陈曦^1,,
张旭珠^{1, 2},
金池¹,
李安¹,
高萌萌¹,
卢彤¹,
张晓华³,
李良涛^1,,
1.河北工程大学园林与生态工程学院 邯郸 056038
2.中国农业大学资源与环境学院 北京 100193
3.河北武安青崖寨国家级自然保护区管理中心 武安 056300
基金项目: 农业部农业环境生物多样性及生态服务功能提升项目20110402
河北省科技计划项目6226309D-3
邯郸市科技技术研究与发展计划项目1727201065


详细信息

作者简介:陈曦, 主要从事农业景观生物多样性研究。E-mail:10276242@qq.com

通讯作者:李良涛, 主要从事景观生态规划与生物多样性研究。E-mail:liliangtao@hebeu.edu.cn

中图分类号:Q14

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-03-09
录用日期:2020-04-07
刊出日期:2020-10-01

Effects of agricultural landscape habitat types on spider community structure and the influencing factors in Taihang Mountain

CHEN Xi^1,,
ZHANG Xuzhu^{1, 2},
JIN Chi¹,
LI An¹,
GAO Mengmeng¹,
LU Tong¹,
ZHANG Xiaohua³,
LI Liangtao^1,,
1. College of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
2. College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
3. Management Center of Wu'an Qingyazhai National Nature Reserve in Hebei, Wu'an 056300, China
Funds: the Project of Improvement of Agro-Environmental Biodiversity and Ecological Service Function of Ministry of Agriculture20110402
the Science and Technology Planning Project of Hebei Province6226309D-3
Handan Science and Technology Research and Development Project1727201065




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摘要
摘要:为探索太行山区农业景观中不同生境类型对蜘蛛多样性的影响，采用陷阱法对河北省武安市西部太行山区5种类型生境（核桃林、玉米地、苹果-芍药套作园、次生林、绿海花廊景观带）的地表蜘蛛多样性进行调查。通过分析5种类型生境中蜘蛛多样性分布及其与局部生境因子的相关关系，探讨半自然生境对蜘蛛的保护作用。结果表明：人为干扰会显著降低生境中蜘蛛丰富度和多度；增加植被群落结构的复杂程度会使生境中蜘蛛丰富度显著增加，而蜘蛛的多度显著降低；蜘蛛的多度随生境中枯落物厚度的增加而增加。其中核桃林的蜘蛛Shannon-Wiener多样性显著高于其他4种类型生境，核桃林、次生林和绿海花廊的蜘蛛丰富度显著高于苹果-芍药套作园和玉米地，苹果-芍药套作园和绿海花廊的蜘蛛多度显著高于其他3种生境。玉米地、苹果园-芍药套作和绿海花廊中蜘蛛的群落组成具有较高相似性，而核桃林与次生林中蜘蛛群落结构具有较高异质性。地表枯落物厚度是影响当地蜘蛛群落结构的最主要因素。研究区在农业景观与自然景观的过渡区种植核桃林、苹果-芍药套作园和绿海花廊间作板栗，对蜘蛛多样性的保护都有积极作用；不同的生境因子与不同蜘蛛群落的关系不同，如狼蛛偏向人为干扰较大的苹果-芍药套作园和绿海花廊景观带，所以生产管理时要结合特有的生境条件，对相应的蜘蛛进行合理的保护和高效的利用。研究结果对当地的农业景观生境管理和生物多样性保护具有指导意义。
关键词:半自然生境/
生物多样性保护/
蜘蛛/
生境因子/
群落结构
Abstract:Ground-dwelling spiders were collected using pitfall traps from five different habitats (walnut grove, maize field, apple-peony intercropping orchard, secondary forest, and flower belt) to explore the effects of various habitats on the distribution of spiders in the agricultural landscape of Taihang, Wu'an City mountain area. The distribution of spider diversity and their correlation with the local habitat factors were analyzed. The results showed that walnut grove conserved significantly higher Shannon-Wiener diversity of spiders than the other four habitats. The spider richness was significantly higher in walnut grove, secondary forest, and flower belt than in apple-peony intercropping orchard and maize field; although, apple-peony intercropping orchard and flower belt significantly conserved spider abundance more than the other three habitats. A decrease in spider abundance was due to the field disturbance; however, the spider richness increased with increasing of vegetation complexity, while there was a negative correlation between spider abundance and the vegetation structure complexity. Moreover, the abundance of spiders increased with an increase in the understory litters. Understory litter was the most important factor which determined the spider composition; spider assemblage composition was homogeneous in maize fields, apple-peony intercropping orchard, and flower belts, whereas they were heterogeneous in walnut groves and natural forests. The results of this study indicated that walnut groves, apple-peony intercropping orchard, and intercropping flower with chestnut in the transition zone between agricultural landscape and natural landscape could contribute to spider conservation. Factors of different habitats had different relationships with different spider communities; for example, the Lycosidae prefers the apple-peony intercropping orchard and the flower belt with significant human interference. Therefore, the production management should combine the unique habitat conditions to conduct reasonable protection and efficient utilization of the corresponding spiders. Our results provide guidance for the management and biodiversity conservation of agricultural habitat in the study area.
Key words:Semi-natural habitats/
Biodiversity protection/
Spider/
Habitat factors/
Community structure

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图1研究区不同类型生境样点分布
Figure1.Map of sampling sites of different habits in the study region


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图2蜘蛛取样点设计
Figure2.Sampling plots design for spider collecting


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图3不同类型生境中蜘蛛群落的多样性指数
Ⅰ:核桃林; Ⅱ:玉米地; Ⅲ:苹果-芍药套作园; Ⅳ:次生林; Ⅴ:绿海花廊。不同小写字母表示不同生境间差异显著(P < 0.001)。
Figure3.Spider community diversity indexes in different habitats
Ⅰ: walnut grove; Ⅱ: maize field; Ⅲ: apple-peony intercropping orchard; Ⅳ: secondary forest; Ⅴ: flower belt. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among habitats (P < 0.001).


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图4基于Chord指数的不同生境蜘蛛群落非度量多维度分析
◆:核桃林; ▬:玉米地; ■:苹果-芍药套作园; ●:次生林; ▲:绿海花廊。
Figure4.Non-linear multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Chord measure for spider communities in different habitats
◆: walnut grove; ▬: maize field; ■: apple-peony intercropping orchard; ●: secondary forest; ▲: flower belt.


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图5蜘蛛群落组成与环境因子的RDA排序图
Figure5.RDA ordination plot of environmental factors and spider community composition


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表1研究区不同生境植物群落基本情况
Table1.General information of vegetation of different habitats in the study areas

样地 Habitat	植物物种数 Plant richness	植物群落结构 Vegetation community structure	草本盖度 Herb coverage (%)	人为干扰 Human disturbance	枯落物厚度 Litter depth (cm)
核桃林?Walnut grove	21.25±1.71	乔+灌+草 Tree + shrub + herbaceous vegetation	31.25±6.29	无?No	4.05±0.66
玉米地?Maize field	14.50±1.73	玉米?Only maize	82.50±6.45	强?Badly	0.62±0.16
苹果-芍药套作园 Apple-peony intercropping orchard	17.75±1.71	灌+草 Shrub + herbaceous vegetation	39.00±1.15	较强?Medium	1.80±0.23
次生林?Secondary forest	40.25±7.63	乔+灌+草 Tree + shrub + herbaceous vegetation	40.25±13.04	无?No	5.97±0.92
绿海花廊?Flower belt	43.75±3.40	灌+草?Shrub + herbaceous vegetation	78.25±2.36	弱?Low	2.10±0.33

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表2不同生境类型地表蜘蛛群落组成
Table2.Composition of spiders communities at different habitats

科 Family	种类 Species	个体数?Individuals number					总数 Total
		Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	Ⅴ
漏斗蛛科?Agelenidae	Sp.1迷宫漏斗蛛?Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757)	2	6	2	5	4	19
	Sp.2刺瓣拟隙蛛?Pireneitega spinivulva (Simon, 1880)	14	3	16	39	2	74
红螯蛛科?Cheiracanthiidae	Sp.3彭妮红螯蛛?Cheiracanthium pennyi O. P.-Cambridge, 1873	1	0	0	1	0	2
管巢蛛科?Clubionidae	Sp.4羽斑管巢蛛?Clubiona jucunda (Karsch, 1879)	2	0	0	0	0	2
	Sp.5伪蕾管巢蛛?Clubiona pseudogermanica Schenkel, 1936	5	0	0	0	10	15
栉足蛛科?Ctenidae	Sp.6田野阿纳蛛?Anahita fauna Karsch, 1879	5	4	8	16	9	42
卷叶蛛科?Dictynidae	Sp.7洞叶蛛属 Cicurina	0	0	0	0	1	1
平腹蛛科?Gnaphosidae	Sp.8显眼枝疣蛛 Cladothela oculinotata (B?senberg & Strand, 1906)	0	0	0	3	0	3
	Sp.9石掠蛛?Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802)	4	2	2	7	0	15
	Sp.10锚近狂蛛?Drassyllus vinealis (Kulczyński, 1897)	7	12	46	39	17	121
	Sp.11中华平腹蛛?Gnaphosa sinensis Simon, 1880	0	0	9	0	1	10
	Sp.12齿单蛛?Haplodrassus dentatus Xu & Song, 1987	15	0	0	12	0	27
	Sp.13华美小蚁蛛 Micaria dives (Lucas, 1846)	1	0	0	2	0	3
	Sp.14亚洲狂蛛?Zelotes asiaticus (B?senberg & Strand, 1906)	20	0	1	29	0	50
平腹蛛科?Gnaphosidae	Sp.15小狂蛛?Zelotes exiguus (Müller & Schenkel, 1895)	6	1	14	11	19	51
	Sp.16武昌狂蛛 Zelotes wuchangensis Schenkel, 1963	20	0	5	1	24	50
皿蛛科?Linyphiidae	Sp.17黑丘皿蛛?Agyneta nigra (Oi, 1960)	2	0	0	0	0	2
	Sp.18细丘皿蛛?Agyneta subtilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1863)	0	0	1	0	0	1
	Sp.19双舟蛛属?Dicymbium	1	0	0	0	0	1
	Sp.20黑微蛛?Erigone atra Blackwall, 1833	1	0	0	0	17	18
	Sp.21塔克额角 Gnathonarium taczanowskii (O.P.-Cambridge, 1873)	0	0	4	0	26	30
	Sp.22橙色疣舟?Nematogmus sanguinolentus (Walckenaer, 1841)	3	0	0	0	0	3
	Sp.23阴沟瘤蛛?Ummeliata feminea (B?senberg & Strand, 1906)	13	0	1	0	36	50
	Sp.24未知属?Unknown	0	0	0	1	0	1
狼蛛科?Lycosidae	Sp.25白纹舞蛛?Alopecosa albostriata (Grube, 1861)	1	0	1	0	25	27
	Sp.26利氏舞蛛?Alopecosa licenti (Schenkel, 1953)	1	1	0	4	0	6
	Sp.27尘舞蛛?Alopecosa pulverulenta (Clerck, 1757)	1	0	0	124	0	125
	Sp.28湄潭熊蛛?Arctosa meitanensis Yin et al., 1993	1	0	0	61	0	62
	Sp.29唇形狼蛛?Lycosa labialis Mao & Song, 1985	47	9	11	6	0	73
	Sp.30星豹蛛?Pardosa astrigera L. Koch, 1878	12	54	1 139	0	737	1 942
	Sp.31赫氏豹蛛?Pardosa hedini Schenkel, 1936	2	2	7	3	26	40
	Sp.32类小水狼蛛?Piratula piratoides (B?senberg & Strand, 1906)	0	0	1	0	0	1
	Sp.33奇异獾蛛?Trochosa ruricola (De Geer, 1778)	4	0	1	1	7	13
米图蛛科?Miturgidae	Sp.34琴形佐蛛?Zora lyriformis Song, Zhu & Gao, 1993	2	0	0	0	0	2
线蛛科?Nemesiidae	Sp.35河北雷文蛛?Raveniola hebeinica Zhu, Zhang & Zhang, 1999	3	0	1	50	15	69
类球蛛科?Nesticidae	Sp.36底栖小类球蛛?Nesticella mogera (Yaginuma, 1972)	1	1	0	0	0	2
拟壁钱科?Oecobiidae	Sp.37北国壁钱?Uroctea lesserti Schenkel, 1936	0	1	1	0	0	2
猫蛛科?Oxyopidae	Sp.38利氏猫蛛?Oxyopes licenti Schenkel, 1953	0	0	0	1	1	2
逍遥蛛科?Philodromidae	Sp.39红棕逍遥蛛?Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1826	0	2	0	1	0	3
	Sp.40小狼逍遥蛛?Thanatus miniaceus Simon, 1880	0	4	20	2	26	52
跳蛛科?Salticidae	Sp.41丽亚蛛?Asianellus festivus (C. L. Koch, 1834)	7	2	0	18	0	27
	Sp.42前斑蛛?Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer, 1802)	0	1	1	3	0	5
	Sp.43白斑猎蛛?Evarcha albaria (L. Koch, 1878)	5	0	7	4	0	16
	Sp.44铜头摩挡蛛?Modunda aeneiceps Simon, 1901	0	0	0	0	1	1
	Sp.45美丽蚁蛛?Myrmarachne formicaria (De Geer, 1778)	3	0	0	0	0	3
	Sp.46王拟蝇虎?Plexippoides regius Wesolowska, 1981	1	0	0	1	0	2
	Sp.47波氏西菱头蛛Sibianor proszynski (Zhu & Song, 2001)	0	3	0	0	0	3
	Sp.48笔状跃蛛?Sitticus penicillatus (Simon, 1875)	0	2	0	0	14	16
	Sp.49中华跃蛛?Sitticus sinensis Schenkel, 1963	0	2	0	0	4	6
球蛛科?Theridiidae	Sp.50齿螯蛛属?Enoplognatha	2	1	0	0	0	3
	Sp.51近亲丘腹蛛?Episinus affinis B?senberg & Strand, 1906	0	0	0	1	0	1
	Sp.52中华藻蛛?Phycosoma sinica (Zhu, 1992)	0	0	1	12	0	13
	Sp.53日斯坦蛛?Stemmops nipponicus Yaginuma, 1969	2	0	0	47	2	51
蟹蛛科?Thomisidae	Sp.54三突伊氏蛛?Ebrechtella tricuspidata (Fabricius, 1775)	0	1	0	0	0	1
	Sp.55膨花蟹蛛?Xysticus conflatus Song, Tang & Zhu, 1995	3	1	0	0	0	4
	Sp.56鞍形花蟹蛛?Xysticus ephippiatus Simon, 1880	21	23	23	77	272	416
	Sp.57伪丝花蟹蛛?Xysticus pseudobliteus (Simon, 1880)	0	0	0	0	12	12
隐石蛛科?Titanoecidae	Sp.58白斑隐蛛?Nurscia albofasciata (Strand, 1907)	3	0	2	0	10	15
管蛛科?Trachelidae	Sp.59日本管蛛?Trachelas japonicus B?senberg & Strand, 1906	7	0	2	10	0	19
总数?Total		251	138	1 327	591	1 319	3 626
Ⅰ:核桃林; Ⅱ:玉米地; Ⅲ:苹果-芍药套作园; Ⅳ:次生林; Ⅴ:绿海花廊。Ⅰ: walnut grove; Ⅱ: maize field; Ⅲ: apple-peony intercropping orchard; Ⅳ: secondary forest; Ⅴ: flower belt.

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表3各个生境因素与蜘蛛群落的丰富度和多度的相关性分析
Table3.Correlation of habitat factors with richness and abundance of spider community

	因素 Factor	系数 Coefficient	标准化系数 Standardized coefficient	显著水平 Sig. (P)	回归方程 Regression model
丰富度 Richness	常数?Constant	12.500		0.001	y=12.500-1.750T+4.500S
	人为干扰程度?Human disturbance (T)	-1.750	-0.379	0.006
	植物群落结构?Plant community structure (S)	4.500	0.626	0.000
多度 Abundance	常数?Constant	1.913		0.001	y=1.913-0.187T-0.852S+0.419D
	人为干扰程度?Human disturbance (T)	-0.187	-0.396	0.000
	植物群落结构?Plant community structure (S)	-0.852	-0.733	0.000
	地表枯落物厚度?Litter depth (D)	0.419	0.607	0.000

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表4基于RDA蒙卡洛检验的环境因子对蜘蛛群落组成的影响
Table4.Analysis of effects of environmental factors on spider community composition based on Monte Carlo significance test of the RDA models

环境因子 Environmental factor	解释率 Explanation rate (%)	F值 F value	P值 P value
地表枯落物厚度?Litter depth (D)	41.1	12.6	0.01
植物群落结构?Plant community structure (S)	15.9	6.3	0.01
人为干扰程度?Human disturbance (T)	6.9	3.1	0.03
植物丰富度?Plant richness (P)	10.3	6.0	0.01
草本盖度?Herb coverage (C)	4.0	2.5	0.02

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