王志强^{1, 3,},
缪建群²,
刘英³,
唐海鹰³,
张鹏³,
钟川³,
黄国勤^3,,,
赵其国⁴
1.九江学院江西长江经济带研究院/九江学院经济与管理学院 九江 332005
2.江西农业大学理学院 南昌 330045
3.江西农业大学生态科学研究中心/江西省高校生态学学科联盟 南昌 330045
4.中国科学院南京土壤研究所 南京 210008
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题2016YFD0300208
国家自然科学基金项目41661070
江西省科技厅重点研发项目20161BBF60058
江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目GJJ181379

详细信息

作者简介:王志强, 主要从事农业生态学研究。E-mail:289459509@qq.com

通讯作者:黄国勤, 主要研究方向为耕作制度、农业生态和农业可持续发展等。E-mail:hgqjxes@sina.com

中图分类号:S55;S365

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-03-09
录用日期:2020-05-30
刊出日期:2020-11-01

Effect of various crops rotations on soil quality in double cropping rice field in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River

WANG Zhiqiang^{1, 3,},
MIU Jianqun²,
LIU Ying³,
TANG Haiying³,
ZHANG Peng³,
ZHONG Chuan³,
HUANG Guoqin^3,,,
ZHAO Qiguo⁴
1. Jiangxi Yangtze River Economic Belt Research Institute, Jiujiang University/School of Economics and Management, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
2. College of Science, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China
3. Research Center on Ecological Science, Jiangxi Agriculture University/Ecology Discipline Alliance of Universities in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, China
4. Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
Funds: the National Key R&D Project of China2016YFD0300208
the National Natural Science F oundation of China41661070
the Key Research and Development Project of Science and Technology Department of Jiangxi Province20161BBF60058
the Science and Techmology Research Project of Department of Education of Jiangxi ProvinceGJJ181379

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Corresponding author:HUANG Guoqin, E-mail:hgqjxes@sina.com

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摘要
摘要:研究长江中游地区不同种植模式和秸秆还田管理下农田土壤养分、有机碳及其酶活性的变化，评估农业管理措施对土壤质量的影响，可为长江中游双季稻区农业资源高效利用及可持续发展提供理论依据。2012—2017年进行不同轮、连作长期定位试验，设置冬季休耕—双季稻，冬种紫云英—、油菜—、大蒜—和轮作（马铃薯、大蒜、油菜和紫云英年际轮作）—双季稻5个处理，在冬季作物秸秆和水稻秸秆双重还田条件下，通过运用多元方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析等统计方法，结合南方双季稻田土壤的适宜性，筛选出最小数据集（minimum data set，MDS）中土壤质量指标并测定，最后采用模糊数学方法对双季稻区的土壤质量进行定量评价。结果表明，在长江中游双季稻区，经过6年的冬季种植合适作物并秸秆双重还田，相比冬季休闲处理，除冬季种植大蒜处理外，其他冬种处理均能有效提高稻田土壤质量10.73%~12.91%，不同冬种方式下双季稻田的土壤质量高低依次为不同冬种轮作（0.726）>冬季种植油菜（0.723）>冬季种植紫云英（0.712）>冬季休闲（0.643）>冬季种植大蒜（0.638）。由此可见，适宜的轮作方式及秸秆双重还田能显著提高双季稻土壤质量，这为南方稻田健康可持续发展提供了理论支撑。
关键词:双季稻田/
秸秆双重还田/
轮作方式/
土壤质量
Abstract:Improved knowledge that may support the efficient utilization and sustainable development of agricultural resources in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is still needed. Herein, changes on soil nutrients, organic carbon, and enzyme activities under different planting patterns and straw retention were assessed, and the impact of agricultural management measures on soil quality was evaluated in this particular geographical region. The long-term positioning experiment of different rotational and continuous cropping was carried out from 2012 to 2017, and five treatments of rotation patterns including winter fallow-early rice-late rice, winter Chinese milk vetch-early rice-late rice, winter oilseed rape-early rice-late rice, winter garlic-early rice-late rice, and winter rotation (interannual rotation of potato, Chinese milk vetch, oilseed rape, and garlic)-early rice-late rice were set up. Under the condition of winter crop straw and rice straw retention, the soil quality indexes in minimum data set were selected and determined using multiple variance analysis, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis combined with the suitability of the soil in the southern double cropping rice field. Lastly, the fuzzy mathematics method was used to evaluate the soil quality in the double cropping rice area. The data indicated that six years of winter planting suitable crops and straw retention in the double cropping rice area could effectively improve the soil quality of paddy field by 10.73%-12.91% compared with the winter fallow treatment, with exception of the garlic treatment. The soil quality of double cropping rice field under different rotation patterns was in the order of winter rotation (planting different crops in different years during winter) (0.726) > planting oilseed rape in winter (0.723) > planting Chinese milk vetch in winter (0.712) > winter fallow (0.643) > planting garlic in winter (0.638). Therefore, the soil quality of double cropping rice can be significantly improved by suitable rotation with winter crops and double straw returning, which provides a solid foundation for the healthy and sustainable development of paddy fields in southern China.
Key words:Double cropping rice field/
Straw double return/
Crop rotation/
Soil quality

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表1稻田不同轮处理的试验设计
Table1.Trial design of different paddy field rotation treatments

轮作模式 Rotation pattern	简写 Abbreviation	说明 Instruction
冬休—早稻—晚稻 Winter fallow-early rice-late rice	WF-R-R(CK)	冬季休耕 Fallow in winter
紫云英—早稻—晚稻 Chinese milk vetch-early rice-late rice	MV-R-R	冬季连作紫云英翻压还田 Continuous growing Chinese milk vetch in winter with its straw returned to the field
油菜—早稻—晚稻 Oilseed rape-early rice-late rice	RP-R-R	冬季连作油菜收籽, 并秸秆还田 Continuous cropping oilseed rape in winter and harvesting oilseeds with its straw returned to the field
大蒜—早稻—晚稻Garlic-early rice-late rice	GC-R-R	冬季连作大蒜收茎块 Continuous cropping growing garlic in winter and harvesting the bulbs with its straw returned to the fields
马铃薯(轮)—早稻—晚稻 Potato (rotation)-early rice-late rice	PO-R-R	冬季轮作, 即2012—2015年冬季分别种马铃薯(收茎块)、大蒜、油菜和紫云英, 周年冬季之间循环轮作, 之后依次递推, 相应秸秆还田 Winter crops rotation, namely planting potato (harvesting stalks), garlic, oilseed rape and Chinese milk vetch in the winter of each year from 2012 to 2015, respectively, and the corresponding straws of crops returned to the field

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表2不同轮作方式的试验品种及肥料用量
Table2.Trial varieties and fertilizer dosage under various treatments of cropping rotations

处理 Treatment	冬种作物 Winter crop			肥料用量 Amount of fertilizer (kg·hm-2)
	作物 Crop	品种 Variety		冬种作物 Winter planting	早、晚稻 Early and late rice
WF-R-R(CK)	休耕 Fallow			0	尿素(N46%) 193.2、过磷酸钙(P2O5 12%) 420、氯化钾(K2O 60%) 202
MV-R-R	紫云英 Chinese milk vetch	余江大叶籽 Yujiang big leaf seed		尿素 Urea (N46%)17.25
RP-R-R	油菜 Oilseed rape	绵丰油18 Mianfeng Oil 18		尿素(N46%) 11.04, 三元复合肥600 Urea (N46%)11.04, compound fertilizer 600	Urea (N46%) 193.2, superphosphate (P2O5 12%)420, potassium chloride (K2O 60%) 202
GC-R-R	大蒜 Garlic	金乡 J inxiang Garlic		尿素(N46%) 124.2, 三元复合肥600 Urea (N46%) 124.2, compound fertilizer 600
PO-R-R	马铃薯、大蒜、油菜和紫云英轮作 Annual rotation of potato, garlic, oilseed rape and Chinese milk vetch			尿素(N46%) 103.52, 三元复合肥600 Urea (N46%) 103.52, compound fertilizer 600
??WF-R-R(CK)、MV-R-R、RP-R-R、GC-R-R和PO-R-R含义见表 1。The meaning of WF-R-R(CK), MV-R-R, RP-R-R, GC-R-R and PO-R-R is shown in the table 1.

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表3不同轮作方式下土壤(指标)因子的测定值
Table3.Values of soil (indexes) factors of various rotation patterns

土壤(指标)因子 Soil (index) factor	轮作方式 Rotation pattern
	WF-R-R(CK)	MV-R-R	RP-R-R	GC-R-R	PO-R-R
容重 Bulk density (g·cm-3)	1.11±0.15a	0.94±0.11ab	0.92±0.18ab	1.01±0.13ab	0.96±0.08ab
> 0.5 mm团聚体含量 > 0.5 mm aggregates content (%)	16.67±0.29e	20.70±0.20d	21.23±0.40a	21.13±0.15b	20.53±0.25c
< 0.5 mm团聚体含量 < 0.5 mm aggregates content (%)	83.23±0.00a	79.30±0.20bc	78.77±0.26c	78.87±0.62bc	79.47±0.51b
最大持水量 Maximum water holding capacity (%)	53.50±3.38a	56.32±4.20a	55.80±5.26a	54.27±4.62a	55.57±6.52a
含水量 Water content (%)	0.21±0.05a	0.26±0.03a	0.24±0.03a	0.21±0.03a	0.26±0.04a
Simpson 生物多样性指数Simpson biodiversity index	0.62±0.08a	0.57±0.07ab	0.58±0.05ab	0.59±0.07ab	0.56±0.06ab
Pielou生物均匀度指数 Pielou biological uniformity index	0.78±0.12ab	0.78±0.13ab	0.73±0.13ab	0.69±0.09ab	0.82±0.14a
Margalef生物丰富度指数 Margalef biological richness index	0.70±0.15a	0.70±0.13a	0.62±0.09a	0.63±0.08a	0.61±0.07a
pH	6.62±0.22a	6.43±0.11a	6.55±0.15a	6.55±0.05a	6.69±0.06a
有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg-1)	41.66±0.98b	47.34±1.68ab	50.15±5.99a	44.96±2.36ab	46.53±3.33ab
全氮含量 Total N content (g·kg-1)	1.16±0.21ab	1.36±0.15a	1.23±0.13ab	1.21±0.12ab	1.35±0.19ab
全磷含量 Total P content (g·kg-1)	0.21±0.03a	0.25±0.05a	0.24±0.04a	0.22±0.04a	0.24±0.05a
碱解氮含量 Alkali-hydrolysis N content (mg·kg-1)	105.00±7.00ab	126.00±4.04ab	133.00±13.51ab	143.15±14.57ab	144.23±14.00a
速效磷含量 Available P content (mg·kg-1)	13.55±1.23b	17.39±0.42a	16.67±2.15a	15.58±1.26a	16.85±3.27a
全钾含量 Total K content (g·kg-1)	0.25±0.04a	0.28±0.06a	0.26±0.04a	0.25±0.03a	0.28±0.06a
速效钾含量 Available K content (mg·kg-1)	71.86±3.47a	78.79±6.00a	64.34±3.49ab	58.56±3.50ab	65.31±5.51ab
微生物生物量碳含量 Microbial biomass C content (mg·kg-1)	314.48±14.11b	427.46±14.44a	426.54±12.62a	389.95±10.53a	419.23±10.12a
微生物生物量氮含量 Microbial biomass N content (mg·kg-1)	96.25±5.12b	141.88±5.62a	148.25±7.96a	121.42±6.42a	149.54±7.54a
转化酶活性 Invertase activity (mg·g-1)	2.03±0.15ab	2.86±0.17a	2.61±0.16a	2.59±0.24a	2.84±0.11ab
脲酶活性 Urease activity (mg·g-1)	0.034±0.005ab	0.052±0.009a	0.042±0.007a	0.038±0.006ab	0.045±0.008a
蔗糖酶活性 Sucrase activity (mg·g-1)	63.21±4.34b	76.46±5.45a	79.25±7.46a	72.23±5.11a	75.24±6.41a
磷酸酶活性 Phosphatase activity (mg·g-1)	1.65±0.12a	1.68±0.10a	1.78±0.20a	1.62±0.14a	1.79±0.13a
细菌数量 Bacterial amount [x105(CFU)·g-1]	90.47±20.00b	101.28±10.20a	96.13±15.12ab	92.63±17.49ab	101.18±4.66a
真菌数量 Fungus amount [x105(CFU)·g-1]	20.24±2.54a	17.52±2.11ab	19.20±1.98ab	19.07±2.52ab	18.42±1.98b
放线菌数量 Actinomycetes amount [x105(CFU)·g-1]	5.43±0.24a	4.28±0.58ab	5.23±0.48a	5.27±0.47a	5.64±0.18a
固氮菌数量 Azotobacter amount [x105(CFU)·g-1]	3.76±0.17ab	3.98±0.24ab	3.91±0.23ab	3.85±0.31ab	4.06±0.43a
??WF-R-R(CK)、MV-R-R、RP-R-R、GC-R-R和PO-R-R含义见表 1。数据为3个重复的平均值; 同行不同小写字母表示不同轮作模式间差异显著(P < 5%)。The meaning of WF-R-R(CK), MV-R-R, RP-R-R, GC-R-R and PO-R-R is shown in the table 1. Data is mean±S.E. of 3 replicates. Different lowercase letters in the same line indicate significant differences among various rotation patterns at P < 5% level.

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表4不同轮作方式下稻田土壤(指标)因子主成分旋转载荷矩阵及各因子得分计算结果
Table4.Calculation results of the principal component load matrix of paddy soil (indexes) factors of different rotation patterns and scores of each (index) factor

土壤(指标)因子 Soil (index) factor	分组 Grouping	主成分旋转载荷矩阵 Matrix of principal component rotation loadings				Norm值 Norm value	调整R2 Adjusted R2	因子得分和Sum
		主成分1 PC 1	主成分2 PC 2	主成分3 PC 3	主成分4 PC 4
容重 Bulk density	1	-0.812	-0.363	0.083	0.112	3.763	0.861	4.653
含水量 Water content	1	0.797	0.354	-0.089	-0.234	3.264	0.885	4.327
最大持水量 Maximum water holding	1	0.854	0.231	-0.184	-0.254	3.756	0.825	4.675
有机质含量 Organic matter content	1	0.764	0.451	0.237	0.031	3.875	0.912	4.867
全氮含量 Total N content	1	0.876	0.354	0.218	0.064	3.776	0.814	4.568
全磷含量 Total P content	1	0.759	0.239	0.512	-0.034	3.567	0.754	4.238
碱解氮含量 Alkali-hydrolysis N content	1	0.756	0.426	0.231	-0.046	3.689	0.863	4.356
速效磷含量 Available P content	1	0.654	0.543	0.124	-0.258	3.642	0.914	4.756
全钾含量 Total K content	1	-0.875	-0.384	0.045	0.389	3.684	0.946	4.667
微生物生物量碳含量 Microbial biomass C content	1	0.876	0.216	0.224	-0.134	3.669	0.975	4.668
微生物生物量氮含量 Microbial biomass N content	1	0.842	0.346	0.127	0.063	3.687	0.889	4.675
> 0.5 mm团聚体含量 > 0.5 mm aggregates content	2	0.234	0.763	0.175	0.035	3.246	0.752	3.866
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson biodiversity index	2	0.124	0.642	0.234	0.013	3.867	0.769	3.457
转化酶活性 Invertase activity	2	0.213	0.897	-0.053	-0.087	2.876	0.917	3.876
脲酶活性 Urease activity	2	0.145	-0.647	0.234	0.147	2.476	0.875	3.671
蔗糖酶活性 Sucrase activity	2	0.243	0.763	-0.126	-0.076	3.147	0.874	3.476
磷酸酶活性 Phosphatase activity	2	0.657	0.689	-0.023	-0.116	3.897	0.915	4.868
细菌数量 Bacterial amount	2	0.337	0.856	0.237	-0.128	3.577	0.889	4.459
真菌数量 Fungus amount	2	0.446	0.759	0.016	-0.017	3.447	0.914	4.426
放线菌数量 Actinomycetes amount	2	0.337	0.756	0.129	-0.121	3.764	0.867	4.454
固氮菌数量 Azotobacter amount	2	0.356	0.853	0.234	-0.124	3.876	0.887	3.863
速效钾含量 Available K content	3	0.653	0.346	0.128	-0.314	3.517	0.886	4.661
pH	3	0.003	-0.429	0.214	0.854	1.654	0.813	2.347
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou biological uniformity index	4	-0.031	0.217	0.086	0.568	3.756	0.723	3.456
Margalef丰富度指数 Margalef biological richness index	4	-0.129	0.128	0.079	0.579	3.891	0.812	3.674
< 0.5 mm团聚体含量 < 0.5 mm aggregates content	4	0.138	-0.561	0.037	0.231	3.411	0.764	3.861
特征值 Eigenvalue		12.336	3.547	2.316	1.023
方差贡献率 Variance explained (%)		59.510	15.336	7.304	4.236
累计贡献率 Cumulative variance explained (%)		59.510	74.846	82.150	86.386

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表5不同轮作方式下土壤最小数据集的统计特征及土壤质量综合评价结果
Table5.Statistical characteristics of the minimum data set and comprehensive evaluation results of soil quality of paddy fields under different rotation patterns

处理 Treatment	容重 OKBulk density (g·cm-3)	pH	有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg-1)	微生物量氮含量 Microbial biomass N (mg·kg-1)	碱解氮含量 Alkali- hydrolysis N content (mg·kg-1)	速效钾含量 Available K content (mg·kg-1)	磷酸酶活性 Phosphatase activity (mg·g-1)	细菌数量 Bacterial amount [105(CFU)·g -1]	> 0.5 mm团聚体含量 > 0.5 mm aggregates content (%)	土壤质量值 Value of soil quality
WF-R-R(CK)	1.11±0.15a	6.62±0.22a	41.66±0.98a	96.25±5.12a	105.00±7.00b	71.86±3.47a	1.65±0.12a	90.47±20.00a	16.67±0.29e	0.643
MV-R-R	0.94±0.11ab	6.43±0.11a	47.34±1.68ab	141.88±5.62b	126.00±4.04ab	78.79±6.00a	1.68±0.10a	101.28±10.20b	20.70±0.20d	0.712
RP-R-R	0.92±0.18ab	6.55±0.15a	50.55±5.99b	148.25±7.96b	133.00±13.51ab	64.34±3.49ab	1.78±0.20a	96.13±15.12ab	21.23±0.40a	0.723
GC-R-R	1.03±0.13ab	6.55±0.05a	44.96±2.36ab	111.42±6.42ab	143.15±14.57ab	58.56±3.50ab	1.62±0.14a	92.63±17.49ab	21.13±0.15b	0.638
PO-R-R	0.96±0.08ab	6.69±0.06a	46.53±3.33ab	149.54±7.54b	144.23±14.00ab	65.31±5.51ab	1.79±0.13ab	101.18±4.66b	20.53±0.25c	0.726
??WF-R-R(CK)、MV-R-R、RP-R-R、GC-R-R和PO-R-R含义见表 1。数据为3个重复的平均值±标准误; 同列不同小写字母表示不同轮作方式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。The meaning of WF-R-R(CK), MV-R-R, RP-R-R, GC-R-R and PO-R-R is shown in the table 1. Data is mean±S.E. of 3 replicates. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different rotation patterns at P < 0.05 level.

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