总和=自然景观游憩价值 Total expenses of tourists = recreational value of natural landscape | 不反映消费者意愿从而不能真实反映生态服务价值 Failure to reflect authentic ecological service value due to failure to reflect the willingness of consumers |
市场价值法 Market price method | 可以交易, 具有市场价格的生态服务 Tradable ecological service with market price | 理论效果评价法, 环境损失评价法 Theoretical effect evaluation method, environmental loss assessment method | 价格偏差与应用局限 Price deviation and application limitation | |
净价法 Net value method | 市场价格减去平均利润再去掉成本费的净价值 Net value of market price minus average profit and cost | |||
替代市场法 Substitutable marketing method | 旅行费用法 Travel cost method | 评价“游憩产品”价值 Value evaluation of recreation products | 消费者剩余+旅行费用=游憩产品价值 Consumer surplus + travel expenses = value of recreation products | 反映消费者的实际支付意愿但影响因素复杂 Reflection of authentic willingness to pay with complex influential factors |
享乐价格法 Hedonic pricing method | 人们为享受优质环境所支付的价格差 Price difference paid for enjoyment of superior environment | 最低支付成本=环境质量价值 Minimum cost = value of environment quality | 人们认知差别大, 数据要求高, 易低估 Big cognitive differences among people, high requirements of data, easy to underestimate | |
替代成本法 Replacement cost method | 人工系统提供自然系统同功能/同效应的成本 Cost of artificial system providing the same function/effect as the natural system | 水库投资、运行、管理费用=水源涵养价值 Investment, operation and management of reservoir = water conservation value | 工程成本合理化和工程效果与自然的等价性 Rationalization of engineering cost, equivalence between engineering effect and nature | |
机会成本法 Opportunity cost method | 一种资源使用方式所放弃的潜在收益 Abandoned potential revenue due to a kind of resource utilization method | 土地开发边际机会成本=土地价值 Marginal opportunity cost of land development = value of land | ||
恢复/防护费用法 Recovery/ protective cost method | 恢复/补偿生态服务缺失带来的损害付出的费用 Cost paid for damage brought by lack of recovery/compensatory ecological service | 购买空气加湿器费用=空气调节价值 Purchase cost of air humidifier = value of air condition | 难以找到对服务功能的完全替代品 Hard to find a complete replacement for the service function | |
影子工程法 Shadow engineering method | 环境污染或破坏后的人工替代工程投资费用 Cost paid for artificial alternative engineering investment due to environment pollution or damage | 海湾污染后新公园建造费用=海湾休闲价值 Construction of new parks after pollution of harbor = value of harbor recreation | 不考虑效益因素和激励作用, 替代工程不唯一 Benefits and incentives are not considered, and alternative engineering works are non-unique | |
人力资本法 Human capital method | 环境恶化对人体健康造成的经济损失 Economic loss of human health due to environmental degradation | 以市场价格、工资衡量 Measured by market price and salary | ||
模拟市场法 Simulated market method | 条件价值法 Contingent valuation method | 以人们支付意愿估算生态服务经济价值 Estimating the economic value of ecological service based on people’s willingness to pay | 景区门票支付意愿=景区非使用价值 Willingness to pay for tickets of scenic spots = non-use value of scenic spots | 主观性影响因素多, 偏差大 Many subjective factors, big deviation |
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表5重要农业文化遗产价值核算方法
Table5.Value accounting methods of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS)
价值类型 Value type | 应用方法 Application method | 可能计算途径 Possible accounting path | ||
载体价值 Carrier value | — | 成本法 Cost method | 土地征收补偿标准(最低市场价格)×土地面积 Compensation standard for land acquisition (minimum market price) × land area | |
产品价值 Product value | 直接产品价值 Direct product value | 市场价值法 Market price method | 产品市场价格×产量 Product market price × output | |
间接产品价值 Indirect product value | 费用支出法 Expenditure method | 旅游者支出费用总和 Total expenses of tourists | ||
旅行费用法 Travel cost method | 消费者剩余+旅行费用 Consumer surplus + travel expenses | |||
支付意愿法 Willing to pay method | 消费者游憩支付意愿 Consumers’ willing to pay for recreation | |||
生物多样性价值 Biodiversity value | 多样性指数法 Diversity index method | 利用Shannon-Wiener指数测算 Accounting by Shannon-Wiener Index | ||
机会成本法 Opportunity cost method | 生态系统转为他用的受益 Benefits of ecosystem conversion to other uses | |||
支付意愿法 Willing to pay method | 人们对维持生物多样性的支付意愿 People’s willing to pay for biodiversity maintenance | |||
生态服务价值 Eco-service value | 固碳释氧价值 Value of carbon fixation and oxygen release | 市场价值法 Market price method | CO2固定量×碳税率 CO2 fixation amount × carbon tax rate | |
替代成本法 Replacement cost method | O2释放量×工业制氧成本 O2 release amount × cost of industrial oxygen production | |||
气候调节价值 Climate regulation value | 费用支出法 Expenditure method | 湿地吸收热量×电费 Wetland heat absorption amount × electricity fees | ||
水源涵养价值 Water conservation value | 影子工程法 Shadow engineering method | 涵养水源量×影子水库造价 Water conservation amount × shadow reservoir cost | ||
水源净化价值 Water resource purification value | 费用支出法 Expenditure method | 涵养水源量×净化水质价格 Water conservation amount × purified water price | ||
空气净化价值 Air purification value | 防护费用法 Protection cost method | 污染物吸收实物量×污染物削减的工程成本 Physical absorption amount of pollutants × engineering cost of pollutant reduction | ||
水质净化价值 Water quality purification value | 费用支出法 Expenditure method | 净化水体化学需氧量×污水处理厂单位处理成本 Chemical oxygen demand amount of purified water × treatment cost of sewage treatment plant per unit volume | ||
防风固沙价值 Value of windbreak and sand fixation | 防护费用法 Protection cost method | 防风固沙林面积×防风固沙林造价 Area of windbreak and sand fixation forest × cost of windbreak and sand fixation forest | ||
土壤保持价值 Soil retention value | 替代成本法 Replacement cost method | 减少泥沙淤积量×挖取单位体积土方费用 Reduction amount of sediment deposition × cost of excavation per unit volume | ||
费用支出法 Expenditure method | 减少养分流失量×化肥市场价格 Reduction amount of nutrient loss × fertilizer market price | |||
机会成本法 Opportunity cost method | 减少侵蚀土壤面积×单位面积土地正常收益 Reduction area of soil erosion × normal land income per unit area | |||
病虫害防控价值 Pest control value | 防护成本法 Protection cost method | 农田面积×单位面积生态系统用于防治病虫害的成本 Area of farmland × cost for pest control per unit area of ecosystem | ||
科技价值 Sci-tech value | 科学价值 Scientific value | 费用支出法 Expenditure method | 科研项目立项经费、科普宣教经费、科技出版经费等 Scientific research project approval funds, science popularization and education funds, science and technology publishing funds, etc. | |
技术价值 Technical value | 替代成本法 Replacement cost method | 没有使用传统技术而需要投入的成本 Cost of not using traditional technology | ||
社会价值 Social value | 宣教价值 Education value | 费用支出法 Expenditure method | 宣教经费、科技出版经费等 Propaganda and education funds, science and technology publishing funds, etc. | |
旅行费用法 Travel cost method | 学生参访、实习费用 Student visit and internship expenses | |||
示范价值 Demonstration value | 费用支出法 Expenditure method | 遗产地互访、管理培训会议费用 Expenses of exchange visits and management training meetings among IAHS sites | ||
社会稳定价值 Social stability value | 条件价值法 Contingent valuation method | 个人医疗成本、集体管理成本 Cost of individual medical treatment and collective management | ||
替代市场法 Replacement market method | 失业保障 Unemployment insurance | |||
社会发展价值 Social development value | 市场价值法 Market price method | 就业岗位数量×单位岗位平均工资 Number of jobs × average salary per position | ||
审美价值 Aesthetic value | 审美感知价值 Aesthetic perception value | 支付意愿法 Willing to pay method | 问卷调查 Questionnaire investigation | |
审美体验价值 Aesthetic experience value | 支付意愿法 Willing to pay method | 问卷调查 Questionnaire investigation | ||
审美理想价值 Aesthetic ideal value | 支付意愿法 Willing to pay method | 问卷调查 Questionnaire investigation | ||
文化价值 Cultural value | 文化多样性价值 Cultural diversity value | 支付意愿法 Willing to pay method | 支付意愿+经费投入 Willing to pay + input funds | |
文化传承价值 Cultural heritage value | 支付意愿法 Willing to pay method | 支付意愿+经费投入 Willing to pay + input funds | ||
文化特色价值 Cultural uniqueness value | 支付意愿法 Willing to pay method | 问卷调查 Questionnaire investigation | ||
历史价值 Historical value | 历史传承价值 Historical inheritance value | 市场价值法 Market price method | 计算在产品价值中 Calculated in product value | |
历史反映价值 Historical reflection value | 费用支出法 Expenditure method | 出版物价值 Publication value | ||
历史证实价值 Historical confirmation value | 费用支出法Expenditure method | 出版物价值 Publication value | ||
历史补全价值 Historical completion value | 费用支出法 Expenditure method | 出版物价值 Publication value | ||
精神价值 Spiritual value | 宗教信仰价值 Religious belief value | 支付意愿法、市场价值法 Willing to pay method, market price method | 在文化价值与产品价值中测算 Accounted in cultural value and product value | |
情感表达价值 Emotional expression value | 支付意愿法 Willing to pay method | 在审美价值与历史价值中测算 Accounted in aesthetic value and historical value | ||
思想价值 Ideological value | 专家评分法 Expert grading method | 根据评定得到的相对价值系数进行主观赋值 Subjective evaluation based on a relative value coefficient | ||
文化认同价值 Cultural identity value | 补偿意愿法 Willing to compensate method | 问卷调查 Questionnaire investigation | ||
品牌价值 Brand value | 遗产品牌价值 Heritage brand value | 品牌权益法 Brand equity method | 基于价格的遗产地品牌经验增值系数×直接产品价值 Brand experience added-coefficient based on price × direct product value |
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参考文献
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