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重要农业文化遗产价值体系构建及评估(Ⅰ):价值体系构建与评价方法研究

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01

何思源1,,
闵庆文1, 2,,,
李禾尧1, 2,
刘某承1,
焦雯珺1,
白艳莹1
1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 北京 100101
2.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0506404)、农业农村部国际交流合作项目(12200020)和农村社会事业发展项目(09205006)资助

详细信息
作者简介:何思源, 主要研究方向为社会-生态系统动态与保护地社区协同发展。E-mail:hesy@igsnrr.ac.cn
通讯作者:闵庆文, 主要研究方向为生态农业与农业文化遗产、国家公园与自然保护地体系。E-mail:minqw@igsnrr.ac.cn
中图分类号:S-1;[S-9]

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-12-15
录用日期:2020-01-28
刊出日期:2020-09-01

Value typology and evaluation of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

HE Siyuan1,,
MIN Qingwen1, 2,,,
LI Heyao1, 2,
LIU Moucheng1,
JIAO Wenjun1,
BAI Yanying1
1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Funds:This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0506404), the International Cooperation Project (12200020) and the Rural Social Development Project (09205006) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China

More Information
Corresponding author:MIN Qingwen, E-mail: minqw@igsnrr.ac.cn


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摘要
摘要:重要农业文化遗产是一类典型的资源可持续利用保护地,其水土管理方式、知识体系、文化内涵等对于协调社区生计与生态保护具有积极作用。这类传统生计区域往往与自然保护地毗邻或在其范围内,对其蕴含的价值进行识别与保护,不仅是提升农业文化遗产管理的诉求,也能够支持自然保护地体系优化与功能区划管理。本研究对重要农业文化遗产价值进行系统识别,基于农业文化遗产的广义概念与全球重要农业文化遗产的狭义概念,借鉴多类型自然保护地与世界遗产、生态系统服务功能、自然资源资产等价值体系,从农业文化遗产的复合性、活态性与战略性特点出发,把握其核心价值,构建重要农业文化遗产的价值体系。在充分吸收生态系统服务价值评估、自然资源资产价值核算、自然文化遗产价值评估、品牌价值评估等定量或定性评价方法的基础上,提出一套完整的重要农业文化遗产货币价值评价方法。以系统科学和可持续发展理论为基础,重要农业文化遗产价值主要包括存在价值和潜在价值,其中存在价值以载体价值和服务价值为核心,服务价值则可细分为产品价值、生态价值、社会价值等9类,25个具体指标。研究进一步提出存在价值的评价方法与潜在指标可能测算路径。构建的重要农业文化遗产价值体系以及所提出的评价方法,可为以价值保护为基础进行农业文化遗产管理提供理论依据,为管理决策者在区域保护与发展协调决策中提供科学基础。
关键词:重要农业文化遗产/
全球重要农业文化遗产/
价值体系/
价值评估/
自然保护地/
国家公园
Abstract:Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) is regarded as a typical reserve for the sustainable utilization of natural resources. It is comprised of unique land-use systems and agricultural landscapes formed by long-term co-evolution and dynamic adaptation of rural communities and their environment. IAHS sites are rich in biodiversity and support of local socio-economic and cultural development. They also play a positive role in coordinating community livelihoods and ecological protection through their soil and water management strategies, knowledge systems, and cultural connotations. Therefore, it is of great significance to assess the value of IAHS for adaptive IAHS management per se, as well as optimizing the protected area system and its zoning-based management according to human-environment interactions. Our study first reviewed the value systems of related concepts, focusing on natural resource assets, ecosystem functions and services, and various types of natural and cultural heritage to generalize the value typology and assessment methods for heritage systems and their key elements. We then examined the uniqueness of IAHS based on our understanding of the general agricultural heritage systems (AHS) and the more specific Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) to ensure that characteristics such as complexity, vitality, and strategy were fully reflected in the value system. IAHS is comprised of both material and non-material parts. Its' complexity indicates the assimilation of values from natural and cultural heritage, as well as cultural landscapes. Vitality implies the system's dynamics based on its historical and current value as an adaptive system. Strategy defines the positive externality of IAHS towards people beyond its local area, determining its contribution to regional and global sustainable development strategies. Afterwards, the value typology of IAHS was proposed. The value system was firstly divided into existence and potential values to reflect the impact of IAHS on the current and future generation. The existence value was further separated into carrier and service values. The carrier value is the intrinsic value based on the physical formation of agricultural land as an asset stock during its historical period. The service value is the measure of flow from the stock. It is composed of nine values, namely the product value, ecological value, sci-tech value, social value, aesthetic value, cultural value, historical value, spiritual value, and brand value, and is further divided to 25 value elements at the lowest level. We also proposed possible evaluation methods and statistical approaches targeting at potential indicators of the existence value to obtain the monetary value of certain IAHS to better implement this multi-layered value system in policy making and conservation management. Key methods were selected from practices that evaluated ecosystem services, farmland, and natural resources, including the direct marketing method, substitutable marketing method, and simulated market method. Non-material value elements, which usually were only valued quantitatively, were discussed to determine the difficulty and possibility of quantitative accounting. As a result, the value typology can help managers identify IAHS conservation focal points according to the value connotation. The existence value must be well preserved. The potential value should be further studied. The conservation of the carrier value is mainly dependent on local farmland protection. Some service values benefiting large areas are better protected via regional cooperation. As a result, this research revealed the values embedded in human-environment interactions in the IAHS and interpreted their importance in maintaining a harmony between human and environment; thus providing a theoretical basis for spatial integration and management optimization of protected areas, as well as coordinative decision-making for regional conservation and development. It also provided a whole set of value systems and evaluation methods for the monetary value of IAHS; synthesized from quantitative or qualitative methods used in ecosystem services, natural resources assets, natural and cultural heritages, and brands.
Key words:Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS)/
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)/
Value system/
Value evaluation/
Natural reserve/
National park

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图1重要农业文化遗产价值体系
Figure1.Value typology of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS)


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表1耕地资源价值体系分类和价值评价方法
Table1.Classification and assessment methods of arable land resources value
第1层
First level
第2层
Second level
第3层
Third level
含义
Meanings
测算方法
Accounting method
测算思路
Accounting approach
经济价值[9]
Economic value
耕地肥力产出粮食或经济作物形成的价值
Values of grain or cash crops produced from land with certain fertility
收益还原法
Income capitalization method
测算正常市场条件下农业所得的纯收益
Measuring the net agriculture income under normal market conditions
社会价值[9]
(分类1)
Social value
(Category 1)
社会保障价值
Social security value
作为资源对农户具有保障价值
Security value for peasant households as resource
市场替代法
Market replacement method
用养老保险价值、就业保险价值或基本生活保障替代社会保障价值
Replacing social security value by endowment insurance value, employment insurance value or basic life security
社会稳定价值
Social stability value
对国家具有保障粮食安全的价值
Food security value for state
成本法/影子工程法
Cost method/shadow engineering method
国家对占用耕地征收的费用和保护耕地投入的费用
Cost imposed on farmland occupation and spent on farmland protection by state
发展权价值
Development rights value
耕地资源自身发展价值
Self-development value of land resource
市场替代法
Market replacement method
耕地转为建设用地的增值
Added value of farmland converted into construction land
社会价值[10]
(分类2)
Social value
(Category 2)
社会保障价值
Social security value
基本生活保障价值
Basic life security value
保障农民基本生活水平的价值
Security value of basic living standard of farmers
市场替代法
Market replacement method
养老保险价值
Endowment insurance value
就业保障价值
Employment security value
单位耕地面积就业保障价值
Employment security value per unit area of farmland
粮食安全价值
Food security value
对国家具有保障粮食安全的价值
Food security value for state
最低生活保障金额
Minimum living security amount
生态价值[9]
Ecological value
耕地生态系统具有的生态价值
Ecological value for land ecosystem
多种方法
Multiple methods
与生态服务功能价值评估一致
Consistent with the assessment of ecological service function value


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表2自然资源资产价值体系分类和价值评价方法
Table2.Value system classification and assessment methods of natural resource assets
1级指标
First-grade index
2级指标
Second-grade index
核算内容
Accounting contents
核算方法
Accounting methods
自然资源资产总价值
Total value of natural resource assets
实物资产
Physical assets
植物性产品Plant products产品价值
Product value
实物量价格核算:市场法、成本法、收益法、专家咨询法、综合法
Physical quantity price accounting: market method, cost method, income method, expert consultation method, integrated method
动物性产品Animal products
矿产品Mineral products
已开发利用产能
Developed and utilized capacity
生态系统服务
Ecosystem services
土壤保持
Soil conservation
保持土壤肥力价值和减轻泥沙淤积价值
Value of soil fertility maintenance and sediment deposition reduction
生态系统服务价格核算:市场价值法、费用支出法、替代工程法(影子工程法)、机会成本法、恢复费用法、支付意愿法
Ecosystem service price accounting: market price method, expenditure method, replacement engineering method (shadow engineering method), opportunity cost method, recovery cost method, willingness to pay method
涵养水源
Water conservation
涵养水源价值
Value of water conservation
净化水质
Water purification
净化水质价值
Value of water purification
固碳释氧
Carbon fixation and oxygen release
生态系统固碳和产氧价值
Value of carbon fixation and oxygen production of ecosystem
净化大气
Air purification
生产负离子价值、吸收污染物价值和滞尘价值
Value of anion generation, pollutant absorption and dust absorption
降低噪音
Noise reduction
生态系统降低噪音价值
Value of noise reduction of ecosystem
调节气候
Climate regulation
植物蒸腾和水面蒸发价值
Value of plant transpiration and water surface evaporation
洪水调蓄
Flood regulation
湖泊调蓄和水库调蓄价值
Value of regulation and storage of lake and reservoir
维持生物多样性
Biodiversity maintenance
维持生物多样性价值
Value of biodiversity maintenance


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表3Daily[18]和Costanza等[19]提出的生态系统服务功能
Table3.Ecosystem service functions proposed by Daily[18] and Costanza et al.[19]
Daily分类Classification of G. C. DailyCostanza分类Classification of R. Costanza
1级分类
First-grade classification
2级分类
Second-grade classification
3级分类
Third-grade classification
生态系统服务
Ecosystem service
生态系统功能
Ecosystem function
产品生产
Production of goods
食物Food大气调节
Gas regulation
大气化学成分调节
Regulation of atmospheric chemical composition
药物Pharmaceuticals
耐用材料Durable materials气候调节
Climate regulation
全球或区域尺度温度、降水和其他生物介导气候过程的调节
Regulation of global temperature, precipitation, and other biologically mediated climatic processes at global or local levels
能源Energy
耐用材料Durable materials
工业产品Industrial products干扰调节
Disturbance regulation
生态系统应对环境波动的容量、抗阻与完整性
Capacitance, damping and integrity of ecosystem response to environmental fluctuations
遗传资源Genetic resources水文调节
Water regulation
水文流量调节
Regulation of hydrological ?ows
再生过程
Regeneration processes
循环与过滤过程
Cycling and ?ltration processes
垃圾分解与解毒作用
Detoxi?cation and decomposition of wastes
水资源供给
Water supply
水资源的储存与保持
Storage and retention of water
土壤肥力的产生与更新
Generation and renewal of soil fertility
控制水土流失与拦蓄泥沙
Erosion control and sediment retention
生态系统中土壤的保持
Retention of soil within an ecosystem
水与空气的净化
Purification of water and air
土壤形成
Soil formation
成土过程
Soil formation process
运转过程
Translocation processes
散播种子与恢复植被
Dispersal of seeds necessary for revegetation
营养循环
Nutrient cycling
营养素的储存、内部循环、加工与获取
Storage, internal cycling, processing and acquisition of nutrients
谷物与自然植被的传粉
Pollination of crops and natural vegetation
废物处理
Waste reatment
营养素的回收、去除或分解
Recovery of nutrients and removal or breakdown of excess or xenic nutrients and compounds
稳定过程
Stabilizing processes
海岸与河道的稳定性
Coastal and river channel stability
传粉
Pollination
花配子的运动
Movement of floral gametes
不同条件下的物种补偿
Compensation of one species for another under varying conditions
生物控制
Biological control
种群营养的动态规律
Trophic-dynamic regulations of populations
避难所
Refugia
为居留与流动种群提供栖息地
Habitat for resident and transient populations
对大多数潜在的农业害虫的控制
Control of the majority of potential pest species
食物生产
Food production
食物的初级生产总值
Gross primary production of food
对极端天气的调节
Moderation of extreme weather
原材料
Raw materials
原材料的初级生产总值
Gross primary production of raw materials
局域气候的稳定
Partial stabilization of climate
遗传资源
Genetic resources
独特生物材料与产品来源
Sources of unique biological materials and products
水文循环调节
Regulation of hydrological cycle
游憩Recreation为游憩活动提供机遇
Providing opportunities for recreational activities
生命充盈功能
Life-ful?lling functions
审美Aesthetic beauty
对文化、智慧与精神的启发
Cultural, intellectual, and spiritual inspiration
文化Cultural为非商业用途提供机遇
Providing opportunities for non-commercial uses
存在价值Existence value
科学探索Scientific discovery
平静Serenity


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表4生态服务价值评价主要方法及其含义
Table4.Main methods and implications of ecosystem service value assessment
评价类型
Assessment type
评价方法
Assessment method
含义
Meanings
举例
Example
优势或不足
Advantage or disadvantage
直接市场法
Direct marketing method
费用支出法
Expenditure method
人们对某种生态服务功能的支出费用
Payment for some ecological services
旅游者支出费用总和=自然景观游憩价值
Total expenses of tourists = recreational value of natural landscape
不反映消费者意愿从而不能真实反映生态服务价值
Failure to reflect authentic ecological service value due to failure to reflect the willingness of consumers
市场价值法
Market price method
可以交易, 具有市场价格的生态服务
Tradable ecological service with market price
理论效果评价法, 环境损失评价法
Theoretical effect evaluation method, environmental loss assessment method
价格偏差与应用局限
Price deviation and application limitation
净价法
Net value method
市场价格减去平均利润再去掉成本费的净价值
Net value of market price minus average profit and cost
替代市场法
Substitutable marketing method
旅行费用法
Travel cost method
评价“游憩产品”价值
Value evaluation of recreation products
消费者剩余+旅行费用=游憩产品价值
Consumer surplus + travel expenses = value of recreation products
反映消费者的实际支付意愿但影响因素复杂
Reflection of authentic willingness to pay with complex influential factors
享乐价格法
Hedonic pricing method
人们为享受优质环境所支付的价格差
Price difference paid for enjoyment of superior environment
最低支付成本=环境质量价值
Minimum cost = value of environment quality
人们认知差别大, 数据要求高, 易低估
Big cognitive differences among people, high requirements of data, easy to underestimate
替代成本法
Replacement cost method
人工系统提供自然系统同功能/同效应的成本
Cost of artificial system providing the same function/effect as the natural system
水库投资、运行、管理费用=水源涵养价值
Investment, operation and management of reservoir = water conservation value
工程成本合理化和工程效果与自然的等价性
Rationalization of engineering cost, equivalence between engineering effect and nature
机会成本法
Opportunity cost method
一种资源使用方式所放弃的潜在收益
Abandoned potential revenue due to a kind of resource utilization method
土地开发边际机会成本=土地价值
Marginal opportunity cost of land development = value of land
恢复/防护费用法
Recovery/
protective cost method
恢复/补偿生态服务缺失带来的损害付出的费用
Cost paid for damage brought by lack of recovery/compensatory ecological service
购买空气加湿器费用=空气调节价值
Purchase cost of air humidifier = value of air condition
难以找到对服务功能的完全替代品
Hard to find a complete replacement for the service function
影子工程法
Shadow engineering method
环境污染或破坏后的人工替代工程投资费用
Cost paid for artificial alternative engineering investment due to environment pollution or damage
海湾污染后新公园建造费用=海湾休闲价值
Construction of new parks after pollution of harbor = value of harbor recreation
不考虑效益因素和激励作用, 替代工程不唯一
Benefits and incentives are not considered, and alternative engineering works are non-unique
人力资本法
Human capital method
环境恶化对人体健康造成的经济损失
Economic loss of human health due to environmental degradation
以市场价格、工资衡量
Measured by market price and salary
模拟市场法
Simulated market method
条件价值法
Contingent valuation method
以人们支付意愿估算生态服务经济价值
Estimating the economic value of ecological service based on people’s willingness to pay
景区门票支付意愿=景区非使用价值
Willingness to pay for tickets of scenic spots = non-use value of scenic spots
主观性影响因素多, 偏差大
Many subjective factors, big deviation


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表5重要农业文化遗产价值核算方法
Table5.Value accounting methods of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS)
价值类型
Value type
应用方法
Application method
可能计算途径
Possible accounting path
载体价值
Carrier value
成本法
Cost method
土地征收补偿标准(最低市场价格)×土地面积
Compensation standard for land acquisition (minimum market price) × land area
产品价值
Product value
直接产品价值
Direct product value
市场价值法
Market price method
产品市场价格×产量
Product market price × output
间接产品价值
Indirect product value
费用支出法
Expenditure method
旅游者支出费用总和
Total expenses of tourists
旅行费用法
Travel cost method
消费者剩余+旅行费用
Consumer surplus + travel expenses
支付意愿法
Willing to pay method
消费者游憩支付意愿
Consumers’ willing to pay for recreation
生物多样性价值
Biodiversity value
多样性指数法
Diversity index method
利用Shannon-Wiener指数测算
Accounting by Shannon-Wiener Index
机会成本法
Opportunity cost method
生态系统转为他用的受益
Benefits of ecosystem conversion to other uses
支付意愿法
Willing to pay method
人们对维持生物多样性的支付意愿
People’s willing to pay for biodiversity maintenance
生态服务价值
Eco-service value
固碳释氧价值
Value of carbon fixation and oxygen release
市场价值法
Market price method
CO2固定量×碳税率
CO2 fixation amount × carbon tax rate
替代成本法
Replacement cost method
O2释放量×工业制氧成本
O2 release amount × cost of industrial oxygen production
气候调节价值
Climate regulation value
费用支出法
Expenditure method
湿地吸收热量×电费
Wetland heat absorption amount × electricity fees
水源涵养价值
Water conservation value
影子工程法
Shadow engineering method
涵养水源量×影子水库造价
Water conservation amount × shadow reservoir cost
水源净化价值
Water resource purification value
费用支出法
Expenditure method
涵养水源量×净化水质价格
Water conservation amount × purified water price
空气净化价值
Air purification value
防护费用法
Protection cost method
污染物吸收实物量×污染物削减的工程成本
Physical absorption amount of pollutants × engineering cost of pollutant reduction
水质净化价值
Water quality purification value
费用支出法
Expenditure method
净化水体化学需氧量×污水处理厂单位处理成本
Chemical oxygen demand amount of purified water × treatment cost of sewage treatment plant per unit volume
防风固沙价值
Value of windbreak and sand fixation
防护费用法
Protection cost method
防风固沙林面积×防风固沙林造价
Area of windbreak and sand fixation forest × cost of windbreak and sand fixation forest
土壤保持价值
Soil retention value
替代成本法
Replacement cost method
减少泥沙淤积量×挖取单位体积土方费用
Reduction amount of sediment deposition × cost of excavation per unit volume
费用支出法
Expenditure method
减少养分流失量×化肥市场价格
Reduction amount of nutrient loss × fertilizer market price
机会成本法
Opportunity cost method
减少侵蚀土壤面积×单位面积土地正常收益
Reduction area of soil erosion × normal land income per unit area
病虫害防控价值
Pest control value
防护成本法
Protection cost method
农田面积×单位面积生态系统用于防治病虫害的成本
Area of farmland × cost for pest control per unit area of ecosystem
科技价值
Sci-tech value
科学价值
Scientific value
费用支出法
Expenditure method
科研项目立项经费、科普宣教经费、科技出版经费等
Scientific research project approval funds, science popularization and education funds, science and technology publishing funds, etc.
技术价值
Technical value
替代成本法
Replacement cost method
没有使用传统技术而需要投入的成本
Cost of not using traditional technology
社会价值
Social value
宣教价值
Education value
费用支出法
Expenditure method
宣教经费、科技出版经费等
Propaganda and education funds, science and technology publishing funds, etc.
旅行费用法
Travel cost method
学生参访、实习费用
Student visit and internship expenses
示范价值
Demonstration value
费用支出法
Expenditure method
遗产地互访、管理培训会议费用
Expenses of exchange visits and management training meetings among IAHS sites
社会稳定价值
Social stability value
条件价值法
Contingent valuation method
个人医疗成本、集体管理成本
Cost of individual medical treatment and collective management
替代市场法
Replacement market method
失业保障
Unemployment insurance
社会发展价值
Social development value
市场价值法
Market price method
就业岗位数量×单位岗位平均工资
Number of jobs × average salary per position
审美价值
Aesthetic value
审美感知价值
Aesthetic perception value
支付意愿法
Willing to pay method
问卷调查
Questionnaire investigation
审美体验价值
Aesthetic experience value
支付意愿法
Willing to pay method
问卷调查
Questionnaire investigation
审美理想价值
Aesthetic ideal value
支付意愿法
Willing to pay method
问卷调查
Questionnaire investigation
文化价值
Cultural value
文化多样性价值
Cultural diversity value
支付意愿法
Willing to pay method
支付意愿+经费投入
Willing to pay + input funds
文化传承价值
Cultural heritage value
支付意愿法
Willing to pay method
支付意愿+经费投入
Willing to pay + input funds
文化特色价值
Cultural uniqueness value
支付意愿法
Willing to pay method
问卷调查
Questionnaire investigation
历史价值
Historical value
历史传承价值
Historical inheritance value
市场价值法
Market price method
计算在产品价值中
Calculated in product value
历史反映价值
Historical reflection value
费用支出法
Expenditure method
出版物价值
Publication value
历史证实价值
Historical confirmation value
费用支出法Expenditure method出版物价值
Publication value
历史补全价值
Historical completion value
费用支出法
Expenditure method
出版物价值
Publication value
精神价值
Spiritual value
宗教信仰价值
Religious belief value
支付意愿法、市场价值法
Willing to pay method, market price method
在文化价值与产品价值中测算
Accounted in cultural value and product value
情感表达价值
Emotional expression value
支付意愿法
Willing to pay method
在审美价值与历史价值中测算
Accounted in aesthetic value and historical value
思想价值
Ideological value
专家评分法
Expert grading method
根据评定得到的相对价值系数进行主观赋值
Subjective evaluation based on a relative value coefficient
文化认同价值
Cultural identity value
补偿意愿法
Willing to compensate method
问卷调查
Questionnaire investigation
品牌价值
Brand value
遗产品牌价值
Heritage brand value
品牌权益法
Brand equity method
基于价格的遗产地品牌经验增值系数×直接产品价值
Brand experience added-coefficient based on price × direct product value


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参考文献(66)
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