武星魁^{1, 2,},
姜振萃³,
陆志新⁴,
路广⁴,
徐永辉⁴,
施卫明²,
闵炬^2,,
1.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
2.中国科学院南京土壤研究所 南京 210008
3.烟台市农业技术推广中心 烟台 264000
4.宜兴市农业农村局 宜兴 214206
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0201001
江苏省农业科技自主创新资金项目CX(18)1005

详细信息

作者简介:武星魁, 主要研究方向为植物营养与环境效应。E-mail:wuxingkui@issas.ac.cn

通讯作者:闵炬, 主要研究方向为农田养分循环与环境效应。E-mail:jmin@issas.ac.cn

中图分类号:S143.6

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-09-24
录用日期:2019-12-26
刊出日期:2020-03-01

Effects of the partial replacement of chemical fertilizer with manure on the yield and nitrogen emissions in leafy vegetable production

WU Xingkui^{1, 2,},
JIANG Zhencui³,
LU Zhixin⁴,
LU Guang⁴,
XU Yonghui⁴,
SHI Weiming²,
MIN Ju^2,,
1. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
2. Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
3. Agricultural Technology Popularization Center in Yantai, Yantai 264000, China
4. Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Areas in Yixing City, Yixing 214206, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0201001
the Independent Innovation Fund Project of Agricultural Science and Technology in Jiangsu ProvinceCX(18)1005

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Corresponding author:MIN Ju: jmin@issas.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:针对叶菜类蔬菜有机肥氮替代化肥氮的最佳替代比例及对经济效益和环境效应综合评价较缺乏等问题，本研究采用田间试验，对包心菜和小青菜进行等氮水平下不同比例有机肥替代化肥处理，包括：纯化肥氮（0M），25%、50%、75%和100%有机肥替代化肥（25% M、50% M、75% M和100% M），研究不同处理下蔬菜产量、经济效益、土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放。结果表明，25% M处理下包心菜和小青菜产量均达最高，且与0M处理相比包心菜和小青菜的产量分别增加15.0%（P < 0.05）和16.3%（P < 0.05）。25% M比0M处理经济效益分别增加11.7%和5.4%，但在50% M、75% M和100% M处理下经济效益为负增长。25% M处理下，氨挥发累积排放量在包心菜和小青菜季分别为42.1 kg·hm^-2和12.9 kg·hm^-2，比0M处理分别降低23.4%（P < 0.05）和41.6%（P < 0.05）；0M和25% M处理间氧化亚氮累积排放量无显著差异，25% M处理在包心菜和小青菜季的氧化亚氮累积排放量分别为0.74 kg·hm^-2和3.06 kg·hm^-2；与25% M处理相比，50% M、75% M和100% M处理下氧化亚氮排放分别增加33.7%~60.8%（P < 0.05）、50.0%~134.3%（P < 0.05）和56.8%~185.6%（P < 0.05）。基于此，提出叶菜类蔬菜有机肥氮替代化肥氮的适宜替代比例在25%左右时可实现最佳的增效减排效果。
关键词:有机肥替代化肥/
增效减排/
包心菜/
小青菜/
氨挥发/
氧化亚氮
Abstract:Vegetables are the second largest crop in China, with leafy vegetables accounting for a large proportion, for which the yield is increasingly dependent on large inputs of chemical fertilizer, especially nitrogen. However, there are problems concerning the high application rate of chemical fertilizers and low nitrogen use efficiency of leafy vegetable production. Continuously high inputs of chemical nitrogen fertilizer can easily lead to soil quality degradation, environmental pollution, and other problems, which seriously restrict the sustainable development of vegetable production. The partial replacement of chemical fertilizer with manure could potentially increase efficiency and reduce emissions. To illuminate the best ratio for the nitrogen replacement of chemical fertilizer by manure, and to evaluate the economic benefits and environmental effects of leafy vegetable production, field experiments were conducted. To study the effects of the partial replacement of chemical fertilizer with manure on the yield, economic benefits, ammonia volatilization, and nitrous oxide emissions of Brassica oleracea and Brassica chinensis production; 5 treatments were used:pure fertilizer (0M), and chemical fertilizers replaced with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% organic fertilizers (25%M, 50%M, 75%M, and 100%M, respectively). The results showed that among the different treatments, the yield of B. oleracea and B. chinensis were both highest under the 25%M treatment. Compared with the 0M treatment, the yield of B. oleracea and B. chinensis significantly increased by 15.0% and 16.3%, respectively (P < 0.05). During the B. oleracea and B. chinensis seasons, compared with the 0M treatment, the 25%M treatment increased the economic benefit by 11.7% and 5.4%, respectively. However, the economic benefit was negative under the 50%M, 75%M, and 100%M treatments. Under the 25%M treatment, the cumulative ammonia volatilization emissions were 42.1 and 12.9 kg·hm^-2 during the B. oleracea and B. chinensis seasons, which were 23.4% and 41.6% lower than that of the 0M treatment, respectively (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the 0M and 25%M treatments concerning the cumulative nitrous oxide emissions. Under the 25%M treatment, the cumulative nitrous oxide emissions were 0.74 and 3.06 kg·hm^-2 during the B. oleracea and B. chinensis seasons, respectively. Compared with the 25%M treatment, the nitrous oxide emissions increased by 33.7%-60.8%, 50.0%-134.3%, and 56.8%-185.6% in the 50%M, 75%M, and 100%M treatments, respectively. Based on this, it is proposed that for leafy vegetable production the appropriate replacement ratio of chemical nitrogen fertilizer by manure is approximately 25%, which can achieve the greatest efficiency increase and emission reduction.
Key words:Organic manure replacing chemical fertilizer/
Efficiency increase and emission reduction/
Brassica oleracea/
Brassica chinensis/
Ammonia volatilization/
Nitrous oxide

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图1不同施肥处理下包心菜、小青菜的产量
0M、25%M、50%M、75%M和100%M分别表示有机肥氮0、25%、50%、75%和100%替代化肥氮。不同小写字母表示在包心菜或小青菜季不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。0M, 25%M, 50%M, 75%M and 100%M indicate 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement of chemical fertilizer nitrogen with organic fertilizer nitrogen. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments in Brassica oleracea or Brassica chinensis seasons (P < 0.05).
Figure1.Yields of Brassica oleracea and Brassica chinensis under different fertilization treatments


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图2不同施肥处理下包心菜地和小青菜地的氨挥发量
0M、25%M、50%M、75%M和100%M分别表示有机肥氮0、25%、50%、75%和100%替代化肥氮。不同小写字母表示在包心菜或小青菜季不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。0M, 25%M, 50%M, 75%M and 100%M indicate 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement of chemical fertilizer nitrogen with organic fertilizer nitrogen. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments in Brassica oleracea or Brassica chinensis seasons (P < 0.05).
Figure2.Ammonia volatilization loss from Brassica oleracea and Brassica chinensis fields under different fertilization treatments


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图3不同施肥处理下包心菜和小青菜地氧化亚氮排放通量
0M、25%M、50%M、75%M和100%M分别表示有机肥氮0、25%、50%、75%和100%替代化肥氮。不同小写字母表示在包心菜或小青菜季不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。0M, 25%M, 50%M, 75%M and 100%M indicate 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement of chemical fertilizer nitrogen with organic fertilizer nitrogen. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments in Brassica oleracea or Brassica chinensis seasons (P < 0.05).
Figure3.Seasonal N₂O emission loss from Brassica oleracea and Brassica chinensis fields under different fertilization treatments


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表1不同施肥处理包心菜和小青菜的施氮量
Table1.N application rates of different fertilization treatments for Brassica oleracea and Brassica chinensis??kg(N)·hm^-2

处理 Treatment	包心菜Brassica oleracea					小青菜Brassica chinensis
	基肥Basal fertilization		追肥 Topdressing	总化肥氮 Total N rate		基肥Basal fertilization		总化肥氮 Total N rate
	有机肥1) Organic fertilizer1)	化肥 Chemical fertilizer				有机肥1) Organic ferilizer1)	化肥 Chemical fertilizer
0M	0	450	150	600		0	220	220
25%M	150	300	150	450		55	165	165
50%M	300	150	150	300		110	110	110
75%M	450	0	0	150		165	55	55
100%M	600	0	0	0		220	0	0
1)有机肥为商品有机肥, N、P2O5和K2O含量分别为2.2%、0.93%和1.61%。1) Organic fertilizer is commercial organic fertilizer containing 2.2% N, 0.93% P2O5 and 1.61% K2O, respectively.

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表2不同施肥处理下包心菜和小青菜的经济效益分析
Table2.Economic benefits of Brassica oleracea and Brassica chinensis under different fertilization treatments

叶菜 Leafy vegetable	处理 Treatment	有机肥 Organic fertilizer (￥ ·hm-2)	化肥 Chemical fertilizer (￥ ·hm-2)	人工 Labour (￥ ·hm-2)	总成本 Total cost (￥ ·hm-2)	产值 Output value (￥ ·hm-2)	纯利润 Profit (￥ ·hm-2)	增收 Increased income (%)
包心菜	0M	0	10 013	6 233	37 996	168 082 ±2 160b	130 086±3 160ab	-
Brassica oleracea	25%M	5 455	9 004	11 853	48 062	193 379±6 466a	145 317±6 466a	11.7±5.0a
	50%M	10 909	7 995	17 533	58 187	181 043±10 524b	122 856±10 524bc	-5.6±8.1b
	75%M	16 364	6 985	23 063	68 162	175 782±11 722b	107 620±11 722cd	-17.3±9.0bc
	100%M	21 818	5 976	28 773	78 317	176 181±6 578b	97 864±6 578d	-24.8±5.1c
小青菜	0M	0	3 759	2 558	12 117	134 500±13 509a	122 383±13 509ab
Brassica chinensis	25%M	2 000	3 389	4 624	15 813	144 795±15 308a	128 982±15 308a	5.4±12.5a
	50%M	4 000	3 019	6 679	19 498	131 843±11 180a	112 345±11 180b	-8.2±9.1b
	75%M	6 000	2 649	8 733	23 182	131 562±19 515a	108 379±19 515c	-11.4±15.9bc
	100%M	8 000	2 279	10 800	26 879	120 543±5 385a	93 664±5 385c	-23.5±4.4c
总成本=有机肥+化肥+人工+种苗+农药, 产值=产量×当季作物平均价格, 纯利润=产值-总成本。0M、25%M、50%M、75%M和100%M分别表示有机肥氮0、25%、50%、75%和100%替代化肥氮。同列不同小写字母表示在包心菜或小青菜季不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Total cost = organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer + labor + seedling + pesticide; production value = production × average price of seasonal crops; net profit = production value - total cost. 0M, 25%M, 50%M, 75%M and 100%M indicate 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement of chemical fertilizer nitrogen with organic fertilizer nitrogen. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments in Brassica oleracea or Brassica chinensis seasons (P < 0.05).

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