胡瞒瞒^{1, 2,},
董文旭¹,
王文岩¹,
GokulGaudel^{1, 2},
PeterMosongo^{1, 2},
胡春胜^{1, 2,,}
1.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/河北省土壤生态学重点实验室 石家庄 050022
2.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2018YFC0213300
国家重点研发计划项目2017YFD0800601
国家自然基金项目31570442

详细信息

作者简介:胡瞒瞒, 主要研究方向为农田生态系统氨减排。E-mail:2572083047@qq.com

通讯作者:胡春胜, 主要从事农田生态系统碳氮水循环和土壤生态过程研究。E-mail:cshu@sjziam.ac.cn

中图分类号:S143.1

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-04-17
录用日期:2020-07-29
刊出日期:2020-12-01

The effects of deep application of nitrogen fertilization on ammonia volatilization in a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain

HU Manman^{1, 2,},
DONG Wenxu¹,
WANG Wenyan¹,
Gokul Gaudel^{1, 2},
Peter Mosongo^{1, 2},
HU Chunsheng^{1, 2,,}
1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Funds: the National Key R&D Program of China2018YFC0213300
the National Key R&D Program of China2017YFD0800601
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31570442

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Corresponding author:HU Chunsheng, E-mail:cshu@sjziam.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:氮肥深施能有效减少土壤氨挥发，然而目前国内外关于小麦-玉米轮作体系氮肥深施缺乏周年系统性研究。本试验于2018年10月—2019年10月在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站小麦-玉米轮作农田进行，利用动态箱法研究不同深施模式氨挥发损失率、氨挥发特征，旨在探讨冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系下土壤氨排放对氮肥深施的响应，为减少农业源氨排放和优化农田施肥提供理论依据。试验设置5个处理：不施肥(CK)、常规肥料表施(T₁)、缓释肥表施(T₂)、缓释肥基追肥分层深施(T₃)、缓释肥一次性分层深施(T₄)。结果表明：氨挥发主要发生在玉米追肥季，占全年氨挥发量的84.84%；T₁、T₂、T₃和T₄处理的周年氨挥发累积量分别为22.75 kg·hm^-2、6.17 kg·hm^-2、2.25 kg·hm^-2和0.55 kg·hm^-2，分别占总施肥量的4.86%、1.32%、0.48%和0.13%。与常规肥料表施(T₁)相比，缓释肥处理(T₂、T₃和T₄)分别降低72.88%、90.11%和97.32%的氨挥发损失；一次性深施处理(T₄)能避开土壤氨高挥发期，周年氨挥发累积量与不施肥处理(0.43 kg·hm^-2)没有显著差异，且显著低于表施处理。CK、T₁、T₂、T₃和T₄全年产量分别为8.31 t·hm^-2、13.20 t·hm^-2、12.66 t·hm^-2、14.42 t·hm^-2和14.22 t·hm^-2；与常规肥料表施(T₁)相比，缓释肥深施(T₃和T₄)均可提高作物产量，分别增产9.25%和7.75%。而缓释肥表施(T₂)产量略有降低。综合考虑土壤氨排放和作物产量，缓释肥表施(T₂)可以显著降低土壤氨挥发，但是作物产量不稳定；而氮肥深施(T₃、T₄)能在保证作物高产的基础上显著降低土壤氨排放，是一种高效、简便、环境友好的施肥方式。
关键词:氨挥发/
氮肥深施/
单位产量氨排放强度/
缓释肥/
冬小麦-夏玉米轮作
Abstract:The deep application of nitrogen fertilizers can reduce soil ammonia volatilization, but no annual systematic study in a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system exists. Nitrogen fertilizer was deeply applied to soil from a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system to determine the effects on ammonia emissions and optimize farmland fertilization. Five treatments were used from October 2018 to October 2019:no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilizer surface-application (T₁), slow-release fertilizer surface-application (T₂), twice layered deep-application of slow-release fertilizer (T₃), and single layered deep-application of slow-release fertilizer (T₄). Ammonia volatilization primarily occurred in the corn top-dressing season and accounted for 84.84% of the annual ammonia volatilization. The cumulative amounts of annual ammonia volatiles were 22.75 (T₁), 6.17 (T₂), 2.25 (T₃), and 0.55 kg·hm^-2(T₄), accounting for 4.86%, 1.32%, 0.48%, and 0.16% of the total fertilizer application, respectively. The slow-release fertilizer treatments reduced the ammonia volatilization loss by 72.88% (T₂), 90.11% (T₃), and 96.30% (T₄) compared to T₁. The single deep application treatment (T₄) avoided the summertime high soil ammonia volatilization period, and the cumulative annual ammonia emissions were comparable to the unfertilized emissions (0.43 kg·hm^-2). The annual yields were 8.31 (CK), 13.20 (T₁), 12.66 (T₂), 14.42 (T₃), 14.22 (T₄) t·hm^-2; and compared with T₁, the slow-release fertilizer deep application increased the crop yield by 9.25% (T₃) and 7.75% (T₄). The surface application of slow-release fertilizer (T₂) slightly decreased the yield but significantly reduced the ammonia volatilization amount. In conclusion, the deep application of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer improved crop yield and reduced soil ammonia emissions, and was shown to be a simple, efficient, and environment-friendly fertilization method.
Key words:Ammonia volatilization/
Nitrogen deep application/
Ammonia discharge per unit output/
Slow-release fertilizer/
Winter wheat-summer maize rotation

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图1不同施肥处理下冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系不同施肥时期氨挥发通量变化(a、b、c、d分别为小麦底肥、小麦追肥、玉米底肥、玉米追肥氨挥发通量变化情况; CK、T₁、T₂、T₃、T₄含义见表 1)
Figure1.Variations of ammonia volatilization fluxes in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system at different fertilization periods under different treatments (figure a, b, c and d show the changes of ammonia volatilization fluxes of base-fertilizer of wheat season, top-fertilizer of wheat season, base-fertilizer of maize season and top-fertilizer of maize season. The meanings of CK, T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄ are shown in the table 1.)


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图2冬小麦季和夏玉米季施肥后表层土壤NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和pH变化情况(图a、b、c为小麦底肥, d、e、f为小麦追肥, g、h、i为玉米底肥, j、k、l为玉米追肥)
CK、T1、T2、T3和T4含义见表 1。
Figure2.Changes in NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N and pH of surface soil after fertilization in winter wheat season and summer maize season (figure a, b and c show the base fertilization of winter wheat; figure d, e and f show the top dressing of winter wheat; figure g, h and i show the base fertilization of summer maize; figure j, k and l show the top dressing of summer maize)
The meanings of CK, T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄ are shown in the table 1.


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表1不同处理的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系施肥方式及施肥量
Table1.Fertilizer types, fertilization patterns and rates of winter wheat-summer maize rotation system of different treatments

处理 Treatment	肥料种类和施氮量Fertilizer type and rate
	冬小麦季Winter wheat season			夏玉米季Summer maize season
	底肥Base fertilizer	追肥Top-dressing		底肥Base fertilizer	追肥Top-dressing
不施肥Control (CK)	—	—		—	—
常规肥料表施 Surface application of conventional fertilizers (T1)	尿素 Urea 108 kg(N)·hm-2	尿素 Urea 120 kg(N)·hm-2		复合肥 Compound fertilizer 120 kg(N)·hm-2	尿素 Urea 120 kg(N)·hm-2
缓释肥表施 Surface application of slow-release fertilizers (T2)	缓释复合肥 Slow-release compound fertilizer 108 kg(N)·hm-2	缓释尿素 Slow-release urea 120 kg(N)·hm-2		缓释复合肥 Slow-release compound fertilizer 120 kg(N)·hm-2	缓释尿素 Slow-release urea 120 kg(N)·hm-2
缓释肥深施 Twice layered deep-application of slow-release fertilizers (T3)	缓释复合肥 Slow-release compound fertilizer 108 kg(N)·hm-2	缓释尿素 Slow-release urea 120 kg(N)·hm-2		缓释复合肥 Slow-release compound fertilizer 120 kg(N)·hm-2	缓释尿素 Slow-release urea 120 kg(N)·hm-2
缓释肥一次性分层深施 Single layered deep-application of slow-release fertilizers (T4)	缓释复合肥 Slow-release compound fertilizer 215 kg(N)·hm-2	—		缓释复合肥 Slow-release compound fertilizer 225 kg(N)·hm-2	—

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表2不同施肥处理冬小麦-夏玉米氨挥发总累积量及损失率
Table2.Accumulation ammonia volatilization and loss rate under different fertilization treatments of winter wheat-summer maize rotation system

作物 Crop	施肥时期 Fertilization period	指标 Index	CK	T1	T2	T3	T4
小麦 Wheat	底肥 Base fertilizer	累积损失量 Accumulation ammonia volatilization (kg·hm-2)	0.08±0.02c	1.05±0.09a	1.04±0.17a	0.43±0.06b	0.46±0.02b
		损失率 Loss rate (%)	—	0.97±0.08a	0.96±0.15a	0.40±0.05b	0.21±0.01b
	追肥 Top dressing	累积损失量 Accumulation ammonia volatilization (kg·hm-2)	0.15±0.02c	1.00±0.13a	0.33±0.08b	0.61±0.11b
		损失率 Loss rate (%)	—	0.83±0.11a	0.28±0.06b	0.51±0.09b
	合计Total (kg·hm-2)		0.21±0.01e	2.05±0.07a	1.37±0.13b	1.03±0.07c	0.46±0.02d
玉米 Maize	底肥 Base fertilizer	累积损失量 Accumulation ammonia volatilization (kg·hm-2)	0.05±0.01c	1.41±0.17a	0.68±0.05b	0.19±0.04c	0.09±0.02c
		损失率Loss rate (%)	—	1.17±0.14a	0.56±0.04b	0.16±0.03c	0.04±0.02c
	追肥 Top dressing	累积损失量 Accumulation ammonia volatilization (kg·hm-2)	0.15±0.00b	19.30±3.15a	4.12±0.27b	1.02±0.27b
		损失率Loss rate (%)	—	16.08±2.63a	3.44±0.23b	0.85±0.23b
	合计Total (kg·hm-2)		0.20±0.00c	20.70±3.04a	4.80±0.25b	1.22±0.25bc	0.09±0.02c
总挥发损失量Total ammonia volatilization (kg·hm-2)			0.43±0.02c	22.75±3.18a	6.17±0.43b	2.25±0.27bc	0.55±0.01c
总减排率Total emission reduction rate (%)			—	—	72.88	90.11	97.32
同行不同小写字母表示处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。CK、T1、T2、T3和T4含义见表 1。Different small letters in the same row indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05 level. The meanings of CK, T1, T2, T3 and T4 are shown in the table 1.

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表3冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系不同施肥处理氨挥发总量、总产量及单位产量氨排放强度
Table3.Total ammonia volatilization, total yield and ammonia emission intensity of per unit yield of winter wheat-summer maize rotation system under different fertilization treatments

处理 Treatment	小麦产量 Wheat yield (t·hm-2)	玉米产量 Maize yield (t·hm-2)	总产量 Total yield (t·hm-2)	氨挥发总量 Total ammonia volatilization [kg(N)·hm-2]	单位产量氨挥发强度 Total ammonia emission per unit area yield [kg(N)·t-1]
CK	3.88±0.40b	4.43±0.28c	8.31±0.12d	0.43±0.02b	—
T1	5.15±0.68ab	8.05±0.13ab	13.19±0.68bc	22.75±3.18a	1.72±0.23a
T2	5.15±0.39ab	7.51±0.35b	12.66±0.04c	6.17±0.43b	0.49±0.03b
T3	5.59±0.12a	8.83±0.57a	14.42±0.42a	2.25±0.27b	0.16±0.02bc
T4	5.64±0.18a	8.58±0.10a	14.22±0.11ab	0.55±0.01b	0.04±0.00c
同列不同小写字母表示处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。CK、T1、T2、T3和T4含义见表 1。Different small letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05 level. The meanings of CK, T1, T2, T3 and T4 are shown in the table 1.

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