蒋小松1, 2, 3,
何志平1, 2, 3,
刘怡1,
陈天宝1, 2, 3,,
1.四川省畜牧科学研究院 成都 610000
2.动物遗传育种四川省重点实验室 成都 610000
3.四川铁骑力士实业有限公司院士(专家)工作站 绵阳 621100
基金项目: 四川省科技计划项目2014NZ0091
四川省科技计划项目2017HH0090
四川省财政运行专项SASA2020CZYX005
天府高端引智计划项目S201849
天府高端引智计划项目SYZ201955
中国清洁发展机制基金项目1113063
第二次全国农业污染源普查项目和国家现代农业产业技术体系四川创新团队建设专项SCCXTD-2020
详细信息
作者简介:付敏, 主要从事动物营养与环境研究。E-mail:3097643200@qq.com
通讯作者:陈天宝, 主要从事畜牧业经济与生产系统研究。E-mail:3493200595@qq.com
中图分类号:X82;S8计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2020-05-14
录用日期:2020-08-04
刊出日期:2020-11-01
N excretion coefficient based on the whole process of pig production and manure N excretion in China
FU Min1, 2,,JIANG Xiaosong1, 2, 3,
HE Zhiping1, 2, 3,
LIU Yi1,
CHEN Tianbao1, 2, 3,,
1. Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu 610000, China
2. Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610000, China
3. Academician(Expert) Workstation of Tieqilishi Industry Co., Ltd, Mianyang 621100, China
Funds: Science and Technology Support Program of Sichuan, China2014NZ0091
Science and Technology Support Program of Sichuan, China2017HH0090
Special Pro-ject for Financial Operation of Sichuan Province, ChinaSASA2020CZYX005
Tianfu Academic Elite Talent Introducing Project, ChinaS201849
Tianfu Academic Elite Talent Introducing Project, ChinaSYZ201955
Clean Development Mechanism Fund, China1113063
Second National General Survey of Agriculture Pollution Sources of China, and the National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System, Sichuan Innovation Team Construction Project, ChinaSCCXTD-2020
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Corresponding author:CHEN Tianbao, E-mail:3493200595@qq.com
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摘要
摘要:为完善生猪养殖氮排泄参数体系，准确计算生猪养殖粪尿氮排泄量，本研究通过对生猪养殖全生产周期（繁殖—断奶—生长—育肥）持续开展285 d的全收粪尿法代谢试验，每天记录采食量、粪尿产生量，采集样品测定水分和氮含量，系统性获取了能繁母猪空怀期、妊娠前期、妊娠中期、妊娠后期和哺乳期，以及生长肉猪保育期、生长前期、生长后期和育肥期氮的摄入与排泄参数，并结合生猪生产性能参数计算生猪氮年排泄系数。并基于中国各省生猪养殖统计数据和耕地面积，核算2000—2018年生猪养殖粪尿氮产生量变化及区域分布情况。结果表明：生猪不同生长生理阶段氮摄入量和排泄量差异显著，其中空怀期母猪为72.32 g·d-1和49.42 g·d-1，妊娠前期为55.79 g·d-1和45.36 g·d-1，妊娠中期为56.25 g·d-1和22.27 g·d-1，妊娠后期为72.41 g·d-1和26.36 g·d-1，泌乳期为114.28 g·d-1和38.84 g·d-1，商品猪保育期为22.86 g·d-1和10.96 g·d-1，生长前期为34.87 g·d-1和18.34 g·d-1，生长后期为54.67 g·d-1和34.50 g·d-1，肥育期为55.15 g·d-1和35.79 g·d-1。而且各阶段尿氮排泄量都比粪氮高。商品肉猪和能繁母猪年排泄系数分别为9.00 kg·头-1·a-1和11.75 kg·头-1·a-1。2000—2018年，我国生猪养殖粪尿氮排泄总量呈先增后缓慢下降的趋势，而单位猪肉产品氮排泄量逐年下降，商品肉猪氮排泄量占生猪养殖粪尿氮排泄总量比重达84.03%。四川、河南、湖南、山东是我国生猪养殖氮排泄总量最大的4个省，占全国生猪养殖氮排泄总量的33.67%；而单位耕地面积生猪养殖氮承载负荷最大的省份是福建、广东、湖南、北京、上海。因此，在生猪生产中应根据群体结构和相应的氮排泄系数科学核算其氮排放量，在产业发展规划时要充分考虑环境承载力。
关键词:生猪养殖/
生长生理阶段/
粪尿氮排泄/
氮排泄量/
氮排泄系数
Abstract:The present study aimed to improve the nitrogen (N) excretion parameter system applied to pig breeding to accurately calculate the related manure N excretions. Metabolic assessment of full fecal and urine production in the whole process of pig breading (reproduction-weaning-growth-fattening, for a total of 285 days) were performed in 12 breeding sows (Yorkshire×Landrace) and 12 commercial pigs (Yorkshire×Landrace×Duroc). We recorded the feed intake, fecal and urine production, and collected samples every day for moisture and N content evaluation. The collected data were combined with the pig production performance parameters to calculate the pig breeding-associated annual N excretion coefficient. Lastly, we evaluated changes on N excretion and regional distribution of pig-production based on the statistical data and cultivated land area of different provinces (cities) from 2000 to 2018 in China. The results indicated that pigs had significantly different N intake and excretion at different growth physiological stages, being 72.32 and 49.42 g·d-1 in open days, 55.79 and 45.36 g·d-1 during early pregnancy, 56.25 and 22.27 g·d-1 in mid-gestation, 72.41 and 26.36 g·d-1 in late pregnancy, and 114.28 and 38.84 g·d-1 during lactation, respectively. In commercial pigs, the N intake and excretion was 22.86 and 10.96 g·d-1 in weaning, 34.87 and 18.34 g·d-1 during early growth, 54.67 and 34.50 g·d-1 during late growth, and 55.15 and 35.79 g·d-1 during fattening, respectively. Moreover, urinary N excretion was higher than fecal N excretion at each stage. The annual N excretion coefficient of commercial pigs and sows was 9.00 and 11.75 kg·head-1·a-1, respectively. From 2000 to 2018, the total N excretion from pig breeding in China increased and then gradually decreased; however, the N excretion per unit pork product decreased every year. The N excretion by commercial pigs accounted for the largest proportion of the total manure N, with an average of 84.03%. Sichuan, Henan, Hunan, and Shandong were the top four provinces with the highest N emission, accounting for 33.67% of the total N emission from pig-production in China, whereas the provinces (cities) with the largest N load per unit cultivated area were Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Beijing, and Shanghai. Therefore, we should consider the population structure and the corresponding N excretion coefficient when calculating the amount of N emission from pig breeding, and fully consider the environmental carrying capacity when making development plans.
Key words:Pig production/
Growth and physiological stage/
Manure N excretion parameters/
N emission accounting/
N excretion coefficient
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图12000—2018年我国不同生长生理阶段生猪养殖氮排泄量变化
因统计口径不同, 不含香港、澳门和台湾等地区。公猪氮排放量引用肥育猪氮年排泄系数计算, 后备公猪、后备母猪引用商品肉猪年排泄系数计算。
Figure1.Change of N excretions from pig-production at different physiological and growth stages in China from 2000 to 2018
Due to different statistical standards, Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan areas are not calculated. The N excretion of boars was calculated by the annual nitrogen excretion coefficient of finishing-pig; those of reserve sows and boars were calculated by the annual nitrogen excretion coefficient of growing-finishing pig.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图22000—2018年我国生猪养殖粪氮、尿氮排泄量变化
因统计口径不同, 不含香港、澳门和台湾等地区。
Figure2.Fecal N and urine N excretions from pig-production in China during 2000 to 2018
Due to different statistical standards, Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan areas are not calculated.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图32000—2018年我国猪肉产品产量及单位猪肉产品氮排泄量的变化
因统计口径不同, 不含香港、澳门和台湾等地区。
Figure3.Changes of pork production and N excretions per unit pork products from 2000 to 2018
Due to different statistical standards, Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan areas are not calculated.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图42000—2009年和2010—2018年我国各省(市、自治区)生猪养殖氮排放量(a)和单位耕地面积承载生猪养殖氮排泄量(b)
因统计口径不同, 不含香港、澳门和台湾等地区。
Figure4.Annual N excretions from pig-production (a) and average N load of pig production per unit cultivated land area (b) in the provinces (cities, autonomous regions) of China in 2000?2009 and 2010?2008
Due to different statistical standards, Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan areas are not calculated.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1试验猪场各生长生理阶段生猪饲料营养水平
Table1.Nutrients levels of pigs diets in different physiological and growth stages in the experiment farm?
| 项目 Item | 生长生理阶段 Physiological and growth stage | 水分 H2O | 粗蛋白质 Crude protein | 粗脂肪 Ether extract | 粗纤维 Crude fiber | 无氮浸出物 Nitrogen free extract | 粗灰分 Ash |
| 繁殖母猪 Reproductive pigs | 妊娠前期 Early pregnancy | 12.2 | 13.2 | 4.7 | 7.0 | 57.8 | 5.1 |
| 妊娠中期 Mid-gestation | 12.4 | 13.0 | 5.8 | 8.3 | 55.5 | 5.0 | |
| 妊娠后期 Late pregnancy | 12.2 | 14.1 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 57.6 | 5.7 | |
| 哺乳期 Lactation | 8.7 | 19.3 | 7.5 | 1.4 | 57.7 | 5.4 | |
| 空怀期 Open days | 12.2 | 14.1 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 57.6 | 5.7 | |
| 商品肉猪 Commercial pigs | 保育期 Weaning | 11.2 | 21.8 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 55.7 | 4.5 |
| 生长前期 Early growth | 10.0 | 18.2 | 4.7 | 2.9 | 59.2 | 5.0 | |
| 生长后期 Late growth | 9.4 | 18.0 | 3.2 | 4.2 | 60.8 | 4.5 | |
| 肥育期 Fattening | 11.7 | 15.1 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 61.5 | 5.4 |
下载: 导出CSV表2生猪各生长生理阶段氮摄入与排泄参数1)
Table2.Nitrogen intake and excretion parameters in different physiological and growth stages of pigs1)
| 项目 Item | 生长生理阶段 Physiological and growth stage | 摄入氮 N intake (g·d -1) | 粪氮 Fecal N (g·d -1) | 尿氮 Urinary N (g·d -1) | 粪尿总氮 Manure N (g·d -1) | 粪氮︰摄入氮 Fecal N︰ N intake (%) | 尿氮︰摄入氮 Urinary N︰ N intake (%) | 排泄氮︰摄入氮 Manure N︰ N intake (%) | 尿氮︰粪氮 Urinary N︰ fecal N |
| 商品肉猪 Commer-cial pigs | 保育期 Weaning | 22.86±0.56a | 3.39±0.37a | 7.57±0.85a | 10.96±0.87a | 14.88±1.98a | 33.13±3.90b | 48.00±2.28ab | 2.26±0.38ab |
| 生长前期 Early growth | 34.87±0.35b | 5.54±1.03ab | 12.81±1.33b | 18.34±1.13b | 15.87±2.89ab | 36.72±3.62b | 52.59±1.39c | 2.39±0.63b | |
| 生长后期 Late growth | 54.67±3.61c | 12.41±0.67d | 22.09±5.18d | 34.50±5.34d | 22.75±1.53c | 40.09±6.67bc | 62.84±2.75cd | 1.78±0.40ab | |
| 肥育期 Fattening growth | 55.15±2.65c | 9.68±0.74c | 26.11±4.90d | 35.79±4.39d | 17.62±2.10b | 47.14±6.57c | 64.76±2.59cd | 2.73±1.40b | |
| 繁殖母猪 Sows | 妊娠前期 Early pregnancy | 55.79±2.42c | 9.34±0.98c | 36.02±7.39e | 45.36±7.28f | 16.76±1.86b | 64.80±14.05d | 81.55±2.88e | 3.91±0.94c |
| 妊娠中期 Mid-gestation | 56.25±0.02c | 9.65±0.73c | 12.62±1.57bc | 22.27±1.53b | 17.15±1.30b | 22.45±2.79a | 39.60±0.78b | 1.32±0.21a | |
| 妊娠后期 Late pregnancy | 72.41±0.35d | 9.71±3.45c | 16.66±2.98c | 26.36±3.49c | 13.39±4.75a | 23.01±4.15a | 36.40±1.38a | 2.43±0.31b | |
| 哺乳期2) Lactation2) | 114.28±5.52e | 17.20±1.17f | 21.64±4.47d | 38.84±4.28e | 15.06±0.97ab | 19.02±4.33a | 34.09±1.32a | 1.27±0.31a | |
| 空怀期 Open days | 72.32±0.99d | 15.60±1.96e | 33.81±4.16e | 49.42±4.65g | 21.58±2.70c | 46.80±6.06c | 68.38±2.05d | 2.20±0.41b | |
| ??同列不同小写字母表示不同生长生理阶段间差异显著(P < 0.05)。1)生猪各阶段重复数为12头, 试验天数为全生长期(共285 d); 2)哺乳期氮的摄入与排出量包含本窝乳仔猪氮的摄入和排泄。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different growth and physiological stages at P < 0.05. 1) The number of repeats in each stage is 12 pigs, and the test days are the whole period (285 days in total). 2) The intake and excretion of nitrogen in the lactation period include the intake and excretion of nitrogen in piglets. | |||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表3不同生长生理阶段生猪养殖氮年排泄系数
Table3.Annual N excretion coefficients of different physiological and growth stages of pigs
| 生长生理阶段 Physiological and growth stage | 摄入氮 N intake (kg·head?1·a?1) | 粪氮 Fecal N (kg·head?1·a?1) | 尿氮 Urinary N (kg·head?1·a?1) | 总排放氮 Total N (kg·head?1·a?1) | 氮排放率 N emission rate (%) | 尿氮:粪氮 Fecal N:urinary N | |
| 保育猪 Weaning pig | 8.34 | 1.24 | 2.76 | 4.00 | 47.94 | 2.23 | |
| 生长猪 Growth pig | 16.86 | 3.45 | 6.61 | 10.06 | 59.71 | 1.91 | |
| 肥育猪 Finishing pig | 20.13 | 3.53 | 9.53 | 13.06 | 64.90 | 2.70 | |
| 商品肉猪 Market pig | 15.04 | 2.74 | 6.26 | 9.00 | 59.81 | 2.28 | |
| 妊娠前期 Early pregnancy | 20.36 | 3.41 | 13.15 | 16.56 | 81.30 | 3.86 | |
| 妊娠中期 Mid-gestation | 20.53 | 3.52 | 4.61 | 8.13 | 39.59 | 1.31 | |
| 妊娠后期 Late pregnancy | 26.43 | 3.54 | 6.08 | 9.63 | 36.42 | 1.72 | |
| 哺乳期 Lactation sow | 41.71 | 6.28 | 7.90 | 14.18 | 33.99 | 1.26 | |
| 空怀期 Open sow | 26.40 | 5.69 | 12.34 | 18.03 | 68.32 | 2.17 | |
| 能繁母猪 Sow | 25.99 | 4.16 | 7.60 | 11.75 | 45.21 | 1.83 |
下载: 导出CSV表42000—2018年我国生猪养殖数量变化
Table4.Changes in the number of pigs in China during 2000—2018?
| 年份 Year | 肉猪出栏 Marketed pig | 生猪期末存栏Stocking pigs | ||||||||
| 合计 Total | 能繁母猪 Sows | 种公猪 Boars | 后备公猪 Reserve boars | 后备母猪 Reserve sows | 哺乳仔猪 Suckling piglets | 保育猪 Nursery pigs | 生长猪 Growth pigs | 育肥猪 Finishing pigs | ||
| 2000 | 51 862.3 | 41 633.6 | 4 494.9 | 54.8 | 11.0 | 899.0 | 5 332.9 | 8 167.1 | 9 808.0 | 12 866.0 |
| 2001 | 53 281.1 | 41 950.5 | 4 528.8 | 54.6 | 10.9 | 905.8 | 5 363.7 | 8 253.3 | 9 896.4 | 12 937.1 |
| 2002 | 54 143.9 | 41 776.2 | 4 510.8 | 53.7 | 10.7 | 902.2 | 5 331.4 | 8 242.9 | 9 868.7 | 12 855.8 |
| 2003 | 55 701.8 | 41 381.8 | 4 545.8 | 53.5 | 10.7 | 909.2 | 5 257.3 | 8 167.7 | 9 763.6 | 12 674.0 |
| 2004 | 57 278.5 | 42 123.4 | 4 605.2 | 53.5 | 10.7 | 921.0 | 5 345.3 | 8 344.9 | 9 960.0 | 12 882.7 |
| 2005 | 60 367.0 | 43 319.1 | 4 893.0 | 56.2 | 11.2 | 978.6 | 5 458.7 | 8 563.8 | 10 205.4 | 13 152.2 |
| 2006 | 61 209.0 | 41 854.4 | 4 781.8 | 54.3 | 10.9 | 956.4 | 5 254.2 | 8 284.1 | 9 856.5 | 12 656.2 |
| 2007 | 56 640.9 | 43 933.3 | 4 233.8 | 47.6 | 9.5 | 846.8 | 5 643.0 | 8 941.7 | 10 622.1 | 13 588.8 |
| 2008 | 61 278.9 | 46 433.1 | 4 878.8 | 54.2 | 10.8 | 975.8 | 5 881.0 | 9 366.0 | 11 108.5 | 14 157.9 |
| 2009 | 64 990.9 | 47 177.2 | 4 957.7 | 54.5 | 10.9 | 991.5 | 5 963.0 | 9 545.3 | 11 303.0 | 14 351.3 |
| 2010 | 67 332.7 | 46 765.3 | 4 854.9 | 52.8 | 10.6 | 971.0 | 5 909.3 | 9 508.1 | 11 240.9 | 14 217.8 |
| 2011 | 67 030.0 | 47 074.8 | 4 911.6 | 52.8 | 10.6 | 982.3 | 5 931.7 | 9 594.1 | 11 324.2 | 14 267.6 |
| 2012 | 70 724.5 | 48 030.2 | 5 043.2 | 53.7 | 10.7 | 1 008.6 | 6 033.8 | 9 810.6 | 11 560.9 | 14 508.7 |
| 2013 | 72 768.0 | 47 893.1 | 5 132.3 | 54.0 | 10.8 | 1 026.5 | 5 985.7 | 9 784.3 | 11 510.9 | 14 388.7 |
| 2014 | 74 951.5 | 47 160.2 | 4 962.5 | 51.7 | 10.3 | 992.5 | 5 897.2 | 9 691.5 | 11 382.9 | 14 171.5 |
| 2015 | 72 451.6 | 45 802.9 | 4 693.0 | 48.4 | 9.7 | 938.6 | 5 736.9 | 9 479.3 | 11 115.2 | 13 781.9 |
| 2016 | 70 073.9 | 44 209.2 | 4 456.2 | 45.5 | 9.1 | 891.2 | 5 537.7 | 9 200.4 | 10 770.1 | 13 299.1 |
| 2017 | 70 202.1 | 44 158.9 | 4 471.5 | 45.2 | 9.0 | 894.3 | 5 515.4 | 9 214.2 | 10 768.1 | 13 241.3 |
| 2018 | 69 382.4 | 42 817.1 | 4 387.6 | 43.9 | 8.8 | 877.5 | 5 326.6 | 8 948.7 | 10 440.1 | 12 783.9 |
| ??因统计口径不同, 本表不含香港、澳门和台湾等地区。 Due to different statistical standards, Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan areas are not calculated in this table. | ||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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