弓成^1,,
刘云慧^{1, 2,,},
满吉勇¹,
乔玉辉^{1, 2},
李季^{1, 2}
1.中国农业大学资源与环境学院 北京 100193
2.中国农业大学生物多样性与有机农业北京市重点实验室 北京 100193
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2018YFC0507203
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金2019TC131

详细信息

作者简介:弓成, 主要研究方向为景观生态与景观规划。E-mail:gc@cau.edu.cn

通讯作者:刘云慧, 主要研究方向为景观生态与生物多样性。E-mail:liuyh@cau.edu.cn

中图分类号:Q149

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-02-04
录用日期:2020-05-26
刊出日期:2020-10-01

Preliminary study on landscape design of ecological farms based on biodiversity and ecosystem service

GONG Cheng^1,,
LIU Yunhui^{1, 2,,},
MAN Jiyong¹,
QIAO Yuhui^{1, 2},
LI Ji^{1, 2}
1. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
2. Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2018YFC0507203
the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund2019TC131

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Corresponding author:LIU Yunhui, E-mail:liuyh@cau.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:近年来随着民众对良好生态环境和优质食品需求的增加，生态农场在我国蓬勃兴起。如何设计和建造生态农场成为新的研究领域。其中将生物多样性和生态系统服务整合到生态农场设计被认为是保障生态农场可持续生产的关键。本研究在回顾生态农场发展历程，分析生态农场中生物多样性的内涵，总结生态农场的景观结构、生物多样性和生态系统服务的关系及其应用的基础上，提出了以提升和利用生物多样性和生态系统服务为目标的生态农场景观结构优化的设计原则。研究建议生态农场的景观设计应主要包括农场与周围景观的关系、种植系统设计和有益生物栖息地的保护和重建3方面的内容，并具体提出了每个方面需遵循的一般设计原则。同时，研究以我国南方水稻主产区新建水稻生态农场设计为例，印证了上述原则和方法在实践中的可行性。研究表明，为了更好地将生物多样性整合到生态农场建设中，未来需要深入认识生物多样性及其生态功能，认识生物多样性与农业产量和收益的关系，开发利用能够促进有益生物多样性和生态系统服务的功能植物，并推动生态农场实施生物多样性保护的生态补偿政策的制定。本研究对推动将生物多样性保护和生态服务管理整合到生态农场设计提供了方法指导和实证，对生态农场的发展建设具有参考借鉴意义。
关键词:生物多样性/
生态系统服务/
生态农业/
生态农场/
景观建设/
景观设计原则
Abstract:With increasing demands for organic, environmentally friendly, and higher quality foods, ecological farms have flourished in China in recent years. Establishing ecological farms and meeting sustainable food production goals relies heavily on protecting biodiversity and harnessing biodiversity associated ecosystem services. We reviewed the demand and development of ecological farms, established the biodiversity implications, and assessed the relationships between landscape structure, biodiversity, and ecological services as well as the application of landscape design. We proposed general principles for ecological farms design and suggested three aspects to include relationship between farms and surrounding landscapes: designing planting system, protecting and reconstructing beneficial habitats. These principles were demonstrated as a case study on an ecological rice farm in southern China, where landscape ecology principles were applied to the design of off-farm habitats. Water purification and pest control were the primary ecosystem services. Therefore, a variety of plant strips were designed to support sustainable agriculture and enhance the biodiversity and ornamental value of the farm. To better integrate biodiversity and ecological farm construction, an in-depth understanding of the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services, agricultural production and income, and functional plants (that promote biodiversity) are required. Additionally, an ecological compensation policy to encourage biodiversity conservation in ecological farming should be considered. Our study provides general principles and empirical evidence for the integration of biodiversity and ecosystem services into ecological farm design, which promotes an ecological civilization.
Key words:Biodiversity/
Ecosystem service/
Ecological agriculture/
Ecological farm/
Landscape construction/
Principles of landscape design

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图1水稻生态农场景观建设方案总平面图
Figure1.General plan for the landscape construction scheme of a rice ecological farm


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表1维持和提升农业景观生物多样性和生态服务的景观管理理念^[7]
Table1.Concepts of management of agricultural landscapes to maintain or enhance biodiversity services^[7]

序号?No.	农业景观管理理念?Concepts for agricultural landscape management
1	考虑景观结构对生物多样性的影响, 维持景观组成和配置的异质性 Consider landscape structure impacts on biodiversity; maintain the heterogeneity of landscape composition and configuration
2	考虑景观的连接度?Consider landscape connectivity
3	管理局部生境为自然天敌和传粉者提供食物资源, 提高自然天敌和传粉者的数量和种类, 以提升害虫控制和传粉服务, 保持资源的连续性 Manage local habitats to enhance natural predators and pest control, pollinators and pollination services; provide food resources for natural predators and pollinators; maintain resource continuity
4	重视本土植被对生物多样性保护的作用?Highlight the importance of native vegetation for biodiversity conservation
5	避免生产地块面积过大?Avoid excessive field size
6	重视景观多功能性?Emphasis on landscape multifunctionality

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